vyápáditaḥ. Tatpáṇipatitá ghanțá vánaraiḥ práptá. Te vánarás tám ghantam anukshanam vádayanti. Tato nagarajanair manushyaḥ khádito drishṭaḥ pratikshanam ghaṇṭárávaśća śrúyate. Anantaram ghantákarṇaḥ kupito manushyán khádati ghaṇṭám ća vádayati ityuktvá janáḥ sarve nagarát paláyitáḥ. Tataḥ karálayá náma kuṭṭinyá vimṛiśya markaṭá ghanṇṭám vádayanti svayam vijňáya rájá vijňápitaḥ. Deva yadi kiyaddhanopakshayaḥ kriyate tadáham enam ghaṇṭákarṇam sádhayámi. Tato rájňá tushṭena tasyai dhanam dattam. Kuṭṭinyá ća mandalam kṛitvá tatra gaṇeśádigauravam darśayitvá svayam vánarapriyaphalányádáya vanam praviśya phalányákírṇáni. Tato ghanṭám parityajya vánaráḥ phalásaktá babhúvuḥ. Kuṭṭini ta ghaṇṭám grihítvá nagaram ágatá sakalalokapújyábhavat. Observe, that Anusvára at the end of a word, when a consonant follows, is most conveniently transliterated by m, and vice versa; thus, brahmapurákhyam nagaram agunt. Strictly, however, the m, being influenced by the following n, is equivalent in sound to n, and the two words might have been written brahmapurákhyan nagaram Aaye. Similarly, pratikshanam before ghanțárávas is written fa pratikshanam, though equivalent in sound to nan, in consequence of the following . pratiksha CHAPTER II. SANDHI OR EUPHONIC COMBINATION OF LETTERS. WE are accustomed in Greek and Latin to certain euphonic changes of letters. Thus rego makes, in the perfect, not regsi, but reksi (rexi), the soft g being changed to the hard k before the hard s. Similarly, veho becomes veksi (veri). In many words a final consonant assimilates with an initial; thus cvv with yvwun becomes συγγνώμη; ἐν with λάμπω, ἐλλάμπω. Suppressus is written for subpressus; appellatus for adpellatus; immensus for inmensus; affinitas for adfinitas; offero for obfero, but in perfect obtuli; colloquium for conloquium; irrogo for inrogo. These laws for the euphonic junction of letters are applied throughout the whole range of Sanskrit grammar; and that, too, not only in uniting different parts of one word, but in combining words in the same sentence. Thus, if the sentence "Rara avis in terris" were Sanskrit, it would require, by the laws of Sandhi or combination, to be written Rarávir ins terriḥ; and might even be joined together thus, Rarávirinsterriḥ. The learner must not be discouraged if he is unable to understand all the laws of combination at first. He is recommended, after reading those that are printed in large type, to pass at once to the declension of nouns and conjugation of verbs. To attempt to commit to memory a number of rules, the use of which is not fully seen till he comes to read and construct sentences, must only lead to a loss of time and patience. SECT. I.-CHANGES OF VOWELS. 27. It is to be observed that there are two distinct classes of rules of Sandhi; viz. 1. Those affecting the final or initial letters of complete words in a sentence; 2. Those which take effect in the formation of words by the junction of roots or crude bases with affixes or terminations. Of the latter, those which come into operation in the formation of verbs, are reserved till they are wanted (see rule 294), but those which come into immediate application in the formation and declension of nouns will be explained here; and amongst these, the changes of vowels called Guna and Vriddhi should be impressed on the memory, before another step is taken in the study of the Grammar. When the vowels i and í are changed toe, this is called the Guna change, or qualification; when i and í are changed to ai, this is called the Vriddhi change, or increase*. Similarly, u andú are often changed to their Guņa o, and Vriddhiau; ri and rí to their Guna ar, and Vriddhi ár; anda, though it have no corresponding Guna आर् change, has a Vriddhi substitute iná. a. Observe-Native grammarians consider that a is already a Guna letter, and on that account can have no Guna substitute. Indeed they regard a, e, o as the only Guna sounds, and á, ai, au as the only Vriddhi; a and á being the real Guna and Vriddhi representatives of the vowels and. It is required, however, that r should always be connected with a and á when these vowels are substituted for ṛi; and I, when they are substituted for lṛi. 28. Let the student, therefore, never forget the following rules. * ŋ guṇa in Sanskrit means 'quality,' and af vriddhi, ‘increase.' It will be convenient to Anglicise these words. There is no Guņa substitute for a, but á is the Vriddhi substitute for a;e is the Guna, andai the Vriddhi, for i and ;o is the Guna, andau the Vriddhi, for ▾ u and ♬ ú; ár the Vriddhi, forri andṛí; ál the Vriddhi, forri and rí. au the ar is the Guna, and अल् Vriddhi of the Guna to. a. Observe-It will be convenient in describing the change of a vowel