form a Dvandva compound of this kind, by doubling an adjective or participle, and interposing the negative a; as, i ́moveable and immoveable' (for चरम् अचरं च); शुभाशुभं 'good and evil ;' प्रियाप्रिये 'in agreeable and disagreeable' (for प्रिये अप्रिये च); दृष्टादृष्टं ' seen and not seen ;' कृताकृतं ' done and not done;' gentle and cruel.'

a. In the Dvandvas which occur in the Vedas the first member of the compound, as well as the last, may sometimes take a dual termination; thus, fЯEरुणौ (see 97. a), इन्द्रा विष्णू, पितरा मातरौ ; and some of the anomalous Dvandvas used in more modern Sanskrit are probably Vaidik in their character; thus, द्यावापृथिवी ‘heaven and earth ;' मातापितरौ 'mother and father,' &c.

b. It is a general rule, however, that if a compound consists of two crude bases in ri, the final of the first becomes I, as in above. This also happens if the last member of the compound be पुत्र, as पिता पुत्रौ ' father and son.'

c. Greek and Latin furnish examples of complex compounds involving Dvandvas; thus, Barpaxo-uvo-μaxía, 'frog-mouse war;' su-ovi-taurilia, ‘pig-sheepbull sacrifice;' wó-putov, ‘animal-plant.' Zoophyte is thus a kind of Dvandva. In English, compounds like 'plano-convex,' 'convexo-concave,' are examples of the relative form of Dvandva explained at 765.

DESCRIPTIVE (OR DETERMINATIVE) COMPOUNDS (KARMA-DHÁRAYA).

755. In describing, qualifying, or defining a substantive by means of an adjective or participle, it is common in Sanskrit to compound the two words together, placing the adjective or participle in the first member of the compound in its crude base; as, y ‘a good man' (for साधुर जनस् ) ; चिरमित्रं ' an old friend' (for चिरं मित्रं) ; शुभार्णव: 'a troubled ocean ;' पुण्य कर्म ' a holy act ;' अनन्तात्मा ' the infinite soul;' संस्कृतोक्तिस् ‘polished speech ;' पुण्यानि कर्माणि); उत्तम नराणां ' of the best ́a great crime' (see 778);

778); f'a dear friend' (see 778); 778).

पुण्य कर्माणि ' holy acts' (for men' (for उत्तमानां नराणां); una ‘a great king' (see a long night' (see

a. The feminine bases of adjectives do not generally appear in compounds; thus, प्रियभाया 'a dear wife' (for प्रिया भाया) ; महाभाय ' a great wife' (for, see 778);

a beautiful wife' (for

रूपवती भायी) ; पाचकस्त्री ' a she-cook' (for पाचिका स्त्री).

b. There are, however, a few examples of feminine adjective bases in compounds, eg. वामोरुभाया ' a wife with beautiful thighs ;' कामिan impassioned woman,' where

fat is perhaps used sub

756. An indeclinable word or prefix may sometimes take the place of an adjective

in this kind of compound; thus, a good road;'

fri‘a fine day;' सुभाषितं ' good speech;' दुश्चरितं ' bad conduct ;' अभयं 'not fear, &c.; बहिःशौचं

'external cleanliness' (from rahis, 'externally,' and sauća, purity'); 'internal purity ;' ईपहूर्शनं 'a slight inspection ;' कुपुरुषस् 'a bad man.'

757. Adjectives sometimes occupy the last place in Descriptive compounds; as, परमधार्मिकस् ‘a very just man ;' परमाद्भुतं ' a very wonderful thing.'

a. In the same manner, substantives, used adjectively, may occupy the first place; as, fimpure substances;' : 'a royal sage.'

758. Descriptive compounds expressing 'excellence' or 'eminence' fall under this class, and are composed of two substantives, one of which is used as an adjective to describe or define the other, and is placed last, being generally the name of an animal denoting, superiority; as, man-tiger,' 'man-bull,' : 'man-lion,' german-bull,' equivalent to an illustrious man.' Similarly, an excellent woman' (gem of a woman).

a. So other compounds expressive of 'comparison' or 'resemblance' are usually included in native grammars under the Descriptive or Karma-dháraya class. In these the adjective is placed last; as, I FEME, -&I, -¿, ́ fickle as a shadow;' सम्बुदःश्यामस्, -मा, -मं, 'dark as a cloud ;' भूधर विस्तीर्णस्, -, -, ' spread out like

a mountain.'

b. The following are examples of Greek and Latin compounds falling under this class ; μεγαλο-μήτηρ, ἰσό-πεδον, μεγαλόνοια, ημι-κύων, sacri-portus, meri-dies (for medi-dies), decem-viri, semi-deus. Parallel compounds in English are, goodwill,'good-sense,' 'ill-nature,' &c.

