a. कल्प, देशीय, दम, द्वयस, मात्र, affixed to crude bases, form anomalous compounds; see 80. XX. XXI.

b. There is a common compound formed by placing after a crude base, to express — another,’ — other ; as, स्थानान्तरं or देशान्तरं 'another place;' राजान्तरेण सह ‘along with another king ;' जन्मान्तराणि 'other births.'

c. Similarly,

is added to express mere;' see 919.

d. पूर्व or पूर्वक g: (meaning literally preceded by') may be added to crude bases to denote the manner in which any thing is done; as, anger;' पूजा.पूर्वकम् अन्नं ददौ ' he gave food with reverence.' See 792.

'with

e. A peculiar compound is formed by the use of an ordinal number as the last member; thus, सारस द्वितीयस् 'accompanied by the Sárasa ;' सीता तृतीयस् (agreeing with ) ‘having Sítá for his third (companion),' i. e. including Lakshmana; छायाद्वितीयस् (नलस्) ‘Nala made double by his shadow;' मातृषष्ठा: (पाण्डवाः) the Pandavas with their mother as the sixth;': 'the Vedas with the Akhyanas as a fifth.'

त्यक्तजीवितः योधी

f. The following are peculiar; a fighter who abandons life;' अकुतोभयस्, -या, -यं, ‘having no fear from any quarter;' अदृष्टपूर्वस्, वी, वें, ́never before seen;' : 'one who has lodged seven nights.’

g. With regard to compounds like desirous of going,' see 871.

h. The Veda has some peculiar compounds; e.g. vidad-vasu, 'granting wealth;' yárayad-dreshas, 'defending from enemies;' kshayad-víra, ruling over men.' These are a kind of inverted Tat-purusha.

CHANGES OF CERTAIN WORDS IN CERTAIN COMPOUNDS.

778. The following is an alphabetical list of the substitutions and changes which take place in the final syllables of certain words when used in certain compounds.

am. at end of various compounds for fan. 'the eye;' e. g. ‘a bull's eye (window);' लोहिताक्षम्, -क्षी, घं, ' red-eyed.' - अङ्गुल for अङ्गुलि f. the finger;' e. g.,,,measuring two fingers.'-m. for W m. 'joining the hands in reverence.'-— form. 'a road;' e. g. IEJA, -¿Ï, -¿, * distant (as a road).—37 in Dvandvas for 3 m. ‘a bull;' e. g. धेन्वनडुहं or -cow and bull.'- -अनस in Karma-dhárayas for अनस् n. ‘a cart,’ 'a a carriage;' e.g. महानमस् 'a large cart .' - अयम in Karma-dhárayas for अयस् n. iron.' in Karma-dhárayas for m. a stone.' in Dvigus and relative compounds for अष्टन्; e.g. अष्टा गवं ' a car drawn by eight oxen ;' अष्टा क434, -2, -3, ́having eight receptacles.'-in Dvandvas for TA m. n. ‘the knee;' e.g. 'thigh and knee.' for af f.'an angle ;' e. g. चतुरस्रम्, -स्रा, स्रं, 'quadrangular. ' - अह or अहर् for सहन् n. a day ;' e. g. एकाहम् ‘the period of one day ;' पुण्याहं 'a holy day ;' अहर्पतिस 'the lord of

day.'—सहू for अहन् n. a day ;' e. g. पूर्वाह्णस् 'the forenoon. ' - ईप for अप f. ‘water;' e. g. द्वीपस् 'an island;' अन्तरीपस् ' an island . ' — ईमेन् for ईमे 'a wound. ' -in Karma-dhárayas form. an ox; e. g. 'a large ox.'उद for उदक n. ‘water;' eg. उदकुम्भस् 'a water-jar ;' शीरोदस् ‘the sea of milk.' —उरस in Karma-dhárayas for उरस् n. 'the breast ;' eg. अश्वोरसस्, -सी, सं, 'broad-chested as a horse.'- -उपासा an old dual form in Dvandvas for उपस्

m. f. 'the dawn; e. g.

n.

