574. A final may sometimes be changed tok, and final j tog, when ¿ the past passive participle rejects i; as, from pać, pákya and eu páéya; from ч, or y. When the final is unchanged, as in páéya, the obligation युज्, implied is said to be more absolute; but the two forms may have distinct meanings: thus, bhojya (from bhuj) means to be eaten,' but bhogya, 'to be enjoyed;' váćya (from vać) means 'proper to be said,' but vákya, ‘that which is actually to be said.' a. Again, 154 (from 745) is used after the prepositions fand, otherwise त्याग्य. Similarly, योज्य (from युज्) after नि and प्र, and यज्य or याज्य (from यज्) after the same prepositions. b. Other anomalous changes may take place, some of which are similar to those before the ya of passives: thus, from ग्रह, गृह्य as well as ग्राह्य (472) ; from वट्, उच्च (471, also वद्य); from यज्, इज्य (471) ; from शास्, शिष्य (472) ; from खन् 'to dig,' खेय; from शंस् ' to praise,' शस्य or शंस्य; from भ्रज्ज् ' to fry,' भर्ज्य or भ्रज्ज्य ; from हन्, बध्य or घात्य. c. The roots beginning with गुप् at 390.7. have two forms : thus, गोप्य or गोपाय्य. 575. Many of these participles are used as substantives: thus, n. 'speech;' भोज्य n. ‘food ;' भोग्या f. ' a harlot ;' इज्या f. 'sacrifice ;' खेय n. ‘a ditch ;' भार्या f. 'a wife,' from 'to support,' &c. 576. The affix ya may be added to desiderative, frequentative, and nominal bases in the same way as aniya : thus, बुबोधिष्प, बोभूय्य, चेक्षिष्य, तपस्य. So also, from मुसल 'a pestle,' मुसल्य 'to be pounded with a pestle.’ a. a added to a root after guṇation (if Guna is possible) gives the sense of a future passive participle when in composition with, दुर्, and ईषत् ; as, मुकर 'easy to be done,' दुष्कर 'difficult to be done,' दुस्तर 'difficult to be crossed.' b. Again, an affix fe added to a few roots has the same force as the affixes of the future passive participle; e. g. qffit to ripen' or 'to be cooked,' forefo'to be broken.' 577. The inflection of future passive participles follows that of the first class of nouns at 103: thus, m. f. n. kartavyas, kartavyá, kartavyam. níyá, karaniyam; and kúryas, káryá, káryam. to be done;' N. sing. Similarly, karaṇiyas, kara PARTICIPLES OF THE SECOND FUTURE.-FORMATION OF THE BASE. 578. These are not common. They are of two kinds, either Parasmai-pada or Atmane-pada; and are formed, like present participles, by changing af anti, the termination of the 3d plur. of the 2d future, into at, for the Parasmai-pada ; and by changing ante into I amána, for the Atmane: thus, from affa karishyanti and fkarishyante, they will do,' come af karishyat and afewaru karishyamáṇa (58), *about to do;' from the passive 2d fut. they will be said' comes ‘about to be said.' a. In their inflection, as well as their formation, they resemble present participles; see 524 and 526. b. Observe-The future participle in mána may be compared with the Greek in μενο : désyamána =δωσόμενος. PARTICIPIAL NOUNS OF AGENCY. 579. These have been already incidentally noticed at 80, 83, 84, 85, 87. As, however, they partake of the nature of participles, and are often used as participles (see Syntax, 909—911), a fuller explanation of them is here given. They may be classed under three heads: 1st, as formed from the root; 2dly, as formed from the 1st future; 3dly, as formed from the root by changes similar to those which form the causal base. 580. The base of the first class is often identical with the root itself; that is, the unchanged root is frequently used at the end of compounds as a noun of agency, t being added if it ends in a short vowel; see the examples at 84. I. and 87. a. Another common noun of agency is formed from the root by affixing a (as in the first group of conjugational classes at 257. a), before which a, Guņa, and rarely Vṛiddhi, of a final vowel is required; as, from få ji, ‘to conquer,' Ħ jaya, 'conquering.' are generally unchanged; as, from vad, to say,' from tud, to vex,' tuda, vexing.' Medial vowels vada, ‘saying;' b. And finalá, am, or an, are dropped; as, from dá, ‘to give,' ₹ da, ‘giving;' from л gam, to go,' ʼn ga, 'going;' from jan, 'to be born,' ja, being born.' Their declension follows the first class of nouns at 103. 