to its Guna or Vriddhi substitute, to speak of that vowel as gunated or vriddhied. b. But in the formation of bases, whether for declension or conjugation, the vowels of roots cannot be gunated or vriddhied, if they are followed by double consonants, i. e. if they are long by position; nor can a vowel long by nature be so changed, unless it be final. The vowel a is of course incapable of Guņa. See 27. a. 0 29. Again, let him bear in mind that the Guņa sounds ₹ e, 97 are diphthongal, that is, composed of two simple vowel sounds. Thus,e is made up of a and i;o of a and ▼ u; SO that a final a will naturally coalesce with an initial i into & e; with an initial u intoo. Again, ar may be regarded as made up of a and ri; so that a final a will blend with an initial ri into ar. Compare 18. c. a. Similarly, the Vriddhi diphthongai is made up of a and e, or (which is really the same) á and i; and au of a and o, or (which is really the same) á and u. Hence, a final a will naturally blend with an initial e into è ai; and with an initial o into au. Compare 18. c; and see the note to the table in the next page. It is to be observed, that the simple vowels in their diphthongal unions are not very closely combined, so that e, o, ai, au are constantly liable to be resolved into their constituent simple elements. b. If ai is composed of á and i, it may be asked, How is it that long á as well as short a blends with i into e (see 32), and not into ai? In answer to this, Professor Bopp (Comparative Grammar, p. 2) maintains that a long vowel at the end of a word naturally shortens itself before an initial vowel. His opinion is, that the very meaning of Guna is the prefixing of short a, and the very meaning of Vriddhi, the prefixing of long á, to a simple vowel. He therefore holds that the Guna of i is originally a i, though the two simple vowels blend afterwards into e. Similarly, the original Guna of u is a u, blending afterwards into o; the original Guna of ri is a ri, blending into ar. c. Hence it appears, that, since the Sanskrit a answers to the Greek € or o (see 11. f), the practice of gunating vowels is not peculiar to Sanskrit alone. The Sanskrit femi, 'I go,' which in the plural becomes imas, is originally a i mi, corresponding to the Greek eius and μev. Similarly in Greek, the root puy (epuyov) is in the present pevyw. Compare also the Sanskrit veda (vaida), φυγ (ἔφυγον) φευγω. 'he knows,' with Greek olda; and compare λéλona, perfect of A, with the Sanskrit 2d preterite. 30. Again, let him never forget that of ₹ i, § í, e e, andè ai; a v ofu, y is the kindred semivowel ú, o, and au; r of So that i, í, e, ai, at of ri and rí. ri and ri; and the end of words, when the next begins with a vowel, may often pass into y, y, ay, áy, respectively; u, ú, o, au, into v, v, av, áv; and ri, rí, into r; just as in English we often use y for i in holy, and w for u in cow, now, &c. [NB. Iri is not found as a final.] In order to impress the above rules on the mind, the substance of them is embodied in the following table: * Since e=a+i and o=a+u, therefore a+e will equal a+a+i or á+i and a+o will equal a+a+u or á+u. E The succeeding rules will now explain themselves. They all result from the law that euphony abhors a hiatus between vowels; see, however, note to r. 66. 31. a orá, followed by the similar vowels a or á, blends into one long similar vowel: thus न + अस्ति na + asti becomes नास्ति násti, there is not.' जीवा + अन्त jivá + anta = जीवान्त jivánta, the end of life.' a. The same rule applies to the other vowels, i, u, ■ ṛi, short or long: thus «f+ adhi+íśvara becomes v adhíśvara, ‘the supreme lord.' ऋतु + उत्सव ?itu + utsava = ऋतूत्सव ritútsava, the festival of the season.' 6 fan+afa pitri + riddhi = fanfa pitriddhi, the father's pros perity.' 32.a or á, followed by the dissimilar vowels i, u, ri, short or long, blends with i orí into the Guna e; with u or ú into the Gunao*; with ri or rí into the Guna ar: thus परम + ईश्वर parama + ísvara becomes परमेश्वर parameśvara, ‘ the mighty lord.' हित + उपदेश hita + upadeśa = हितोपदेश hitopadesa, ' friendly in struction.' F+TF gangá + udaka = gan godaka, 'Ganges-water.' ओ Zai, 33. a orá, followed by the dissimilar vowelse, o, è ai, or au, blends with e into the Vriddhi ai; with ai also into ai; सौ with o into the Vriddhi au; with au also into au: thus पर + एधित para + edhita becomes परैधित paraidhita, ' nourished by another.' विद्या + एव vidyà + eva = विद्यैव vidyaiva, ' knowledge indeed.' deva + aiśvarya= devaiśvarya, divine majesty.' * The blending of a and i into the sound e is recognised in English in such words as sail, nail, &c.; and the blending of a and u into the sound o is exemplified by the French faute, baume, &c. |