c. Before nouns of agency and similar forms the accusative case is often retained, especially in poetry ; as, अरिन्दमस्, -मा, -मं, 'enemy - subduing ;' हृदयङ्गमस्, -मा, -Я, 'heart-touching;' HRT, -U, -†, ' fear-inspiring' (see 580);

-ĦT, -Я, 'going to the ocean;', -, -, one who thinks himself learned;’ रात्त्रिम्मन्यस् ‘one who thinks it night.’

Instrumentally Dependent,

740. Or those in which the relation of the first word (being in the crude base) to the last is equivalent to that of an instrumental case. These are very common, and are, for the most part, composed of a substantive in the first member, and a passive participle in the last; as, zhraifgna, -m, -, beguiled by avarice' (for a मोहित); वस्त्रवेष्टितस्, -ता, -तं, ' covered with clothes ;' राज पूजितस्, -ता, -, 'honoured by kings; faria, -, -, ‘deserted by (i. e. destitute of) learning;' qffena, -, -, destitute of intelligence ;' दुःखार्त्तम्, -ती, -तें, ‘pained with grief ;' खात्म कृतम्, -ता, -तं, — done by one's self;' आदित्यसदृशस्, -शी, -शं, ' like the sun' (for खादित्येन सदृशस्, see 826); gun, -, -, acquired by us.'

a. Sometimes this kind of compound contains a substantive or noun of agency in the last member ; as, विद्याधनं 'money acquired by science;' शस्त्रोपजीवी 'one who lives by arms.'

Datively Dependent,

741. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a dative; as, after पादोदकं ' water for the feet ;' यूपदारुस् 'wood for

bark for clothing;' a stake ;' शरणागतस्, This kind of com

-☎, -ǹ, ‘come for protection' (for M14 ). pound is not very common, and is generally supplied by the use of अधें (731.a); as, शरणार्थम् आगतस्.

a. The grammatical terms Parasmai-padam and Atmane-padam (see 243) are instances of compounds in which the sign of the dative case is retained.

Ablatively Dependent,

742. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of an ablative; as, fч, -, -Я, ‘received from a father;' HR, -, -, 'fallen from the kingdom' (for राज्याद् भ्रष्टस्); तरङ्ग, चञ्चलतरस, -रा, - रं, 'more changeable than a wave;' भवदुन्यस् ‘ other than you' (for भवतोऽन्यस्); भवनयं ' fear of you' (814. d); कुकुरभयं ' fear of a dog; शास्त्र, पराङ्मुखम्, -खी, -खं, ' turning the face from books,' averse to study.'

743. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a genitive. These are the most common of all dependent compounds, and may generally be expressed by a similar compound in English. They are for the most part composed of two substantives ; as, समुद्रतीरं ' sea-shore' (for समुद्रस्य तीरं shore of the sea'). 4. FEED Manu 1.25, with a. Other examples are, horse-back;' bow-string;' f — brick-house;' गिरिनदी 'mountain-torrent;' जलतीरं 'water's edge;' अर्था[गमस् or अर्थोपार्जना 'acquisition of wealth;' विपहूशा 'state of misfortune;' सुढदम् *separation of friends;' on whose brow' (loc. c.); his words;' जन्मस्थानं or जन्मभूमिस् ' birth-place;' मूर्खशतैस् 'with hundreds of fools' (instrum. c. plur.); a couple of Slokas ;' the surface of the earth;' पृथिवीपतिस् 'lord of the earth;' तज्जीवनाय ' for his support' (dat. c.); ब्राह्मण.पुत्त्रास् ‘the sons of a Brahman;' अस्मत्पुत्रास् ' our sons;' त्वत्कर्म 'thy deed ;' पितृवचनं 'a father's speech ;' मृत्यु डारं ' the gate of death ;' इच्छा सम्पत्‘fulfilment of wishes;' मात्रानन्दस् 's mother's joy ;' जलाशयस् 'a receptacle of water,' lake;’ विद्यार्थी ‘seeker of knowledge, ‘a scholar;' कुक्कुटाण्डं (for कुक्कुटी चराडं) '& hen's egg.'

b. Sometimes an adjective in the superlative degree, used substantively, occupies the last place in the compound; as, नरश्रेष्ठस् or पुरषोत्तमस् 'the best of men.' c. In occasional instances the genitive case is retained; as, fan men;' दिवस्पतिम् ' lord of the sky.’

lord of

d. Especially in terms of reproach; as, दास्याः पुत्रस् (or दासीपुत्तस्) ' son of a slave girl.'