NUMERAL (OR COLLECTIVE) COMPOUNDS (DVIGU).

759. A numeral is often compounded with a substantive to form a collective noun, but the last member of the compound is generally in the neuter singular; thus, चतुर्युगं ' the four ages' (for चत्वारि युगानि ) ; चतुर्दिशं ' the four quarters ;' विदिनं 'three days' (triduum); विरावं ' three nights' (रात being substituted for रात्रि, see 778) ; व्यब्दं ' three years' (triennium); чf the five fires.'

a. Rarely numerals in their crude state are compounded with plural substantives; as, चतुर्वशीस् 'the four castes ;' पञ्चवाणास् ' five arrows ;' सप्तर्षयस् ‘the seven stars of Ursa Major.'

b. Compare Greek and Latin compounds like τετραόδιον, τρινύκτιον, τέθριππον, triduum, triennium, trinoctium, quadrivium, quinquertium.

c. Sometimes the last member of the compound is in the feminine singular, with the termination; as, faciat 'the three worlds.'

ADVERBIAL OR INDECLINABLE COMPOUNDS (AVYAYÍ-BHÁVA). 760. In this class of indeclinable (avyaya, i. e. na vyeti, 'what does not change') compounds the first member must be either a preposition

(such as wf, wf, wq, nf, &c., at 783) or an adverbial prefix (such as यथा ‘as,’ यावत् 'as far as,' स or सन् 'not,' सह ' with,' &c.). The last member is a substantive which takes the form of an accusative case neuter, whatever may be the termination of its crude base; thus, यथाश्रद्धं ‘according to faith' (from यथा and श्रद्धा); प्रतिनिशं ' every night' (from प्रति and निशा); प्रतिदिशं ' in every quarter (from प्रति and f); fbeyond the ship' (from fa and ♬).

a. Many of these compounds are formed with the adverbial preposition, generally contracted into ; thus, with anger' (from स and कोप) ; सादरं 'with respect' (स आदरं ) ; साष्टाङ्गयातं ' with prostration of eight parts of the body.' Páņini (II. 1, 9, &c.) gives some unusual forms with postpositions; as, a little sauce.'

b. The following are examples of indeclinable compounds with other prefixes; अनुज्येष्ठं ' according to seniority; प्रत्यङ्गं 'over every limb ;' प्रतिमासं ' every month' (730. d); यथा विधि ' according to rule;' यथाशक्ति or यावच्छक्यं (49) ́according to one's ability; happily;' suitably,' 'worthily ;' यथोक्त्रं ‘as described;' अनुक्षणं ' every moment ;' समक्षं 'before the eyes' (778); upon the shoulders;' without distinction;'

faf

upon the tree;' without doubt;' nin the middle of the Ganges."

c. Analogous indeclinable compounds are found in Latin and Greek, such as admodum, obviam, afatim, ἀντιβίην, ἀντίβιον, ὑπέρμερον, παραχρημα. In these, however, the original gender is retained, whereas, according to the Sanskrit rule, obrium would be written for obviam, and affate for affatim. In Greek compounds like pepo, the feminine uépa appends a neuter form, as in Sanskrit.

d. The neuter word for the sake of,' 'on account of' (see 731. a), is often

used at the end of compounds; thus, स्वप्नार्थे 'for the sake of sleep;' कर्मानुष्ठानार्थं 'for the sake of the performance of business.' See, however, 731, note.

e. There is a peculiar adverbial compound formed by doubling a crude base, the final of the first member of the compound being lengthened, and the final of the last changed to i. It generally denotes mutual contact, reciprocity, or opposi tion; thus, मुष्टीमुष्टि 'fist to fist;' दण्डादसिड ' stick to stick' (fighting); अंशांशि 'share by share;' pulling each other's hair;' body to body;' बाहूबाहवि 'arm to arm.'

f. Something in the same manner,

and , another,' are doubled; thus,

, qi, “one another,'' mutually,' 'together.'

RELATIVE COMPOUNDS (MOSTLY EQUIVALENT TO BAHU-VRÍHI). 761. The greater number of compounds in the preceding four divisions are terminated by substantives, the sense of each being in that case absolute and complete in itself. All such compounds may be used relatively, that is, as epithets of other words, the final

Uu

substantive becoming susceptible of three genders, like an adjective (sec 108, 119, 130, 134. a). We have given the name relative to compounds when thus used, not only for the obvious reason of their being relatively and not absolutely employed, but also because they usually involve a relative pronoun, and are sometimes translated into English by the aid of this pronoun, and are, moreover, resolved by native commentators into their equivalent uncompounded words by the aid of the genitive case of the relative (4). Thus, ri is a Descriptive compound, meaning 'great wealth,’and may be used adjectively in relation to पुरुषस्, thus महाधनः पुरुषः 'a man who has great wealth;' or to, thus in E‘a woman who has great wealth;' and would be resolved by commentators into यस्य or यस्या महद धनं. In English we have similar compounds, as high-minded,' 'left-handed,' and the like, where the substantive terminating the compound is converted into an adjective.

