भुवं 'certainly ;' लघु ‘lightly ;' निर्भरं, अत्यन्तं, गाढं, भृशं, 'exceedingly ;' अवश्यं

certainly ;' नित्यं ‘constantly ;' चिरं 'for a long while;' बलवत् ‘strongly ;' भूयम्

again,' 'repeatedly' (194); only,'' merely;'

'very well.'

a. The nom. or acc. neuter of certain pronouns; as, wherefore,' 'when,' 'since;' so long,'' so soon;'

therefore,' 'then;'

as long as,'

b. The nom. or acc. neuter of certain substantives and obsolete words; as, secretly;''willingly;' of one's own accord,'' of one's self,'' spontaneously ;’ नाम — by name,’ ‘that is to say ;' वारं वारं 'repeatedly ;' चिरं 'long ago;' सुखं ' pleasantly ;' साम्प्रतं ' now ;' नक्तं ' by night' (noctu); सायम् ' in the evening' (this last may be an ind. part. of so, to finish').

714. The instrumental case of nouns, pronouns, and obsolete words;

As, virtuously;'f'southwards' or 'to the right;' 'northwards ;' व्यतिरेकेण — without;' उच्चैस ‘above,' 'aloud;' नीचैस् 'below ;' शनैस् or शनकैस ‘slowly ;' तेन 'therefore ;' येन 'wherefore ;' अन्तरा or अन्तरेण 'without,’ ' except;' क्षणेन ‘instantly ;' चिरेण ‘for a long time ;' अचिरेण ‘in a short time ;’ अशेषेण 'entirely ;' दिवा ' by day ;' दिष्ट्या 'fortunately ;' सहमा, अन्नसा, 'quickly ;' अधुना ' now ;' विहायसा ' in the air;' पुरा 'formerly .'

a. The dative case more rarely;

As, चिराय ' for a long time ;' चिररात्राय ' for a period of many nights;' अर्थाय

for the sake of."

715. The ablative case of nouns, pronouns, and obsolete words; As, बलात् ‘forcibly ;' हर्षात् 'joyfully ;' दूरात् 'at a distance;' तस्मात् 'therefore;’ कस्मात् ‘wherefore ?' अकस्मात्‘without cause,’‘unexpectedly ;' उत्तरात् 'from the north;' चिरात् ‘for a long time;' पश्चात् ' afterwards ;' तत्क्षणात् — at that instant ;' समन्तात् ‘from all quarters.’

716. The locative case of nouns and obsolete words;

As, रात्रौ ‘at night;' दूरे ' far off ;' प्रभाते ' in the morning ;' प्राह्ण ‘in the forenoon;' स्थाने ‘suitably ;' अग्रे 'in front;' एकपदे 'at once ;' सपदि ' instantly ;' ऋते ' except ;' अन्तरे 'within ;' दक्षिणे ' towards the south ;' समीपे or अभ्यासे ‘near ;’ एकान्ते ' in private ;' सायाहू ' in the evening ;' हेतौ ' by reason of '

Other Adverbs and Particles of less obvious Derivation.
affirmation.—Tİ,

717. Of afirmation. नूनं, खलु, किल, एव, अङ्ग, 'indeed ;' अर्थाकम् ‘yes, sure enough.'

a. Of negation.-,, af, 'not.' मा, मास्म, are prohibitive; as, मा कुरु,

ff, do not.' See 889.

b. Of interrogation.– किम्, किन्तु, कच्चित्, नु, ननु, किमु, किमुत, ‘whether?’ c. Of comparison.—इव ' like ;' एव, एवं, '80;' किम्पुनर् ' how much rather;’ तथैव ( तथा + एव) ‘in like manner.’

d. Of quantity.—अतीव ' exceedingly ;' ईपत् 'a little ;' सकृत् 'once;’ असकृत्, पुन: पुनर्, मुहुस्, 'repeatedly. '

e. Of manner. - इति, एवं, ' so, ' ' thus ;' पुनर् 'again;' प्रायस् ‘for the most part;' नाना ‘variously ;' पृथक् 'separately ;' मृषा, मिथ्या, 'falsely ;' वृथा, मुधा, in vain;' enough;'ff, (cf. wkús), 'quickly;' f‘reciprocally,' ‘together.'

