a. á may sometimes express 'from; as, from the beginning;' from the first sight.'

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b. It may also be compounded with a word in the accusative neuter forming with it an Avyayí-bháva (see 760); thus, as far as the girdle' (where मेखलं is for मेखलां ).

c. afa prati, generally a postposition, signifying at," with regard to,' 'to,'' towards,'' against,' with accusative; as, if at the Ganges;'f'with regard to justice;' f'against an enemy.' It may have the force of apud; as, if 'as far as regards me.' When denoting in the place of,' it governs the ablative.

d. after,' with accusative, and rarely with ablative or genitive; as, गङ्गाया अनु ‘along the Ganges ;' तदनु or ततोऽनु ' after that.' e. Яf, and more rarely and wf, may be used distributively to signify ́each,' 'every ;' thus, tree by tree.' They may also be prefixed to form Avyayi-bhávas; for every year,' 'year by year.' See 760.

J. अति, अभि, परि, are said to require the accusative; अधि the locative or accusative; and af, in the sense 'except,' the ablative; the locative and accusative but examples of such syntax are not common in classical Sanskrit.

g. Instances, of course, are common of prepositions united with the neuter form or accusative case of nouns, so as to form compounds, see 760. b; as, प्रतिस्कन्धं upon the shoulders ;' प्रतिमुखं 'face to face;' सधिवृक्षं ' upon the tree;' अनुगङ्गं ' along the Ganges.'

ADVERBS USED FOR PREPOSITIONS IN GOVERNMENT WITH

NOUNS.

731. There are many adverbs used like the preceding prepositions in government with nouns, and often placed after the nouns which they govern.

a. These are, besides,' 'without,' 'except,' with the accusative and sometimes ablative case. 'up to,' as far as,' sometimes found with the accusative. a, a, ara, 'with,' 'along with,' with the instrumental. fa 'without,' with the instrumental or accusative, or sometimes the ablative. afe out;' fa, inde a,' 'from a particular time,' 'beginning with,' with the ablative, or placed after the crude base. अर्थं, अर्थे, अर्थीय, हेतोस्, हेतौ, कृते, निमित्ते, , on account of,' 'for the sake of,' 'for,' with the genitive, or usually placed after the crude base *; 'under;' ft, above,' 'over,' 'upon'

* is generally found in composition with a crude base, and may be compounded adjectively to agree with another noun; as, द्विजार्थ: सूपस् — broth for the Bráhman;' fg¬¶ qu ́milk for the Bráhman.' See 760.

(cf. væép, super), with the genitive and accusative: so oruula “below ;' अनन्तरं ‘ after,’ ‘ afterwards;' समीपं समीपतस, अन्तिकं, अभ्यासे, सकाशं, ‘near;’ सकाशात् ‘from ;' अग्रे, पुरतस्, समक्षं, साक्षात्, ‘before the eyes,’ ‘in the presence of ;' परतस् ‘behind;’ पश्चात् 'after;' उत्तरात् ' to the north;' दक्षिणात् 'to the south' all with the genitive.,, 'before,' with ablative, rarely genitive and accusative; i, w, , qu, ‘after,' 'beyond,' with the ablative; अन्तरेण ‘without,’ ‘except,' 'with regard to,' मध्ये ' in the middle,' पारे 'on the further side,' with the genitive or accusative; within,' with the genitive. All the above may be placed after the crude base. Juft and are sometimes doubled; thus, उपर्युपरि, अधोऽधस्. The adverb अलं, ‘enough,' is used with the instrumental case.

परं,

b. Some of the adverbs enumerated at 714, 715, may be used in government with the cases of nouns; thus, to the south' or 'to the right,' to the north,' may govern a genitive or accusative case; af, without,' is generally placed after the crude base.

INTERJECTIONS.