for

́an udder;' e. g. ‘having a full udder.'—

f. ' water;' e. g. अनूपस, पा, पं, 'waters.' – ऋच for च्; see 779. – ककुद् for ककुद m. ‘the top,' 'head ;' eg. त्रिककुद 'three-peaked (mountain ) . ' — कद् or का or कव for कु expressing inferiority or diminution; e.g. कदुष्ण or कोष्ण or कवोष्ण' slightly warm ;' कदक्षरं 'a bad letter ;' कापुरुपसू ' coward.' – काकुद् at end of Bahu-vríhis for काकुद m. ‘the palate ;' e. g. विकाकुद् 'having no palate.' – कुछ for कुक्षि m. ‘the belly.’—खार for खारी ; eg . अर्धखारं 'half a khárí' (a measure ) . —गन्धि for गन्ध

m. ' smell ;' e. g. पूतिगन्धिस्, -न्धिस्, -न्धि, 'fetid.' – गव in Dvigus for गो m. f. an ox ;' e. g. पञ्चगवं ‘'a collection of five cows. ' — चतुर for चतुर् ‘four ;' see 779-जम् for जाया ‘a wife ;' e. g. जम्पती du. ‘husband and wife. ' – जम्भन् for जम्भ 'a tooth; e. g., -, -, grass-toothed,' 'graminivorous.'-fa for 141f.a wife;' e. g. having a young wife.' and Ţin Bahu-vríhis for जान् n. ‘the knee;' eg. प्रनुस्, -नुस्, -, or प्रज्ञस्, -ज्ञा, -इं, ‘bandy-kneed.’ — तक्ष for तक्षन् m. ‘a carpenter;' e. g. कौटतक्षस् 'an independent carpenter;' ग्रामतक्षस् ‘the village carpenter. -- तमस in Karma-dhárayas (preceded by सम्, अव, or अन्ध) for तमस् n. ‘darkness ;' e.g. अवतमसं 'slight darkness.’त्वच for त्वच्; see 779.—दत् (f. दती) for दन्त m. 'a tooth; eg सुदन्, दती, दत्, — having beautiful teeth.'— दम for जाया 'a wife ;' eg. दम्पती ' husband and wife' (according to some, 'the two lords of dama the house').—f at end and feel at beginning for दिवन् m. ‘the day ;' e. g. नक्तंदिवं ' night and day;' दिवानिशं 'day and night.’—दुघ at end for दुह 'yielding milk;' e.g. कामदुघा 'the cow of plenty.’

-द्यावा an old dual form for दिव् f. ‘heaven ;' द्यावापृथिव्यौ du. ' heaven and earth.'—धन्वन् at end of Bahu-vríhis for धनुस् n. ' a bow ;' e. g. दृढधन्वा, न्वा, -, a strong archer.'-at end for ym. 'virtue,' 'duty;' e. g., -,-, virtuous.'- for f. 'a load;' e.g. a royal load.'- at the beginning of a few compounds for अ 'not;' eg. नपुंसकस् ‘a eunuch.’—नद for नदी ‘a river ;' e. g. पञ्चनदं 'the Panjab. ' - नम or नस् for नासिका 'nose ;' e.g. खरःणास, -णास्, -णस, or खरणसस, सा, सं, ' sharp-nosed.' – नाभ for नाभि f. ‘the navel;’ e. g. पद्मनाभस् ' lotus-naveled,' a name of Vishnu. — नाव for नौ f. s ship; e. g. half of a boat.'- -पथ for पथिन् m. ‘a road ;' e g. सुपयस् 'a

- पद् and पाद (fem. पदी) for पाद m. 'the foot;' eg. पडिमं ' coldness

of the feet ;' द्विपाद्, -पदी, पद्, 'a biped ;' चतुष्पाद् 'a m. 'the foot;' e. g. Tena, -m, -, ' going on foot.' -पुंस in Dvandvas for पुंस् m. 'a male;' eg. स्त्रीपुंसौ

nom. du. man and woman.'

-प्रजस् at end of Bahu-vríhis (preceded by अ, सु, or दुर्) for प्रजा f. ‘people,’ progeny;' e. g. PANE, - AIA, -AU, having a numerous progeny.'

