a or á, is changed to í; as, from a, to make ready,' सज्जीभू ‘to become ready ;' from कृष्ण, कृष्णीकृ ' to blacken;' from परिखा 'a ditch,' परिखीकृ ' to convert into a ditch :' and sometimes a becomes á; as, furto please,' from faч. A final i or u is lengthened; as, from f, to become pure;' from y, 'to lighten.' A final ri is changed to rí; as, from any, aty मातृ, 'to become a mother.' A final as and an become í; as, from सुमनीभू ‘to be of good mind;' from राजन्, राजीभू 'to be a king.'

a. But the greater number of compounds of this kind are formed from crude nouns in a. The following are other examples: quito esteem as a straw;' स्तमीकृ ‘to stiffen ;' एकचित्तीभू' to fix the mind on one object ;' स्वीकृ to make one's own,' 'to claim as one's own;' to become friendly.' Substantives

are sometimes formed from these; as, the state of being friendly,' 'friendship.'

b. Observe-This change of a final to í before kri and bhú is technically said to be caused by the affix évi, and the change to á by dáć. These compounds often occur as passive participles; thus, adorned;' become manifest;'

790. Compound adverbs are formed, 1st, by combining adverbs, prepositions, and adverbial prefixes, with nouns in the nom, or accus. singular neuter; 2dly, by placing adverbs, or adjectives used as adverbs, after the crude base of nouns.

a. The first kind are identical with indeclinable compounds; see 760.

791. Most of the adverbs at 731 may be placed after the crude base of nouns; thus, near the child;' for the for the sake of offspring;' fanon what after uttering a sound.' See also 777. d.

sake of protection;

account?'

792. The indeclinable participle T, having begun,' is joined with WU, 'today' (w), in the sense of 'from this time forward;' and with the crude of words to express 'beginning from;' see 925. f is used adverbially in the same

sense; as, 'from birth upwards;'

from that time forward."

CHAPTER IX.

SYNTAX.

793. SANSKRIT syntax, unlike that of Greek and Latin, offers fewer difficulties to the student than the other portions of the Grammar. In fact, the writer who has fully explained the formation of compounds has already more than half completed his exposition of the laws which regulate the order, arrangement, and collocation of the words in a sentence (vákya-vinyása, vákya-viveka, padánvaya).

794. Observe-In the present chapter on Syntax, that the subject may be made as clear as possible, each word will be separated from the next, and vowels will not be allowed to coalesce, although such coalition be required by the laws of combination. When compounds are introduced into the examples, a dot will often be placed underneath, to mark the division of the words. Much vagueness and uncertainty, however, may be expected to attach to the rules propounded, when it is remembered that Sanskrit literature consists almost entirely of poetry, and that the laws of syntax are ever prone to yield to the necessities of metrical composition.

THE ARTICLE.

795. There is no indefinite article in classical Sanskrit; but (228) and in modern Sanskrit (238) are sometimes used to supply the place of such an article; thus, f in a certain The definite article may

country;': ́ a certain jackal.' कश्चित् '

not unfrequently be expressed by the pronoun

(220); thus, a yeч:

may mean simply the man,' not necessarily that man.'

CONCORD OF THE VERB WITH THE NOMINATIVE CASE.

796. The verb must agree with the nominative case in number and person; as,

if I must perform.'

a. Other examples are, त्वम् अवधेहि ' do thou attend ;' आवां ब्रूवः ‘we two say ;' कपोता ऊचु: ' the pigeons said ;'

स ददाति ' he gives ;' राजा मन्त्री च जग्मतुः 'the king and minister went;'âi fây: ‘as long as the moon and sun remain;' युवां चिन्तयतं 'do you two reflect ;' यूयम् आयात ‘do ye come;' सज्जनाः पूज्यन्ते ' good men are honoured;' वाति पवन: 'the wind blows;' उदयति the moon rises;'f the flower blossoms.'

b. Observe-The verb is commonly, though not always, placed last in the

sentence.

797. When a participle takes the place of the verb, it must agree with the nominative in number and gender; as,

he went;'

सा गता ‘ she went ;' नायव् उक्तवत्यौ ' the two women spoke ;' राजा हतः the king was killed;' fa fafa the bonds were cut.'

a. Sometimes, when it is placed between two or more nominative cases, it agrees with one only ; as, स्ववधूः प्रबोधिता पुत्रश्च ' his wife and son were awakened.'

b. Very often the copula, or verb which connects the subject with the predicate, is omitted; when, if an adjective stand in the place of the verb, it will follow the rules of concord in gender and number; as, 'wealth is difficult of attainment;' i 'we two have finished eating.' But if a substantive stand in the place of the verb, no concord of gender or number need take place; as, सम्पदः पदम् आपदां ' successes are the road to misfortune.'

CONCORD OF THE ADJECTIVE WITH THE SUBSTANTIVE.

798. An adjective, participle, or adjective pronoun, qualifying a substantive, when not compounded with it, must agree with the substantive in gender, number, and case; as, ary: у: 'a good man;' महद् दुःखं ‘great pain ;' एतेषु पूर्वोक्त्रेषु राष्ट्रेषु ' in these beforementioned countries; atfu faarf 'three friends.'

CONCORD OF THE RELATIVE WITH THE ANTECEDENT.

799. The relative must agree with the antecedent noun in gender, number, and person; but in Sanskrit the relative pronoun generally precedes the noun to which it refers, this noun being put in the same case with the relative, and the pronoun follows in the latter clause of the sentence ; as, यस्य नरस्य बुद्धिः स बलवान् — of whatever man there is intellect, he is strong.'

a. The noun referred to by the relative may also be joined with, as बुद्धिः स नरो बलवान्; or may be omitted altogether, as यत् प्रतिज्ञातं तत् पालय — what you have promised, that abide by ;' येपाम अपत्यानि खादितानि तैः (पचिभिः understood) 1 by those (birds) whose young ones were devoured an inquiry was set on foot; ' यः सर्वान् विषयान् प्राप्नुयात् यच एतान् उपेक्षते तयोर् विपयापेक्षकः श्रेयान् ' he who would obtain all objects of sense, and he who despises them, of the two the despiser is the best.'