'silently;'

'yesterday;'

f. Of time. 'to-day,' now; to-morrow;' परश्वस् ‘the day after to-morrow ;' सम्प्रति 'now ;' पुरा 'formerly ;' पुरस्, पुरस्तात्, प्राक्, ' before ;' युगपत् 'at once ;' सद्यस् ' instantly ;' प्रेत्य ' after death ;' परं ‘afterwards;’ जातु ‘ever;' न जातु 'never ;' अन्येद्युस्, परेद्युस्, 'another day,’ next day.'

g. Of place.here;' where?' without.'

h. Of doubt. — स्वित्, किंखित्, अपिनाम, उत, उताहो, उताहो स्वित्, आहो स्थित, 'perhaps,' &c.

i. afq‘even,' La ‘indeed,' ₹‘just,' are placed after words to modify their sense, or for emphatic affirmation. इत्, ईम्, घ, are particles of this kind used in

the Veda.

Observe-Some of the above are properly conjunctions; see 727.

Adverbial Affixes.

718. चित् dit, अपि api, and चन tana, may form indefinite adverbs of time and place, when affixed to interrogative adverbs;

,

As, from कदा ‘when? कदाचित्, कदापि, and कदाचन, 'sometimes ;' from कुत्र and क्व ‘where?' कुत्रचित् कुत्रापि कचित् क्वापि, ́ somewhere;' from कुतस् "whence?' कुतश्चित् and कुतश्चन ' from somewhere ;' from कति ' how many?" कतिचित् 'a few ;' from कर्हि 'when ?' कर्हिचित् ' at some time ;' from कथं ' how?' aynfq, ayen, 'somehow or other,' 'with some difficulty.' Compare 228, 230. a. f following a word, generally signifies ‘even,' but after numerals, 'all,' as वयोsपि 'all three;' सर्वेऽपि 'all together.’

719.tas (changeable to 7: or by 63, 64) may be added to any noun, and to some pronouns, to form adverbs;

As, from यत्न, यत्नतस् ' with effort ;' from आदि, आदितम् ' from the beginning ;' from 7 (the proper base of the pronoun ), thence,' 'then,' 'thereupon,'

'therefore similarly,

'hence,' 'hereupon.'

whence,' 'since,' 'because;',, GRAY,

Observe-In affixing tas to pronouns, the base is used for a, for Cad, I for इदं, अमु for अदस्, य for यत्, कु for विम्.

a. This affix usually gives the sense of the prepositions with and from, and is

S S

often equivalent to the ablative case; as in from me;' from thee*; पितृतस् ' from the father ;' शत्रुतस् ' from an enemy.'

b. But it is sometimes vaguely employed to express other relations; as, que 'behind the back;' to another place,' ' elsewhere;' in the first place ;' इतस्ततस् ‘here and there,’ ‘hither and thither ;' समन्ततस् ' on all sides ;' समीपतस् ‘in the neighbourhood ;' पुरतस्, अग्रतस्, 'in front;' अभितस् ‘near to ;' विभवतस् ' in pomp or state.’

c. is an affix which generally denotes 'place' or direction;' as, from E, अधस्तात् ‘downwards;' from उपरि (which becomes उपरिस्), उपरिष्टात् 'abore.'

720. tra, forming adverbs of place;

As, अत्र ‘here;’ तत्त्र ' there;' कुल ' where ?' यत्र' where ;' सर्वत्र ‘every where;' अन्यत्न ‘in another place ;' एकत्र ' in one place ;' बहुत 'in many places ;' समुत 'there,' 'in the next world.'

721. tha and tham, forming adverbs of manner;

so,' in like manner;'

as;' in every way,' by all means;' अन्यथा ‘otherwise ;' कथं 'how ?' इत्यं 'thus.’

722. ¿ dá, fê rhi, ✈ ním, forming adverbs of time from pronouns, &c.;

As, तदा — then ;' यदा ' when ;' कदा 'when ?' एकदा 'once ;' नित्यदा ' constantly ;* सर्वदा, सदा, ‘always;' तर्हि, तदानीम्, 'then ;' इदानीम् 'now.'

723. dhá, forming adverbs of distribution from numerals;

As, in one way;' f'in two ways;' 'in six ways;' a hundred ways;' सहस्रधा ‘in a thousand ways ;' ways.'

'in

बहुधा or अनेकधा ‘in many

a., signifying 'times,' is added to ч, ‘five,' and other numerals, as explained at 215., once,' may be a corruption of (this time'); and only is added to fa, fa, and dropped after

four times.'

724.vat may be added to any noun to form adverbs of comparison or similitude;

As, from सूर्य, सूर्यवत् ' like the sun ;' from पूर्व, पूर्ववत् 'as before. It may be

a ́like sun;'

used in connexion with a word in the accusative case.