for

ब्रह्मन् m. ‘a Brahman;' eg. कुब्रह्मस् 'a contemptible Brahman. - भूम for भूमि f. ' the earth;' e.g. उदग्भूमस् 'land towards the north.' – भ्रुव in Dvandvas for भ्रू f. the eye-brow ;' e. g. अक्षि भुवं ' eye and brow. ' — मनस in Dvandvas for मनस् n. the mind; e. g.ggà nom. du. n. ‘speech and heart.' and ч↑ (preceded by पिता, माता, &c., 754. a) for महत् ' great ;' eg. पितामहस् ' grandfather. ' Eat beginning of Karma-dhárayas and Bahu-vríhis form. f. n. .'great;' but in Tat-purusha or dependent compounds is retained, as in "Egle": recourse to the great;' also before become,' and words of a similar import, as महडूतस् ‘one who has become great ;' but महाभूतं ' an element. ' — मूर्ध or मूई at end of Bahu-vríhis (preceded by fa, fa, &c.) form. the head;' e. g. fg, -धा, -धं.—मेधस् at end of Bahu-vrihis (preceded by अ, सु, दुर्, सल्प, मन्द) for मेधा f. ‘intellect;’ e.g. अल्प, मेधास्, -धास्, -धम्. - रहस for रहस्, after अनु, जव, and WW; e. g. WGLE'solitary.'- at end of Karma-dhárayas and Tat-purushas for राजन् m. ‘a king’ (see 151. a); eg . परम राजस् 'a supreme monarch;' देवराजस् 'the king of the gods.' But occasional instances occur of at the end of Tat-purushas; e. g. faeus gen. c. of the king of Vidarbha' (Nal. XI. 21).— U at end of Dvigus, Karma-dhárayas, and Dvandvas, for fa f.night;' e. g. अहोरात्रं ' day and night ;' द्विरालं ' period of two nights;' मध्यरात्वस् 'midnight.' -लोम (after अनु, अव्, and प्रति) for लोमन् n. ‘hair;' eg. अनुलोमस्, -मा, -मं, with the hair. in Karma-dhárayas for n. splendour;' e. g. the power of a Brahman.' in Karma-dhárayas and Bahu-vríhis for श्रेयस् n. ‘virtue,’ 'felicity; eg निःश्रेयसस, सी, सं, ' destitute of excellence or happiness.' or form.‘a dog;' e. g. fa, -, -, worse than

a dog;' m. a beast of prey;' m. a dog's tooth.'- at beginning of Avyayi-bhávas and Bahu-vrihis for सह ' with ;' e.g. सकोपं' with anger;' सपुत्त्रस् 'accompanied by a son' ( would be equally correct).- for same;' e. g. सपिण्डस्' one who eats the same cake.' — सक्थ in Karma-dhárayas and Bahuvrihis for सक्थि n. ‘the thigh ;' eg. असक्यस्, क्था, क्थं, 'having no thighs.'

-सख in Karma-dhárayas and Dvigus for सखि m. ́ a friend ;' e.g. मरुत्सखस् 'the friend of the winds' (Indra).—HT in Karma-dhárayas for n. ‘a lake;' e.g. महासरसस् ‘a great lake.' – साम (after अनु, अव, प्रति) for सामन् n. ‘conciliation; e. g. friendly.'- for fm. a furrow;' e. g. EMH, -ला, -लं, ‘unploughed. - हृट् for हृदय n. 'the heart ;' eg. हृच्छय: ' sleeping in the heart;'m. 'a friend.'

779. It is evident from the above list that the most common substitution is that ofa for the final vowel or final consonant and vowel of a word. Other bases

ending in च्, छ, ज, झ, ट् स, घ्, ह, may add a ; as, त्वच for त्वच् in वाकत्वचं 'voice and skin;' यजुष for युजुस् in ऋग्यजुषं ' the Rig and Yajur-veda.' Also रजस for रजस्, आयुष for आयुष्, &c. Also ऋच for ऋच् in अर्धर्चस्, -चं, ‘half a verse of the Veda;' and one conversant with the Rig-veda.'

a. Some words as the first member of a compound lengthen their finals; e.g. कोटर before वन (कोटराव ' a wood full of hollow trees'); अञ्जन before गिरि (अञ्जनागिरि ' name of a mountain'); विश्व before राज् and मित्र (विश्वा राट् 'a universal sovereign;' fanfaa‘Viśvámitra'). This is more common in the Veda.

b. Some few shorten their finals, when they stand as the first member, especially nouns terminating in ऊ ú or ई í; eg . भ्रु for भ्रू in भ्रुकुटि f. 'a frown ;' ग्रामणि for ग्रामणी in ग्रामणिपुत्र 'the son of a harlot : ' so लक्ष्मि सम्पन्न : for लक्ष्मीसम्पत्र: 'endowed with good fortune,' Rámay. I. 19, 21.

c. A few feminine words in सा à (such as छाया, सभा, निशा, शाला, कन्या) may be made neuter at the end of certain compounds; e. g. the shade of sugar-canes; an assembly of princes; an assembly of women ;'

(or) a night when dogs howl.'

d. A sibilant is sometimes inserted between two members of a compound; as, प्रायश्चित्तं,‘expiation of sin,' for प्रायचित्तं ; गोष्पदं 'a spot trodden by kine.'

