† Cakrivas is added to yojayán for the participle of the perfect Parasmai, and cakrána for that of the perfect Atmane.

PARASMAI-PADA (see 327).

584. Note, that although this root belongs to the 2d class, its inflection is exhibited here, both because it is sometimes used as an auxiliary, and because it is desirable that the student should study its inflection at the same time with that of the other substantive verb bhú, to be,' which will follow at 585, and which supplies many of the defective tenses of . Two other roots in Sanskrit are sometimes employed as substantive verbs, with the sense to be,' viz. 1st c. 'to stand' (see 269, 587), and T 2d c. 'to sit' (see 317. a). Indeed, the root A as, here inflected, is probably only an abbreviation of T ás.

All the cognate languages have two roots similar to the Sanskrit for the substantive verb 'to be.' Compare pu and aσ (eσ) in Greek, es (sum) and fu (fui) in Latin; and observe how the different parts of the Sanskrit verbs correspond to the Greek and Latin: thus, asmi, asi, asti; èμμí, ¿ool, ¿otí; sum, es, est. Compare also santi with sunt; ástam, ástám, with σTOV, σTY; ásma, ásta, with oμev, ἧστε, &c.

अस्तु astu

स्ताम् stám

आसीत् ásit आस्ताम् ástám आसन् asan

Perfect or second preterite*, 'I was,' &c.

आस ísa सिव asica आसिम ásima | आसे áse आसिवहे ásirahe आसिम हे ásimahe वासियásitha आसघुम् ásathus जाम asa आसिषेásishé आसाथे ásáthe आसिध्वे ásidhre आस ása आसतुम् ásátus आसुस् ásus आसे úse' आसाते ásáte आसिरे ásire Observe-The root as, 'to be,' has no derivative forms, and only two participles, viz. those of the present, Parasmai and Atmane, A sat, AIA sána (see 524, 526). The conjugational tenses have an Atmane-pada, which is not used unless the root is compounded with prepositions. In this Padah is substituted for the root in 1st sing. pres., ands is dropped before dh in 2d plur.: thus, Pres. he, se, ste; svahe, sáthe, sáte; smahe, dhre, sate: Impf. ási, ásthás, ásta; ásvahi, ásáthám, ásátám; ásmahi, ádhram, ásata : Pot. síya, síthás, síta ; sírahi, síyáthám, síyátám; símahi, sídhram, síran: Impv. asai, sva, stám; asávahai, sáthám, sátám; asámahai, dhvam, satám: see 327.

The perfect of as is not used by itself, but is employed in forming the perfect of causals and some other verbs, see 385, 490; in which case the Atmane may be used. The other tenses of as are wanting, and are supplied from bhú at 585.

GROUP I. CLASS I.

EXAMPLES OF PRIMITIVE VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATIONAL CLASS, EXPLAINED AT 261.

भविष्यामि bhavishyāmi भविष्यावस् bhavishyavas भविष्यामस् bhavishyamas

भविष्यथस् bhavishyathas भविष्यथ bhavishyatha

भविष्यसि bhavishyasi

भविष्यति bhavishyati

भविष्यतस bhavishyatas

भविष्यन्ति bhavishyanti

Aorist or third preterite, 'I was' or 'had been' &c.

सभविष्याम abhavishyáma

अभविष्यम् abhavishyam अभविष्याव abhavishyáva

अभविष्यम् abhavishyas अभविष्यतम् abhavishyatam अभविष्यत abhavishyata अभविष्यत् abhavishyat अभविष्यताम् abhavishyatám अभविष्यन् 'abhavishyan

अभविधि abhavishi

Aorist or third preterite, 'I was' or 'had been,' &c.

अभविष्महि abharishmahi

अभविष्ठास् àbhavishthás

अभविष्यहि abharishvahi

अभविपाथाम् abhavisháthám

अभविध्वम् (दुं) abharidhram

अभविपाताम abharishatám

अभविषत abharishata

अभविष्ट abhavishta

Precative or benedictive, I wish I may be.'

भविषीमहि bhavishimahi

भविषीयास्याम् bhavishiyasthám भविपीध्वम् (दूं) bharishidhram भविपीयास्ताम् bhavishiyástám भविषीरन् bhavishiran

भविपीष्ठास् bhavishisht his

भविपीष्ट bharishishta

सभविष्ये abharishye

अभविष्यत abharishyata

अभविष्येताम् abhavishyetim

Conditional, (If) I should be,' &c.

अभविष्यावहि abhavishyürahi अभविष्यामहि abhavishyāmahi

अभविष्पद्यास् abhavishyathús अभविष्येथाम् abharishyethüm अभविष्यध्वम् abharishyadhram

अभविष्यन्त abhavishyanta

Passive (461), Pres.,, &c.; Aor. 3d sing. (475) fa.

Causal (479), Pres. f,

ufa, &c.; Aor. (492) eft, &c. Desiderative (498), Pres. q, f, &c. Desiderative form of Causal (497) fawnafquifa, &c. Frequentative (507), Pres. ù,

बोभोमि or बोभवीमि *. Participles, Pres. (524); Past pass. (531) ; Past indecl. भूत्वा (556), भूय (559) ; Fut. pass. भवितव्य (569), भवनीय (570), भाव्य or भव्य ( 571 ).

EXAMPLES OF OTHER VERBS OF THE FIRST CLASS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR FINAL LETTERS.

Par. stands for Parasmai; Atm. for Atmane; Impf. for Imperfect; Impv.for

587. Root 1. Inf. Pres. तिष्ठामि तिष्ठसि तिष्ठति

Imperative.
to stand' (269, 269. a).
तिष्ठावस, तिष्ठथस, तिष्ठतस्;

Par. and Atm.

तिष्ठामस् तिष्ठथ,

*These derivative verbs will be inflected at full at 703, 705, 706, 707.