732.,,, are vocative;,, less respectfully vocative, or sometimes expressive of contempt.' f expresses 'contempt,' abhorrence,' 'fie!' 'shame!' (with accusative case); IH, HÊÌ, HEE, अहो, अहह, • surprise,’‘ alarm ;' हा, हाहा, अहो, अहोवत्, वत, 'grief ;' साधु, सुष्ठु, 'approbation;'f, 'salutation.'

CHAPTER VIII.

COMPOUND WORDS.

733. COMPOUNDS abound in Sanskrit to a degree wholly unequalled in any other language, and it becomes necessary to study the principles on which they are constructed, before the learner can hope to understand the simplest sentence in the most elementary book. In the foregoing chapters we have treated of simple nouns, simple verbs, and simple adverbs. We have now to treat of compound nouns, compound verbs, and compound adverbs.

a. Observe, that in this chapter the nom. case, and not the crude base, of a substantive terminating a compound will be given; and in the instance of an adjective forming the last member of a compound, the nom. case masc., fem., and neut. The examples are chiefly taken from the Hitopadesa, and sometimes the oblique cases in which they are there found have been retained. A dot placed underneath marks the division of the words in a compound.

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SECTION I.

COMPOUND NOUNS.

734. The student has now arrived at that portion of the grammar in which the use of the crude base of the noun becomes most strikingly apparent. This use has been already noticed at 77, p. 52; and its formation explained at pp. 54—64.

a. In almost all compound nouns the last word alone admits of declension, and the preceding word or words require to be placed in the crude form or base, to which a plural as well as singular signification may be attributed. Instances, however, will be given in which the characteristic signs of case and number are retained in the first member of the compound, but these are exceptional.

b. It may here be noted, that while Sanskrit generally exhibits the first member or members of a compound in the crude base with the final letter unchanged, except by the usual euphonic laws, Latin frequently and Greek less frequently change the final vowel of the base into the light vowel i; and both Greek and Latin often make use of a vowel of conjunction, which in Greek is generally o, but occasionally: thus, cœli-cola for cœlu-cola or cœlo-cola; lani-ger for lana-ger; xaλki-vaos, ixov-o-payos, fæder-i-fragus. Both Greek and Latin, however, possess many compounds which are completely analogous to Sanskrit formations. In English we have occasional examples of the use of a conjunctive vowel, as in 'handicraft' for 'hand-craft.'

735. Native grammarians class compound nouns under six heads: the 1st they call DVANDVA, or those formed by the aggregation into one compound of two or more nouns (the last word being, according to circumstances, either in the dual, plural, or neuter singular, and the preceding word or words being in the crude base), when, if uncompounded, they would all be in the same case, connected by a copulative conjunction; as, गुरुशिष्यो 'master and pupil' (for गुरु: शिष्यश्च); मरणव्याधिशोकास् 'death, sickness, and sorrow' (for मरणं व्याधिः शोकच); पाणिपादं 'hand and foot' (for पाणि: पादच). The 2d, TATPURUSHA, or those composed of two nouns, the first of which (being in the crude base) would be, if uncompounded, in a case different from, or dependent on, the last; as, moon-light' (for U

the light of the moon'); ma, -m, -♬, ‘skilled in arms' (for शस्त्रेषु कुशलस्); मणिभूषितस् ता, -तं, ' adorned with gems' (for for fun). The 3d, KARMA-DHÁRAYA, or those composed of an adjective or participle and substantive, the adjective or participle

being placed first in its crude base, when, if uncompounded, it would be in grammatical concord with the substantive; as, y gime ‘a good disposition' (for साधुः शीलस् ) ; सर्वद्रव्याणि 'all things' (for सर्वाणि

fu). The 4th, DVIGU, or those in which a numeral in its crude base is compounded with a noun, either so as to form a singular collective noun, or an adjective; as, fa 'three qualities' (for aì गुणास् ); त्रिगुणस्, -णा, -णं, ' possessing the three qualities. The 5th, BAHU-VRÍHI, or attributive compounds, generally epithets of other nouns. These, according to Páṇini (II. 2, 24), are formed by compounding two or more words to qualify the sense of another word; thus, प्राप्तोदको ग्राम: for प्राप्तम् उदकं यं ग्रामं ' a village to which the water has come.' The 6th, AVYAYÍ-BHÁVA, or those resulting from the combination of a preposition or adverbial prefix with a noun. latter, whatever may be its gender, always takes the form of an accusative neuter and becomes indeclinable.