See 918.

a. This affix often expresses according to;' as, fafuan according to rule;' प्रयोजनवत् ‘according to need.' It may also be added to adverbs ; as, यथावत् 'truly' (exactly as it took place).

* These are the forms generally used for the ablative case of the personal pronouns, the proper ablative cases, being rarely used, except as substitutes

for the crude base in compound words.

725. sas, forming adverbs of quantity, &c.;

As, बहुशस् ‘abundantly ;' अल्पशस् ‘in small quantities;' सर्वशस् ‘wholly ;' एकशस्‘singly ;' शतसहस्रशस् ' by hundreds and thousands;' क्रमशस् ' by degrees;' मुख्यशस principally ;' पादशस् 'foot by foot.'

a. is added to nouns in connexion with the roots,, and, to denote a complete change to the condition of the thing signified by the noun; as, to the state of fire.' See 789, and compare 70. g.

Adverbial Prefixes.

726.a, prefixed to nouns and even to participles with a privative or negative force, corresponding to the Greek a, the Latin in, and the English 'in,' 'im,' 'un; as, from possible,'

'impossible;' from touching' (pres. part.), veqan 'not touching;' from having done' (indecl. part.), 'not having done.' w When a word begins with a vowel, is euphonically substituted; as, end;' endless.'

a.

b.

pale.'

fati, excessively,'' very; as, 'very great.'

á, prefixed to imply diminution; as,

is prefixed with the same sense.

'somewhat

c. ká or ☎ ku, prefixed to words to imply disparagement;' as, कापुरुष — a coward ;' कुरूप 'deformed.

दुस्

दुर्

d. dus or dur, prefixed to imply badly' or 'with difficulty;' as, badly done' (see 72);

'not easily broken.’

posed to, and corresponds to the Greek duo.

It is op

fa nis or fax nir and fa vi are prefixed to nouns like a with a privative or negative sense; as, f'powerless;' faunes * without fruit' (see 72); fast' unarmed: but not to participles. f. su, prefixed to imply well,' easily;' as, 'well done;' सुभेद्य ' easily broken.' In this sense it is opposed to, and corresponds to the Greek e. It is also used for f, to imply 'very,' 'excessively; as, very great.'

CONJUNCTIONS.

Copulative.

727.ća, ‘and,'' also,' corresponding to the Latin que and not to et. It can never, therefore, stand as the first word in a sentence, but follows the word of which it is the copulative.

(◄ va), ‘also,’

is a common combination.

and,' 'also,' is sometimes copulative.

implies doubt or interrogation.

6

96

Sometimes it

b. so, thus,' in like manner' (see 721), is not unfrequently used for, in the sense of also;' and like is then generally placed after the word which it connects with another.

c. 'now,' ‘and,' then,' are inceptive, being frequently used at the commencement of sentences or narratives. अथ is often opposed to fa, which marks the close of a story or chapter.

d. f, for,' is a causal conjunction; like it is always placed after its word, and never admitted to the first place in a sentence. e. f,, both meaning if,' are conditional conjunctions.

f ततस् ' upon that, ' ' then ' ( see 719 ), तत् ' then, ' अन्यञ्च, किञ्च, अपरञ्च, परच, अपच, , fq, ‘again,' moreover,' are all copulatives, used very commonly in narration.

Disjunctive.

728. ■ vá, ‘or,' corresponds to the Latin ve, and is always placed after its word, being never admitted to the first place in a

sentence.

a., fa, 'but;' the former is placed after its word.

b. although; nevertheless,' 'yet,' sometimes used as a correlative to the last; अथवा, किम्वा, 'or else ;' नवा 'or not ;' यदिवा 'whether,’ 'whether or no.'

c. may also be used to correct or qualify a previous thought, when it is equivalent to but no,' ' yet,' 'however.'

d. स्म, ह, तु,

वै,

are expletives, often used in poetry to fill up the verse.

PREPOSITIONS.

729. There are about twenty prepositions (see 783), but in later Sanskrit they are generally prefixes, qualifying the sense of verbs (and then called upasarga) or of verbal derivatives (and then called gati). About ten may be used separately or detached in government with the cases of nouns (and then called karma-pravaćaniya); eg. आ, प्रति, अनु, अति, अधि, अभि, परि, अप, अपि, and उप; but of these the first three only are commonly found as separable particles in classical Sanskrit.

730.

á, generally signifying as far as,' up to,' until,' with an ablative case ; as, आसमुद्रात् 'as far as the ocean ;' आमनोस् 'up to Manu:' and rarely with an accusative; as, na ananią “for a hundred births.'