relatively; especially in the case of adjectives or participles; as, haya, -, -, 'black and white;' gf, -, -, bathed and anointed;' पौरजानपदस्, -दा, दं, ' city and country; कृतापकृतम्, -ता, -✯, ‘done and done badly;', -, -, ' good and evil' (754); am ferua, -ui, -, 'thick and unctuous;' fa:zfafanu, -m, -i, 'noiseless and motionless' (night); ifa of him taken and let loose.' Compare λevko-uéλas, 'white and black." See other examples under Complex Compounds.

a. Be it remembered, that many compounds of this kind are classed by native grammarians under the head of Tat-purusha (Pán. II. 1, 69), though the accent in many conforms to the rule for Bahu-vríhi (VI. 2, 3).

Relative form of Karma-dháraya or Descriptive Compounds.

766. A greater number of compound words may be referred to this head than to any other. Every style of writing abounds with them; thus, fay, -fag, -fa, 'whose strength is small' (119).

a. Other examples are, FEI IMA, -1, -, 'whose strength is great' (108, see also 778) ; महातेजास्, -जाम्, -जस्, 'whose glory is great ' (164.a); अल्पधनस्, -ना, -नं, ‘whose wealth is small;' महात्मा, त्मा, त्म, ‘high-minded’ (151); उदारचरितस्, -ता, -तं, ' of noble demeanour;' बहुमत्स्यस्, -त्स्या, -त्स्यं, “having many fish;' स्वल्पःसलिलस्, -ला, -लं, 'having very little water;' पण्डित बुद्धिस्, -द्धिस्, -द्धि, ‘of wise intellect ' (119) ; प्रियभार्यस्, -या, -येँ, 'having a dear wife; अशक्य.सन्धानस्, -ना, -नं, 'not to be reconciled ;' संवृतसंवार्यम्, agreeing with , a king who conceals what ought to be concealed.'

6

767. Although a passive participle is not often prefixed to a noun in an absolute sense, this kind of combination prevails most extensively in the formation of relative compounds; as,

-,-, whose time has arrived.'

जितेन्द्रियस्, या, यं,

a. Other examples are, ff, -, -, whose passions are subdued;" शान्तचेतास्, -तास्, -तस्, ‘whose mind is composed ;' संहृष्टमनास्, -नास्, -नस, 'whose mind is rejoiced' (see 164); AṬNA, -M, -N' whose hopes are broken ;' हृतराज्यस्, -ज्या, ज्यं, 'whose kingdom is taken away ;' अमिततेजास, जास्, -जस्, ‘whose glory is boundless ;' आसन्न मृत्युस्, -त्युस्, -त्यु, 'whose death is near ;' , -, -, 'whose desire is accomplished,' i. e. 'successful;'जनस्, -ना, -नं, ‘one who has finished eating ;' अनधिगत. शास्त्रस्, -स्वा, -स्त्रं, 'one by whom the Sástras have not been read ;' भिन्न हृदयस्, -या, -यं, or दलहृदयम्, whose heart is pierced;' fan, -, -, who has conquered his enemies ;' faa NA, -M, -N, 'having the hair cut;' f,-,-, eating sparingly;' पूतपापस, पा, पं, ‘purified from sin.’

b. Occasionally the feminine of the adjective appears in the compound; as, having a sixth wife.' Compare 755. a.

c. The affix ka is often added; as, na, -, -, 'reft of fortune;' Enfrazau, -zon, -2, shorn of (his) beams.'

d. Examples of Greek and Latin compounds of this kind are, μeyaho-képaños, μεγαλόμητις, λευκό-πτερος, πολύ-χρυσος, χρυσεο-στέφανος, ἡδύ-γλωσσος, épnμó-moλs, magn-animus, longi-manus, multi-comus, albi-comus, multi-vius, atri

color.

e. In English compounds of this kind abound; e. g. 'blue-eyed,' 'narrowminded,' 'good-tempered,' ' pale-faced,' &c.

Relative form of Dvigu or Numeral Compounds.

768. Numeral or Dvigu compounds may be used relatively; as, डि.पर्णस, -णी, -, ' two-leaved ;' त्रिलोचनस्, नी, नं, 'tri-ocular.'

a. Other examples are, f,-,,three-headed' (being substituted for मूईन्, see 778) ; चतुर्मुखस्, खी, खं, 'four-faced ;' चतुष्कोणम्, -णा, -णं, 'quadrangular;' zīTM, -U, -†, ‘hundred-gated;' fq, -Wl, -, ' possessed of the four sciences;', -, -, 'thousand-eyed' (see 778); -, -, 'having the wealth of five bullocks.'

Relative form of Compounds with Adverbial Prefixes.

