Imatges de pàgina
PDF
EPUB
[blocks in formation]

541. Roots ending in orj of course change these letters to k before ta; see examples at 539. Similarly, those which take na, change é and j to g before na ; as, from नज् ' to be ashamed,' नग्न ' naked ;' from विज् ' to tremble,' विग्न; from रुज्‘to break,’ रुग्ण or रुग्न; from स्फुर्ज् ' to thunder,' स्फूर्ण ; from अञ्च् 'to move' (in some senses), . So, from to be immersed,' rejecting one j,

ਸਾਰ : from ਲਜ਼ ‘to be ashamed,” ਨਾਜ (as well as ਲਹਿਰ), ਲਾ‘to adhere' also makes लग्न. But स्फु 'to forget,' स्फूर्ण; हुई 'to be crooked,' हूर्ण.

542. Some roots which admit i necessarily or optionally in one or both of the futures, reject it in this participle: thus, to be bold' makes y; to move' makes (with prep.) also ('pained'); to make firm,' दृढ; वृह् 'to extol,' वृढ; मद् 'to be mad' मन्त्र; दीप 'to shine,' दीप्त; न‍ 'to perish,' नष्ट; मुर्च्‘to faint,' मूर्त to speak barbarously,' fe as well as fan; to dance,' .

as well as

vać,

543. If in forming the passive base (471), or in the reduplicated perfect (2d) preterite, 375. c), the v or y contained in a root is changed to its semivowel u or ¿, the same change takes place in the past passive participle: thus, from 'to say,' Tukta; from to speak,' f; from to wish,' वस् ‘to dwell,' उपित; from वप् 'to sow,' उप्त ; from वह् 'to carry,' ऊढ (with प्र, प्रौढ); from स्वप् ' to sleep,' मुन्न; from यज् ' to sacrifice,' इष्ट.

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

; from

a. Similarly, दिव् 'to play,' द्यून or द्यूत; त्वर् 'to hasten,' तूर्गा (also त्वरित). 544. Some other changes which take place in forming the passive base (472) are preserved before ta: thus, from 'to rule,' f; from a 'to pierce,' विड; from व्यच् ' to deceive,' विचित; from भ्रज्ज् ' to fry, ' भृष्ट ; from प्रछ्‘to ask,’ पृष्ट; from ब्रश् ‘to cut,' वृक्ण or वृक्क (58).

a. When a root ends in a conjunct consonant, of which the first is a nasal, this nasal is generally rejected before ta; as, from to bind,'; from to fall,' भ्रष्ट ; from ध्वंस् ' to fall,' ध्वस्त; from अञ्च् ‘to move' and अन्न् ‘to anoint,' अत; from to adhere,' ; from to colour,' ; from to kindle,' ; from उन्द् ‘to be wet,' उन्न or उत्त; from स्यन्ट् 'to ooze, ' स्थन; from स्कन्द 'to ascend,' स्कन्न; from स्कम्भ 'to stop,' स्कम्भ ; from स्तम्भ 'to stop,' स्तब्ध; from दम्भ ‘to deceive,' ; from 'to break,' ; from to bite,' ; from to contract,'

b. But not if i is inserted; as, from क्रन्दित (except मन्थ ' to churn, making मथित;

'to break,' fun; from 2, and ग्रन्थ ' to tie' ग्रथित). reject these nasals before ta if i is

yam, ‘to restrain,' yata; TA kill,' हत; नम् ' to bend' नत; मन् to breathe' and 'to go' make

545. Many roots ending in m, n, or not inserted; as, gam, to go,' П gata; — to sport,' रत ; तन् ' to stretch,' तत; हन् ' to to think,' ; 'to hurt,' : but सान्त (the latter also अमित); and स्वन् 'to sound' स्वनित (also स्वान्त with prep.).

Ff

a. जन् ‘to be born’ makes जान ; and खन् 'to dig,' खात; सन् 'to give,' सात ;

medial a being lengthened.

546. Those roots ending in m, of the 4th conjugation, which lengthen a medial a before the conjugational affix ya, also lengthen it before ta, changing m to n as in the futures: thus, from to step,'; from 'to wander,' भ्रान्त; from शम् ‘to be appeased,' शान्त ; from दम् ' to tame,' दान्त (also दमित); from to be patient,' ; from to be sad,' A.

a. Similarly, वम् ‘to vomit,' वान्त ; कम् 'to love,' कान्त; चम् 'to eat,' चान्त.

[ocr errors]

6

547. From स्फाय् — to swell' is formed स्फीत; from क्ष्माय् 'to shake,' क्ष्मात ; from पूय् 'to be putrid,' पूत; from ऊय् 'to weave,' ऊत; from प्याय् 'to be fat,' पीन (with प्र, प्यान); from क्नूय् 'to stink,' कूत.

[ocr errors]

a. or to make effort' forms ; to kill,' like to hasten,' ¿; to bind or tie' makes मूर्ण ; शिव् or क्षीव् 'to spit,' स्यूत; ष्ठिव् or ष्ठीव्‘to spit,’ ठपूत ; दिव् ' to play,' द्यूत or द्यून; सिव् ' to sew,' स्यूत; धाव् ' to wash,' धौत. b. फल् ‘to bear fruit makes फुल्ल ; and घस् 'to eat,' जग्ध.