Locatively Dependent,

744. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a locative case; as,, -Jai, -, ‘sunk in the mud' (for पले मग्न); गगण विहारी 'sporting in the sky; जलक्रीडा — sport in the water ;' ग्रामवासी 'a dweller in a village ;' जलचरस् — going in the water;' जलजस् 'born in the water ;' शिरोरत्नं ' gem on the head.'

a. The sign of the locative case is retained in some cases, especially before nouns of agency; as, ग्रामे वासी ' a villager ;' जलेचरम् ' going in the water ; उरसि भूषितस् ता, तं, ' ornamented on the breast ;' अग्रेगस् or अग्रे सरस् ‘going in front ;' दिविषद् ' abiding in the sky ;' दिविस्पृक् (rt. स्पृश्) 'touching the sky ;' युधिष्ठिरस् ‘firm in war.’

Dependent in more than one Case.

745. Dependent compounds do not always consist of two words. They may be composed of almost any number of nouns, all depending upon each other, in the

manner that one case depends upon another in a sentence; thus, afquunfaक्रान्तस्, -न्ता, न्तं, 'passed beyond the range of the eye' (for चक्षुषो विषयम् अतिक्रान्तस्); रथमध्यस्थस् 'standing in the middle of the chariot ;' भीतपरित्राणवस्तूपालम्भ पण्डितस्‘skilful in censuring the means of rescuing those in danger.' a. There is an anomalous form of Tat-purusha compound, which is really the result of the elision of the second or middle member (uttara-pada-lopa, madhyamapada-lopa) of a complex compound; thus, I token-Sakuntalá’ for fusi Sakuntalá (recognised) by the token.'

b. Dependent compounds abound in all the cognate languages. The following are examples from Greek and Latin; οἶνο-θήκη, οἰκο-φύλαξ, λιθόστρωτος, γυναικο-κήρυκτος, ἀνθρωπο-δίδακτος, θεό-δοτος, θεό-τρεπτος, χειρο-ποίητος, auri-fodina, manu-pretium, parri-cida for patri-cida, parri-cidium, matri-cidium, marti-cultor, mus-cerda. English furnishes innumerable examples of dependent compounds, e. g. ink-stand,' 'snow-drift,' 'moth-eaten,' 'priest-ridden,' 'doormat,' 'writing-master,' &c.

COPULATIVE (OR AGGREGATIVE) COMPOUNDS (DVANDVA).

746. This class of compounds has no exact parallel in other languages,

When two or more persons or things are enumerated together, it is usual in Sanskrit, instead of connecting them by a copulative, to aggregate them into one compound word. No syntactical dependence of one case upon another subsists between the members of Dvandva compounds, since they must always consist of words which, if uncompounded, would be in the same case. The only grammatical connexion between the members is that which would be expressed by the copulative conjunction and in English, or in Sanskrit. In fact, the difference between this class and the last turns upon this dependence in case of the words compounded on each other; insomuch that the existence or absence of such dependence, as deducible from the context, is, in some cases, the only guide by which the student is enabled to refer the compound to the one head or to the other: thus, ♫ may either be a Dependent compound, and mean 'the servants of the pupils of the Guru,' or a Copulative, the Guru, and the pupil, and the servant.' And af may either be Dependent, the blood of the flesh,' or Copulative, flesh and blood.' This ambiguity, however, can never occur in Dvandvas inflected in the dual, and rarely occasions any practical difficulty.

747. There are three kinds of Copulative compounds: 1st, in

flected in the plural; 2d, inflected in the dual; 3d, inflected in the singular. In the first two cases the final letter of the base of the word terminating the compound determines the declension, and its gender the particular form of declension; in the third case it seems to be a law that this kind of compound cannot be formed unless the last word ends in a, or in a vowel changeable to a, or in a

consonant to which

a may be subjoined; and the gender is inva

riably neuter, whatever may be the gender of the final word.

Inflected in the Plural.