780. Numerals, when preceded by particles, prepositions, or other numerals, may change their finals to a ; or if their final letter be a consonant, may either drop that consonant or add अ a to it ; thus, द्वित (nom. -वास्, -वास्, -वाणि) ' two or three;' पञ्चम ( nom. -पास, बास्, -घाणि) ' five or six ;' उपचतुर ( nom. -nearly four.'

a. is found in the beginning of certain anomalous compounds (such as अहङ्कार, सहम्पूर्विका, &c.) for मत् or अस्मत् ‘I.'

be

Compound Nouns formed from roots combined with Prepositions. 781. In the next section it will be shown that the combination of roots with prepositions prevails most extensively in Sanskrit. From roots thus combined nouns of the most various significations may formed; thus, from 'to seize,' with fa and , is formed 'practice;' from 'to do,' with 'imitation.' Almost every line in every Sanskrit book affords an example of this kind of compound.

SECTION II.

COMPOUND VERBS.

782. The learner might look over the list of 2000 simple roots, and well imagine that in some of these would be contained every

possible variety of idea, and that the aid of prepositions and adverbial prefixes to expand and modify the sense of each root would be unnecessary. But in real fact there are comparatively few Sanskrit roots in common use; and whilst those that are so appear in a multitude of different forms by the prefixing of one or two or even three prepositions, the remainder are almost useless for any practical purposes, except the formation of nouns. Hence it is that compound verbs are of more frequent occurrence than simple ones.

They are formed in two ways: 1st, by combining roots with prepositions; 2dly, by combining the auxiliaries to do' and 'to be' with adverbs, or nouns converted into adverbs.

कृ

Compound Verbs formed by combining Prepositions with roots.

783. The following list exhibits the prepositions chiefly used in combination with roots:

a. fi ati, ‘across,' 'beyond,' 'over;' as, fч1, at (pres. f, &c.), f, to pass by,' 'to pass along,' 'to transgress.'

b.

adhi, ‘above,' 'upon,' 'over;' as, futo stand over,'' to preside' (pres. अधितिष्ठामि); अधिरुह् 'to climb upon ;' अधिशी 'to lie upon ;' अधिगम् 'to go over towards;' to go over,' in the sense of reading.' The initial a is rarely rejected in Epic poetry; as, धिष्ठित for अधिष्ठित.

c. anu, after;' as, to follow;' 'performing;' to imitate;' to assent. experience,' 'to enjoy.'

d. antar, between,' 'within' (Latin inter); as, 'to conceal,' in pass. 'to vanish;' to be within;' midst.'

follow,' in the sense of With it signifies to

सपे

e. apa, 'off,' 'away,' 'from' (anó); as, WA, WH, w इ), ‘to go away;’ अपनी 'to lead away ;' अपकृम् 'to abstract ;' away.' It also implies detraction;' as, अपवद् 'to defame.' f. fa api, 'on,' 'over' (èí), only used with

to place within,' to walk in the

(from and अप अपवह् 'to bear

and ; as, fq 'to cover over;' अपिनह 'to bind on. The initial अ a is often rejected, leaving पिधा, पिनह. fabhi, 'to,' 'unto,' 'towards;' as, wf, wt, 'to go towards;' wfxधाव् — to run towards;' अभिदृश् 'to behold;' अभिवद् or समिधा (see था at 664) 'to address,' 'to accost,' 'to speak to,'' to salute.'

g.

to look

h. ara, 'down,' 'off;' as, we, w, to descend;' down; to throw down,'' to scatter;' to cut off.' It also implies 'disparagement; as, to despise; fato insult.' With T (3d c. अवदधाति), ' to attend.' 'The initial सa may be optionally rejected from अवगाह 'bathing."

to enter;'

to

i. Tá, 'to,' 'towards,' 'near to' (Latin ad); as, go towards;' to mount up.' When prefixed to 4, 4, and 3, 'to go,'