8oo. The relative sometimes stands alone, an antecedent noun or pronoun being understood, from which it takes its gender and number; as, fá dì a vág

Of what use is scriptural knowledge (to one) who does not practice virtue?' va faqì a ¿¿fa' What is the use of wealth (to him) who does not give?'

a. Sometimes, though rarely, the antecedent noun precedes the relative in the natural order; as, न सा भाया यस्यां भता न तुष्यति ' she is not a wife in whom the husband does not take pleasure.'

801. तावत् and यावत् stand to each other in the relation of demonstrative and .

relative; as, यावन्ति तस्य द्वीपस्य वस्तूनि तावन्ति अस्माकम् उपनेतव्यानि ' as many products as belong to that island, so many are to be brought to us.' See also 876. a. Similarly, नादृश and यादृश; as, यादृशं वृत्तं तादृशं तस्मै कधितवन्त: ' as the event occurred, so they related it to him.'

SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.

802. Under this head it is proposed to explain the construction of substantives, without special reference to the verbs which govern them; and for this purpose it will be desirable to exhibit examples beginning with the nominative case.

Nominative case.

803. A substantive simply and absolutely expressed must be placed in the nominative case; as, fe: the Hitopadeśa;' भट्टिकाव्यं the poem of Bhatti . '

a. Two nominative cases in different numbers may be placed in apposition to each other; as, a 'grass as a bed.’

Accusative case.

804. Substantives are not found in the accusative, unconnected with verbs or participles, except as expressing 'duration of time' or 'space.' See 821.

Instrumental case.

The most usual is

805. This case yields a variety of senses. that of the agent' and 'the instrument' or 'means' by which any thing is done ; as, मया (उक्लं) ' by me it was said ;' व्याधेन (पाशी योजितः) by the fowler a snare was laid;' by the study of the Vedas;' with one's own eye.'

'

806. It also has the force of with' in expressing other collateral ideas ; as, बलीयसा स्पर्द्धी ' vying with the strong; मित्रेण सम्भाव: ' conversation with a friend ; पशुभिः सामान्यं ' equality with beasts;' पितुर् with the knowledge of (his) father:' especially when accompaniment' is intended; as, f: 'the master with his pupil;' :the fifth with myself,' i. e. myself and four others.'

807. The other senses yielded by this case are, through,' ‘by reason of,`‘on account of ;' as, कृपया 'through compassion;' तेन अपराधेन 'on account of that transgression:' especially in the case of abstract nouns formed with (80. XXIII); as,

through infatuation.'

a. ‘According to,’ ‘ by: as, विधिना 'according to rule;' मम सम्मतेन 'according to my opinion;' by birth.'

b. ‘The manner' in which any thing is done, as denoted in English by the adverbial affix 'ly, or by the prepositions in,'at;' as, in abundance;' बाहुल्येन ' धर्मेण — virtuously ;' यधेच्छया or खेच्छया ' at pleasure ;' सुखेन ' at ease;' अनेन विधिना ' in this way;' महता खेहेन (निवसतः) 'they both dwell together in great intimacy;' (नृपः सर्वभूतानि अभिभवति) तेजसा 'a king surpasses all beings in glory;' 8781 (♬ ) such a deed must not even be imagined in the mind;' मानुषरूपेण ' in human form ;' प्रतिबन्धेन ' for a hindrance.'

808. Substantives expressive of 'want,' 'need,' may be joined with the instrumental of the thing wanted; as, there is no occasion for inquiry;' मया सेवकेन न प्रयोजनं ' there is no need of me as a servant ;' तृणेन कार्यं 'there is

use for a straw.'

809. The price' for which any thing is done may be in the instrumental; as, पञ्चभिः पुराणैर् (याति दासत्वं) ' for five Puránas he becomes a slave;' बहुभिर् दत्तेर् ( युध्यन्ते) 'they fight for great rewards' Similarly, प्राण, परित्यागमूल्येन (श्रीर् न ) fortune is not obtained at the price of the sacrifice of life.'

6

a. So also 'difference between' two things; as,

'there is great difference between you and the ocean.’

& KEE अन्तरं

b. Separation from,' either with or without ; as, at fau: separation from a husband' (or भर्ती सह वियोग:) Similarly, विच्छेदो हरिणा सह ' separation

from Hari.'

c. The English expression under the idea that' is expressed by the instrumental case of the substantive f; as,

under the idea that he was a tiger.'

Double Instrumental.

810. Sometimes when two substantives come together, expressing parts' of a common idea, they are both placed in the instrumental, instead of one in the genitive; as, (an odour is emitted) by the bakul-plants by their flowers' (for बबुलानां पुष्पै: ). Similarly, ताम् आश्वासयामास प्रेप्पाभि‍ चन्द:(he caused her to revive) by her attendants by sandal-water.'

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Dative case.

811. This case is of very limited applicability, and its functions, irrespectively of the influence of verbs, are restricted to the expression of the object, motive,' or 'cause' for which any thing is done, or 'the result' to which any act tends; as, fag for self-aggrandizement;' आपत्प्रतीकाराय ' for the counteraction of calamity ;' शस्त्रं च Mi ¤ ¤faqaù ' arms and books (lead) to renown.'

a. When, as in the last example, the result' or 'end' to which any thing leads is denoted by this case, the verb is seldom expressed,