769. The adverbial compounds most frequently employed relatively as adjectives are those formed with the adverbial preposition with,' contracted into ; thus, ì, -, -, ‘angry' (lit. 'with-anger,' 'having anger'); ¤¤, -, -, 'fruitful' (108); स.बन्धुम, -न्धुस्, -न्धु, ' possessed of kindred' ( 119 ) ; सपत्नम्, -त्ना, -नं, energetic;', -, -, ' possessed of life,' 'living;', -न्दा, न्दं, ' joyful ; स. सचिवस्, वा, बं, ' accompanied by ministers ;' सभार्यम् ‘accompanied by a wife, ' ' having a wife;' सृज्यस्, ज्या, ज्यं, 'strung' (as a bow, lit. 'with-bowstring').

a. The affix☎ka is often added to this kind of compound; as,, -ail, -,possessed of fortune;', -, -, accompanied by women.' Compare 80. XVII.

b. In some compounds सह remains; as, सह वाहनस् 'with his army ;' महपुत्त्रम् ' along with his son.'

c. स is also used for समान 'samne;' as, सगोत्रम्, वा, वं, 'of the same family.’ d. There are of course many examples of nouns combined with adverbial prefixes, so as to form relative compounds, which cannot be regarded as relative forms of Avyayí-bháva; thus,, -, -, with uplifted weapon;' GH, -रा, -रं, ‘of various shapes: क्कुनिवासस्, सा, सं, where dwelling ?' क्वजन्मा, -न्मा, -न्म, — where born?' निरपराधस्, -धा, धं, without fault ;' निराहारम,

-रा, -रं, ‘having no food;' अपभीस्, -भीस्, भि, 'fearless' (123. 6) ; तथाविvề, -, -, ‘of that kind,' 'in such a state;' cafe, -fga, -fa, ‘weakminded;' दुष्प्रकृतिस्, -तिस्, -ति, ' ill-natured' (see 72 ) ; सुमुखस्, खी, खं, 'handsome-faced;'efan, -fza, -fa, 'of good understanding.' Some of the above may be regarded as relative forms of Descriptive compounds, formed with indeclinable prefixes; see 756. Similar compounds in Greek and Latin are, áv-ýμepos, ev-dnλos, in-imicus, in-felix, dis-similis, semi-plenus.

e. Observe-The adverbial prefixes and (726. d. f) impart a passive sense to participial nouns of agency, just as duo and ev in Greek; thus,

difficult

to be done,' easy to be done;' difficult to be obtained,' H‘easy to be attained;' difficult to be crossed.' Compare the Greek papos, 'easy to be borne;' dúonopos, difficult to be passed,' &c.

ƒ. Harga, -a, -, possessed of a master,' is sometimes used at the end of compounds to denote simply possessed of,' 'furnished with ;' thus, fancİ शिलातलं 'a stone-seat furnished with a canopy ;' शिलापट्ट सनाथो मण्डपः ' an arbour having a marble-slab as its master,' i. e. 'furnished with,' ' provided with,' &c. Similarly, uerdì 7z9129: ‘a fig-tree occupied by a number of

cranes.'

g. Observe-The relative form of a compound would be marked in Vedic Sanskrit by the accent. In the Karma-dháraya compound mahá-báhu, 'great arm,' the accent would be on the last syllable, thus ; but in the Relative mahábáhu, ‘great armed,' on the ante-penultimate, thus . So, native commentators often quote as an example of the importance of right accentuation, the word Indra-satru, which, accented on the first syllable, would be Bahu-vríhi (see Pán. VI. 2, 1, by which the first member retains its original accent); but accented on the penultimate would be Tat-purusha. The sense in the first case is having Indra for an enemy;' in the second, 'the enemy of Indra.'

h. Note, that and are used at the end of relative compounds to denote composed of,'' consisting of;' but are more frequently found at the end of complex relatives; see 774.

COMPLEX COMPOUND NOUNS.

770. We have now to speak of complex compound words, or compounds within compounds, which form a most remarkable feature in Sanskrit composition. Instances might be given of twenty or thirty words thus compounded together; but these are the productions of the vitiated taste of more modern times, and are only curious as showing that the power of compounding words may often be extravagantly abused. But even in the best specimens. of Sanskrit composition, and in the simplest prose writings, four, five, or even six words are commonly compounded together, involving two or three forms under one head. It will be easy, however, to

determine the character of the forms involved, by the rules propounded in the preceding pages; in proof of which the student has only to study attentively the following examples.

Instances of absolute complex compounds, whose sense is complete and unconnected, are not rare.

The following are examples: कालान्तरावृत्ति शुभाशुभानि good and evil (occurring) in the revolutions ofthe interval of time,' the whole being a dependent, involving a dependent and a copulative; the general

of the army and the overseer of the forces,' the whole being a copulative, involving two dependents; the protection from sorrow, enemies, and perils,' the whole being a dependent, involving an aggregative; walf the disregarded words of a friend,' the whole being a descriptive, involving a dependent; e a white robe and a string of garlands,' the whole being a copulative, involving a descriptive and dependent; सर्व शास्त्रपारगम् ' one who has gone to the opposite bank (pára) of all the Sástras,' i. e. 'one who has read them through;'ff the bones of a

dead lion.'

