अल्प + ओजस् alpa + ojas = we alpaujas, 'little energy.' + gangá + ogha=лa gan-gaugha, the torrent of the ज्वर + औषध jvara + aushadha= ज्वरौषध jvaraushadha, ' fever-medi cine.' 34.i,u,ri (short or long), followed by any dissimilar vowel, pass into their kindred semivowels; viz. i or í into y*; u or ú into v*; ri or rí into r: thus अग्नि + अस्त्र agni + astra becomes अग्न्यस्त्र agnyastra*, ' fire-arms. uváća प्रति + उवाच prati + uráca = प्रत्युवाच pratyuváta, reply.' he spoke in तु + इदानों tu + idánim = त्विदानों tvidünim*, ' but now. ' मातृ + आनन्द mátri + ánanda = मात्रानन्द mátrananda, ' the mother's joy.' 35. Finale ando, followed by a, initial in another word, remain unchanged, and the initiala is cut off: thus सो +fate + api becomes asfa te 'pi,' they indeed.' (See 10.) +fa so+apisfa so'pi, 'he indeed.' अपि 36. But followed by any other vowel (except a), initial in another word, are changed to ay and av respectively; and the y of ay, and more rarely the v of av, may be dropped, leaving the a uninfluenced by the following vowel: thus ते + आगताः te + ágatáh becomes तयागता: tayágatáh, and then : ta ágatáḥ, they have come.' Similarly, विष्णो + इह rishno + iha becomes विष्णविह vishnariha, and then fauvishna iha, 'O Vishnu, here!' a. And in the case ofe and to followed by vowels in the same word, &c., even though the following vowel be a ore oro, then e must still be changed to ay, and o to av, and both y and v must be retained: thus +fa je+ati becomes af jayati, 'he conquers †." So in English we pronounce a word like million as if written millyon; and we write evangelist for euangelist. † In English we respect this law in writing, though not in pronouncing such words as saying, playing, &c. भो + अति bho + ati = भवति bhavati, ‘he is.’ +go + ísvara = π gavísvara, ' owner of kine.' गो + ओकस् go + okas = गवोकस gavokas, 'the abode of cattle.' 37. èai andau, followed by any vowel, similar or dissimilar, are changed to ay and áv respectively thus कस्मै + अपि kasmai + api becomes कस्मायपि kasmáyapi, ' to any one whatever.' 6 +: rai+aḥ=: ráyaḥ, riches.' ददौ + अन्नं dadau + annam = ददावनं dadävannam, he gave food.' đi tôi nau tau = điều nútau, ′ two ships. + a. If both the words be complete words, the y and v are occasionally dropped, but not so usually as in the case of e at 36: thus kasmá api for कस्मायपि kasmáyapi, and ददा अन्नं dadà annam for ददावनं dadávannan. 38. There are some exceptions (usually called pragrihya, to be taken out') to the above rules. The most noticeable is that of the dual, whether of nouns or verbs, ending in í, ú, or e. These are not acted on by following vowels: thus z✰ e̟nì harí etau, 'these two Haris.' विष्णू इमौ vishnú imau, 'these two Vishnus;' अमू आसाते 'these two are present ;' पचेते इमौ 'these two cook ;' शेवहे आवां ' we two lie down.’ The same applies tot amí, nom. pl. m. of the pronoun Prolated vowels remain unchanged, as here,' &c. que Come, Krishṇa, a. A vocative case in o, when followed by the particle iti, may remain unchanged, as faut fa vishno iti, or may follow 36. b. Particles, when simple vowels, and á ando, as the finals of interjections, remain unchanged, asi indra,‘O, Indra!' ¶ u umeśa, ‘O, lord of Umá!' c. The CỈ á evam, Ah, indeed!' aho indra, ‘Ho, Indra!' 0 of गो go, a cow,' may become ava in certain cases, as गो + इन्द्र go+indra becomes गवेन्द्र gavendra, ‘lord of kine;' and अव् av in others, as gavya, relating to cows.' = अक्षौहिणी ' a complete d. Except the following from r. 32: अक्ष + ऊहिनी army;' ■+F=Я'a good argument;' ■+ F = Âì☎ ́proud;' ya+ ऋत = सुखार्त्त ‘influenced by joy' [but सुखेन + ऋत = regularly सुखेनर्त्त]; प्र + ऋण = प्रार्ण ‘principal debt.' Similarly, कम्मल + ऋण 'debt of a blanket;' वसन + ऋण ‘debt of a cloth;' ऋण + ऋण 'debt of a debt, compound interest.' e. Except also from r. 32, +f ऋच्छति = प्राच्छेति ' he goes on,' and उप + he approaches.' Compare 260. a. f. Theú which takes the place of the of in the acc. pl. of such words as, a steer training for the plough,' requires Vriddhi after a, as प्रष्ठौहः. 