581. The base of the second class (see 83) is formed from the 3d pers. sing. of the 1st future of primitive verbs, by substituting the vowel ri for the final vowel á, the nominative case being therefore identical with the 3d pers. sing. of that tense (see 386): thus, from bloktá, he will eat,' bhoktṛi, an eater;' from योद्धा ‘he will fight,' यो from याचिता ' he will ask,' याचितृ ' an asker;' from मोटा ' he will bear,' सोदृ ' a bearer,' &c. They are inflected at 127. ་ 'a fighter ;' 582. The base of the third class is formed in three ways. a. By adding in to the root (scc 85. V), before which affix changes take place similar to those required before the causal affix aya (481, 482, 483); as, from, a kárin, ‘a doer;' from (488), an♬ ghátin, a killer;' from ì, mfu‘a sleeper:' y being inserted after roots in á (483); as, from q, fa'a drinker;' from 71, erfaz dáyin, ‘a giver.' They are inflected at 159. b. By adding aka to the root (see 80. IV), before which affix changes take place analogous to those before the causal aya (481, 482, 483); as, from, káraka, 'a doer,' 'doing;' from, náyaka, a leader,' 'leading;' from e, a gráhaka; from सिध्, साधक; from हन्, घातक; from दुष्, टूषक; from क्रम्, क्रमक; from नन्द, नन्दक; from स्था, स्थापक. c. By adding ana to some few roots ending in consonants (see 80. V), after changes similar to those required before the causal affix ; as, from नन्द्, नन्दन nandana, ' rejoicing ;' from दुष्, दूषण 'vitiating; from, cleansing.' शोधन ' Observe-The inflection of the last two follows that of the first class of nouns at 103. EXAMPLES OF PRIMITIVE VERBS IN THE TEN CLASSES, AND OF DERIVATIVE VERBS INFLECTED AT FULL. 583. We begin by giving a synopsis of the inflection of the primitive forms of the ten roots: budh, to know,' 1st c.; nṛit, 'to dance,' 4th c.; fe dis, to point out,' 6th c.; ч yuj, ‘to unite,' 10th c.; fa vid, 'to know,' 2d c.; ✈ bhṛi, ‘to bear,' 3d c.; for bhid, to break,' 7th c.; fi, to gather,' 5th c.; tan, to stretch,' 8th c.; q pú, 'to purify,' 9th c.: grouping together, first, the 1st, 4th, 6th, and 10th classes; then the 2d, 3d, and 7th; and lastly, the 5th, 7th, and 9th, for the reasons stated at 257. In the next place, the passive forms of these ten roots will be synoptically exhibited, followed by the present tense of the causal, desiderative, and frequentative forms, and the participles. Examples will then be given of primitive verbs of all the ten classes (according to the same grouping), inflected at full; and under every verb the derivative forms and participles will be indicated. Lastly, a full example will be given of each of the four kinds of derivative verbs, passives, causals, desideratives, and frequentatives. INFLECTION OF THE BASE OF PRIMITIVE VERBS OF THE TEN CLASSES OR CONJUGATIONS. 230 SING. PLURAL. SING. DUAL. PLURAL. bodha bodha nṛitya | nṛitya disa disa bodhá bodha bodha bodhá bodha bodha bodhá bodha bodha bodha bodha bodha bodhá bodha bodha bodhá vet 2. Vid ret * vid vit vit vit * vit bibhṛi bibhṛi vid vid vid vid vid vid ćino ćino ćinu ćinu ćinu ćinu ćinu ćinv Observe-The base is to be united with the terminations: thus, 1st sing. Pres. Parasmai, bodhá+mi=bodhámi, 2d sing. bodha+si=bodhasi, 3d sing. bodha+ti bodhati; 1st dual, bodhá+vasbodhávas, &c. Atmane, bodha+i=bodhe, bodha+se=bodhase, &c. Whenever the terminations of the 1st, 4th, 6th, and 10th classes differ from those of the others, they are placed in the upper line. As to the optional dropping of the u of ćinu and tanu, see 349. abodha abodha abodha abodhá abodha abodha abodhá abodha abodha abodha abodha abodha abodhá abodha abodha abodhá abodha abodha abhind abhint abhint abhind abhind abhind abhind abhind abhind aćinavaćino aćino aćinu aćinu aćinu aćinu aćinu aćinv aćinv apuní apuní apuní apun aćinu aćinu aćinu aćinv aćino aćinu aćinu aćino Observe-In the 2d and 3d sing., Parasmai, the roots of the 2d group reject the terminations by 292: thus, 2d and 3d sing., avet, abibhar, abhinat. In the Atmane the final a of the bases of the roots of the 1st group will blend with the initial i of a termination into e by 32. As to the optional dropping of the u of aćinu and atanu, see 349. |