Relative form of Tat-purusha or Dependent Compounds. 762. Many Dependent compounds (especially those that are instrumentally dependent at 740) are already in their own nature relative, and cannot be used except in connexion with some other word in the sentence. But, on the other hand, many others, and especially those which are genitively dependent, constituting by far the largest number of this class of compounds, are in their nature absolute, and yield a sense complete in itself. These may be made relative by declining the final substantive after the manner of an adjective; thus, af, fa, -fa, 'moon-shaped' (see 119), from the absolute compound the shape of the moon.'

a. Other examples are,, -, -, whose form is godlike' (see 108); सूर्य प्रभावम्, वा, बं, ' splendid as the sun' (108) ; हस्तिपादस्, दा, दं, 'elephant-footed' (see 57); A, -, -, ending at the sea;' A, -ला, -न्तं, ‘terminated by death ;' कर्ण पुरोगमस्, -मा, -मं, or कर्ण मुखस्, खा, खं, ‘headed by Karṇa;' fauyg A141, -81, -Ħ, ‘named Vishņuśarma' (see 154); पुण्डरीकाक्षस, -क्षी, क्षं, ' lotus-eyed' (see 778) ; नारायणाख्यस्, -ख्या, ख्यं, — called Nárayaṇa;', -, -, founded on wealth;' uefa (agreeing with धनानि ), ‘money to the amount of a lac;' गदाहस्तस्, -स्ता, -स्तं, 'having a club in the hand,' or 'club in hand;' næ¶fuæ, -fox, -fu, arms in hand ;’ जाल, हस्तम्, -स्ता, -स्तं, 'net in hand ;' पुष्पविषयस्, या, यं, ' on the subject of

*

may be substituted for in compounds of this kind, but not after . See 778.

flowers,' 'relating to flowers;' ca, -, -†, ‘having meditation for one's chief or highest occupation;', -, -, ‘having his knowledge.' These examples are not distinguishable from absolute dependent compounds, except by declension in three genders.

b. Note-Parallel compounds are found in Greek, e. g. izzó-yλwoos, having a tongue like a horse.'

763. Many of them, however, are not found, except as relatives; and if used absolutely would yield a different sense; thus, means the face of Karna,' but when used relatively to kings headed by Karna.' So also

spy,' but when used relatively to of his spies.' See 166. c.

the

signifies the eye of the

a king who sees by means

764. The substantive wife, a beginning,' when it occurs in the last member of a compound of this nature, is used relatively to some word expressed or understood, and yields a sense equivalent to et cetera. It is generally found either in the plural or neuter singular; as, Indra and the others' (agreeing with the nom. case HH expressed or understood, the gods commencing with Indra'); अग्न्यादीनां ‘of Agni and the others' (agreeing with पूर्वोकानां understood, — of those above-named things of which Agni was the first'); if ‘the eyes, &c.' (agreeing with furf the senses commencing with the eyes'). When used in the neut. sing. it either agrees with, the aforesaid,” understood, or with a number of things taken collectively, and the adverb iti * may be prefixed; as, arff the word deván, &c.' (agreeing with understood, the aforesaid sentence of which deván is the first word'); fby liberality, &c.' (agreeing with some class of things understood, by that class of things of which liberality is the first'). See also 772.

a. It may occasionally be used in the masc. sing.; as, fe brooms, &c.' (agreeing with

'furniture').

b. Sometimes आदिक is used for आदि; as, दानादिकं 'gifts, &c. :' and sometimes आद्य ; as, इन्द्राद्याः सुराम् ' the gods of whom Indra is the first.’

c. The feminine substantive manner,' 'kind,' may be used in the same way; thus, इन्द्रप्रभृतयः सुरास् ' the gods, Indra and the others;' तेपां ग्रामनिवाf of those villagers, &c.'

d. Observe―The neuter off may optionally take the terminations of the masculine in all but the nom. and accus. cases; thus, of elephants, horses, &c.' (agreeing with T gen. neut. of ‘an army').

Relative form of Drandra or Copulative Compounds.

765. Copulative (or Aggregative) compounds are sometimes used

Sometimes eram is prefixed; as, xıçîfa um1qıfa lamentations begin

ning thus.'