748. When more than two animate objects are enumerated, the last is inflected in the plural, the declension following the gender of the last member of the compound; as, fa‘Indra, Anila, Yama, and Arka' (for इन्द्रम्, अनिलम्, यमस्, अर्कश्च ) ; राम, लक्ष्मण भरतास् ‘Ráma, Lakshmaņa, and Bharata;' the deer, the hunter, the serpent, and the hog.' The learner will observe, that although the last member of the compound is inflected in the plural, each of the members has here a singular acceptation. But a plural signification may often be inherent in some or all of the words constituting the compound; thus, ब्राह्मण, क्षत्रिय वैश्यशूद्रास् — Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Súdras;' facerata Naga ‘friends, neutrals, and foes' (for मित्राणि, उदासीनास्, शत्रवश्च) ; ऋषिदेव पिवतिथि भूतानि sages, gods, ancestors, guests, and spirits' (for quza, dara, funca, अतिथयस्, भूतानि च ) ; सिंहव्याघ्र महोरगास् ‘lions, tigers, and serpents ;' vyraz halograpy dogs, vultures, herons, ravens, kites, jackals, and crows.'

749. So also when more than two inanimate objects are enumerated, the last may be inflected in the plural; as, var 414 alara 'virtue, wealth, enjoyment, and beatitude' (for y, ùa, maa, कामस्, मोक्ष) ; इज्याध्ययनदानानि 'sacrifice, study, and liberality' (for इज्या, wuuri, ari =). In some of the following a plural signification is inherent; as, पुष्पमूलफलानि 'flowers, roots, and fruits ;' अजातमृतमूर्खाणां of the unborn, the dead, and the foolish' (for eınci, quai, मूर्खाणां च); नेत्रमन: स्वभावाम् ' eyes, mind, and disposition ;' रोग शोक.पfıq qan qazıfa sickness, sorrow, anguish, bonds, and afflictions; 18 am to 4 auf wood, water, fruit, roots, and honey.'

6

750. So also when only two animate or inanimate objects are enumerated, in which a plural signification is inherent, the last is

inflected in the plural; as, देवमनुष्यास 'gods and men ;' पुत्रपौत्रास

— sons and grandsons; ' पातोत्पातास 'falls and rises;' प्राकारपरिखाम् ramparts and trenches;' in pleasures and pains' (for

सुखेषु, दुःखेषु च ) ; पाप पुण्यानि 'sins and virtues.'

Inflected in the Dual.

751. When only two animate objects are enumerated, in each of which a singular signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the dual, the declension following the gender of the last member; as, राम लक्ष्मणौ ' Ráma and Lakshmana' (for रामम्, लक्ष्मणश्च) ; चन्द्रसूर्यो 'the moon and sun;' मृगकाकौ ' a deer and a crow; भार्यापती ' wife and husband ;' मयूरीकुक्कुटौ ‘pea-hen and cock ;' कुक्कुटमयूर्यौ ' cock and pea

hen.'

752. So also when only two inanimate objects are enumerated, in each of which a singular signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the dual; as, आरम्भावसाने 'beginning and end' (for आरम्भस्, अवसानं च) ; अनुरागापरागौ ' affection and enmity' (for अनुरागस्, अपरागश्च) ; हर्षविषादौ ‘joy and sorrow ;' क्षुत्पिपासे ' hunger and thirst' (for क्षुत् पिपासा च) ; छुयाधी ' hunger and sickness ;' स्थानासनाभ्यां ' by standing and sitting' (for स्थानेन, आसनेन च ) ; मधुसर्पिषी ' honey and ghee ; मुखदु:खे ‘pleasure and pain ;' उलूखलमुषले 'mortar and pestle; प्रत्युत्थानाभिवादाभ्यां ' by rising and saluting ;' मृहारिभ्यां ' by earth and

water.'

Inflected in the Singular Neuter.

753. When two or more inanimate objects are enumerated, whether singular or plural in their signification, the last may either be inflected as above (748, 749, 750, 751), or in the singular number, neut. gender; as, flowers, roots, and fruits' (for gaf, मूलानि फलानि च ) ; यवसाबोदकेन्धनं ' grass, food, water, and fuel' (for यवसस्, अनं, उदकं, इन्धनं च) ; अहोरात्रं ' a day and night' (for अहम्, रातिश्च. A form अहोरात्रम् in the masc. sing. also occurs ) ; दिग्देशं quarters and countries' (for दिशस्, देशाश्च) ; धुनिशं or दिवानिशं 'day and night; शिरोग्रीवं ' head and neck;' धर्ममांसरुधिरं ' skin, flesh, and blood.'

a. Sometimes two or more animate objects are thus compounded; as, gā mā 'sons and grandsons; elephants and horses' especially inferior objects;

754. In enumerating two qualities the opposite of each other, it is common to