771. The greater number of complex compounds are used as adjectives, or relatively, as epithets of some other word in the sentence; thus, nggggggu, -at, -, whose nails and eyes were decayed,' the whole being the relative form of descriptive, involving a copulative; having a throat emaciated with hunger,' the whole being the relative form of descriptive, involving a dependent.

a. Other examples are, शुक्लमाल्यानुलेपनस्, -ना, -नं, 'having a white garland and unguents,' the whole being the relative form of copulative, involving a descriptive; broad-shouldered and strong-armed,' the whole being a copulative, involving two descriptives; qq, -, -, ' done in a former birth,' the whole being a dependent, involving a descriptive; faIEarge", -1, -, ‘advanced in learning and age,' the whole being a dependent, involving a copulative; fang, -, -, having fresh garlands, and being free from dust,' the whole being the relative form of copulative, involving a descriptive and dependent; अभिषेकार्द्र शिरास - रास्, -रम्, ‘whose head was moist with unction;' यथेप्सितमुखस्, खा, खं, 'having the face turned in any direction one likes;' EH, -, -, 'spear and club in hand;' zazua faârzìfana, -, -, sufficient for support during one night' (see 778); ऋग्यजुःसामाख्यवयग्रन्थार्थभिज्ञास् 'acquainted with the meaning of the three Vedas, called Rig, Yajur, and Sáma;' e cuoce da biting their lips and having red eyes' (agreeing with राजानस्); परद्रोह कर्मधीस 'injuring another by action or by intention.'

772. The substantive wife, a beginning,' often occurs in complex relative

compounds, with the force of et cetera, as in simple relatives at 764; thus,

parrots, starlings, &c.' (agreeing with fabirds beginning with parrots and starlings'), the whole being the relative form of dependent, involving an aggregative; ffaf peace, war, &c.' (agreeing with understood); fey, -, -, possessed of houses, temples, &c.;' करि तुरग कोपादिपरिच्छद युक्तम्, -क्का, क्तं, 'possessed of elephants, horses, treasuries, and other property.'

a. Similarly, आद्य in the example उत्तम गन्धाद्यास् (agreeing with सृजस् ‘garlands possessing the best odour and other qualities').

773. Long complex compounds may be generally translated by beginning at the last word and proceeding regularly backwards, as in the following; f करमुक्त झङ्कार, मिलित कोकिल! लाप, सङ्गीतक सुखावहः, -हा, -हं, ' causing pleasure by the music of the voice of the cuckoo, blended with the hum emitted by the swarms of joyous bees.'

774. आत्मक or रूप, as occupying the last place in a complex relative, denotes — composed of ;' thus, हस्त्यश्वरथपदातिकर्मकरात्मकं बलं 'a force consisting of elephants, horses, chariots, infantry, and servants;'n cù aimi 'the two actions consisting of the good and evil done in a former birth.”

775. Complex compounds may sometimes have their second or middle member elided or omitted; thus, अभिज्ञानशकुन्तला is really a complex compound, the whole being a descriptive, involving a dependent; but the middle member m♬ is elided: see 745.a. Similarly, शाकपार्थिवस् ' the era-king' is for शाक प्रिय, पार्थिवम् * the king (beloved) by the era ;' विक्रमोर्वशी for विक्रमप्राप्तोर्वशी ' Urvasi gained by

valour.'

as,

a. Complex compounds expressive of comparison are not uncommon; जलविन्दु लोल,चपलस्, -ला, -लं, 'unsteady as a trembling drop of water;' नलिनीदलतोय. तरलस्, -ला, -लं, 'tremulous as water on the leaf of a lotus ;' the last two examples are complex. Compare 758. a. IV. 123

b. A peculiar compound of this kind is formed from Dvandvas by adding the affix íya; thus, aliya, -M, -¿, 'like the story of the crow and the palm tree;', -, -, like the story of the hawk and the pigeon.'

c. The substantive verb must often be supplied in connexion with a relative compound; as, his success was proportionate to his undertakings;' पीताम्भसि 'on his drinking water,' for तेन अम्भसि पीते सति.

776. Complex compound adverbs, or indeclinable compounds, involving other compounds, are sometimes found; as, amefafanuo 'not differently from one's own house; ¬ċ ' after utter

ing a sound;' स्तनभर विनमन्मध्यभङ्गानपेक्षं ' regardlessly of the curving of her waist bending under the weight of her bosom ;' यथा दृष्टश्रुतं ' as seen and heard.'

ANOMALOUS COMPOUNDS.

777. There are certain compounds which are too anomalous in their formation to admit of ready classification under any one of the preceding heads.