9. The 3 u of fang may remain or be changed to av before a vowel, as fa or किंबुक्तं ' whether said.' h. According to Sákalya, a, i, u, ri (short or long), final in a word, may optionally either remain unchanged (but a long vowel must be shortened) before a word beginning with ऋ or follow the usual rule, thus ब्रह्म + ऋषि or even ब्रह्मा + ऋषि ́a Brahman who is a Rishi' may be either eyfa or auf, but in no case fa. So in the case of í or ú or rí, final in a word, followed by dissimilar vowels, thus चक्री + अत्र is either चक्रयत or चक्रि अत्र ' the discus armed here. But compounded words follow the usual rule, as नदी + उदक = नद्युदक ‘the water of the river.' i. Verbs beginning with or do not generally blend these vowels with the final a of a preceding preposition, but cut it off; see rule 783. k. and p. [But 39 + एति makes regularly उपैति 'he approaches, and उप + एधते उपैधते 'he increases.'] = j. The particle when it denotes uncertainty is said to have the same effect on a preceding final a. k. The words ‘a cat' and 'the lip' may optionally have the same effect, and दिव + ओकस् may be either दिवोकस् or दिवौकस् 'a deity.' = 1. So also the sacred syllable and the preposition á may have the same effect, as शिवाय + ओं नमः शिवाय नमः 'Om! reverence to Siva, and शिव + एहि (i.e. आ with इहि ) = शिवेहि '0 Siva, come!' m. The following words illustrate the same irregularity: += y'a pot-herb;'+y=y'jujube;' &go+fm=&ig♫ ́ ploughhandle;' मार्त्त + अण्ड = मार्त्तण्ड ‘the sun ;' मनस् + ईषा = मनीषा 'intellect.’ The following table exhibits all the combinations of vowels at one view. Supposing a word to end in ú, and the next word to begin with au, the student must carry his eye down the first column (headed "final vowels") till he comes to ú, and then along the top horizontal line of "initial vowels," till he comes to au. At the junction of the perpendicular column under au and the horizontal line beginning ú, will be the required combination, viz. v au. au 37 áv + a áv á áv i áv í áv κ άν ú áv ri áv rí áv e áv ai áv ο άν au Observe, that in the above table the final letter, in its changed state, has been printed, for greater clearness, separate from the initial; except in those cases where the blending of the two vowels made this impossible. * If the initial a belong to a termination, affix, &c., and not to a complete word, then a is not cut off, and o becomes av before it. See 36. a. + If both the words are complete words, the y and v may be dropped throughout, but not so usually as in the case of e. SECT. II. CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 39. Before proceeding to the combination of consonants, let the letters be again regarded as divided into two grand classes of Hard and Soft, as explained at 20. b. Note-In the following rules it may generally be observed, that final consonants have a tendency to adapt themselves to initial, rather than initial to final. GENERAL RULES. 40. If two hard or two soft consonants come in contact, there is generally no change; and similarly, if a soft consonant ends a word, when a vowel follows: thus faga umɔà vidyut prakáśate, the lightning shines.' कुमुद् fafa kumud vikasati, the lotus blossoms.' a. Observe, however, that the unaspirated form of a final letter is substituted for the aspirated, as faffa titralikh + karoti becomes faffa bitralik karoti, 'the painter forms;' and similarly, if two aspirated letters come in contact, the first must be written in the unaspirated form (see 5. a). 41. If any hard letter ends a word when any soft initial letter follows, the hard (unless affected by some special rule) is changed to its own unaspirated soft (but see paragraph b, next page): thus वाक् + देवी vák + devi becomes वाग्देवी vágdevi, the goddess of eloquence.' वाक् + ईश vük + isa = वागीश rágisa, the lord of speech. ' |