The

a. Observe―These names either furnish examples of the several kinds of compounds, or give some sort of definition of them: thus, is a definition of the 1st kind, meaning 'conjunction;', his servant,' is an example of the 2d kind (for तस्य पुरुषः); कर्मधारयः is a somewhat obscure definition of the 3d kind, i. e. that which contains or comprehends (f) the object' (); fay: is an example of the 4th kind, meaning ʻany thing to the value of two cows;' : is an example of the 5th kind, meaning 'possessed of much rice.' The 6th class, : avyayí-bhávaḥ, means 'the indeclinable state' ('that which does not change,' na ryeti).

736. It should be stated, however, that the above six kinds of compounds really form, according to the native theory, only four classes, as the 3d and 4th (i. e. the Karma-dháraya and Dvigu) are regarded as subdivisions of the Tat-purusha class.

As such a classification appears to lead to some confusion from the absence of sufficient distinctness and opposition between the several parts or members of the division, the subject is discussed in the following pages according to a different method, although it has been thought desirable to preserve the Indian names and to keep the native arrangement in view.

737. Compound nouns may be regarded either as simply or complexly compounded. The latter have reference to a class of compounds within compounds, very prevalent in poetry, involving two or three species of simple compounds under one head.

738. These we will divide into, 1st, Dependent compounds or compounds dependent in case (corresponding to Tat-purusha); 2d, Copulative (or Aggregative, Dvandva); 3d, Descriptive* (or Determinative, Karma-dháraya); 4th, Numeral (or Collective, Dvigu); 5th, Adverbial (or Indeclinable, Avyayí-bháva); 6th, Relative (Bahuvríhi). This last consists of, a. Relative form of absolute Dependent compounds, terminated by substantives; b. Relative form of Copulative or Aggregative compounds; c. Relative form of Descriptive or Determinative compounds; d. Relative form of Numeral or Collective compounds; e. Relative form of Adverbial compounds.

a. Observe-A list of the substitutions which take place in the final syllables of certain words in compounds is given at 778.

DEPENDENT COMPOUNDS (TAT-PURUSHA).

Accusatively Dependent.

739. These comprehend all those compounds in which the relation of the first word (being in the crude base) to the last is equivalent to that of an accusative case. They are generally composed of a noun in the first member, and a participle, root, or noun of agency in the last; as, я, -, -, 'one who has obtained heaven' (equivalent to स्वर्गं प्राप्तस् ) ; प्रियवादी ' one who speaks kind words;' बहुदस् ' one who gives much ;' शस्त्रभृत् ' one who bears arms;', -, -, committed to a leaf,' committed to paper' (as ‘writing'); fa, -, -, 'committed to painting ;' ¿ütqarat, -faat, -fa, 'thinking one's self handsome.'

a. 'gone' (past pass. part. of 'to go') is used loosely at the end of compounds of this description to express relationship and connexion, without any necessary implication of motion. In the above compound, and in many others (such as शिलाभेद गतो मणिस् 'a jewel lying in the cleft of a rock ;' हस्ततलगतस्, -☎, -† ‘lying in the palm of the hand'), it has the sense of staying:' but it may often have other senses; as,, -, -, ‘engaged in conversation;' सखीगतं किञ्चित् ' something relating to a friend.’

b. In theatrical language

'spoken to one's self,' 'aside.'

and (lit. ' gone to one's self') mean

As being composed of an adjective or participle preceding a substantive, and always descriptive of the substantive. Prof. Bopp calls them 'Determinativa,' a word of similar import.

Tt