548. The following are quite anomalous: pać, to cook,' ; 'to dry,' शुक्र; क्षीव् 'to be drunk,' श्रीव; कृश् 'to grow thin,' कृश ; क्षै 'to waste,' क्षाम. a. From the above examples it appears that sometimes two or three roots have the same form of passive participle. The following may also be noted: to stink' and qʻto purify' both make ; to measure' and

'to bear,' all make

;

'to barter,' fЯñ;

'to tell' and

to wipe,'' to touch,' and शस् ' to kill,' शस्त; शाम् ' to rule' and शिष् 'to distinguish,' शिष्ट ; सो 'to destroy' and fЯ 'to tie,' fЯ. On the other hand, to enjoy' makes ; butto bend,' भुग्न.

6

549. In forming the past passive participles of causals, the causal affix aya is rejected, but the insertedi is always assumed: thus, from, causal of 'to make,' comes fén kárita, ‘caused to be made;' from स्थापय, causal of स्था ' to stand comes स्थापित sthápita, 'placed.'

550. In adding ta to a desiderative or frequentative base, the insertedi is assumed, final a of the base being dropped; and in the case of roots ending in consonants, final ya being dropped; as, from पिपात 'to desire to drink comes पिपासित; from चिकीर्ष 'to desire to do,' fafa; from to desire to obtain,' f, &c.; from ' to cut often, लोलूयित; from बेभिद्य ' to break frequently,' बेभिदित.

551. ta with i is added to nominal bases, final a being dropped: thus, from fafa loose,' foffe loosened; from f'crooked,' fafa'curved. These may be regarded as the passive participles of the transitive nominal verbs fufumufa, faaufa (521). So again, from नमस्य 'to do reverence' comes नमस्थित or नमसित.

[ocr errors][ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

a. Moreover, as na sometimes takes the place of ta, so ina is added to some nouns instead of ita: thus, malina, soiled,' from mala, ‘dirt;' f'horned,' from 'a horn.'

[ocr errors]

b. Corresponding forms in Latin are barbatus, alatus, cordatus, turritus, &c.; and in Greek, ἐμφαλωτός, κροκωτός, αὐλωτός, &c.

552. The inflection of past passive participles follows that of the first class of nouns at 103; thus exhibiting a perfect similarity to the declension of Latin participles in tus: thus, krita, nom. sing. masc. fem. neut. a, a, .

=

a. The resemblance between Sanskrit passive participles in ta, Latin participles in tu-s, and Greek verbals in TO-5, will be evident from the following examples: Sanskrit jňátas=(g)notus (ignotus), yvwrós; dattas datus, dorós ; śrutas=clutus, KλUTós; bhútas=pUrós; yuktas=junctus, ČeUKтós; labdhas =λYTTÓs; pítas=πóτos; bhritas = fertus, peprós; dishṭas = dictus, deiKtós. And, like Sanskrit, Latin often inserts an i, as in domitus (= Sanskrit damitas), monitus, &c. This is not the case in Greek, but € is inserted in forms like μeverós, épzeτós. There are also examples of Latin and Greek formations in nu-s and vo-5, corresponding to the Sanskrit participle in na: thus, plenus (=púrņa), magnus (from Sanskrit root mah), dignus (from Sanskrit dis, dik, Greek dεIK); and στυγνός, στεγνός, σεμνός, &c.

PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLES.

These are of two kinds: 1st, those derived from the past passive participle; 2dly, those belonging to the perfect. These later rarely occur. The former are much used to supply the place of a perfect tense active.

PAST ACTIVE PARTICIPLES DERIVED FROM PAST PASSIVE

PARTICIPLES.-FORMATION OF THE BASE.

553. The base of these participles is easily formed by adding

vat to that of the past passive participle: thus, from

having made or who or what has made;' from

having burnt;' from

made,'

'burnt,'

'said,' having said;' from

भिन्न ‘ broken,’ भिन्नवत् ‘having broken ;' from स्थापित ' placed,' स्थापितवत्

'having placed,' &c.

a. For the declension of these participles see 140. a, b, c.

Participles of the reduplicated perfect (2d preterite).

554. In these participles, either Tras or 344 iras is added to the base of the reduplicated perfect, as formed in the dual and plural. l'as is added when the

base in the dual and plural (as it appears in its unchanged form before the terminations are added) consists of more than one syllable: thus, from ćakṛi (root kṛi, 'to do'), ćakrivas; from vivid (365), vividvas; from ćići (374), ćićivas; from nanṛit (364, compare 45. a), nanṛitras; from sasmar (374. k), sasmarvas.

a. And ivas is added when the base in the dual and plural consists of one syllable only; as, from ten (375. a), tenivas; from jagm (376), jagmivas; from jaksh (377), jakshiras.

b. When vas is affixed, it will be necessary to restore to its original state, the final of a root ending in i, í, u, ú, or ri, if changed before the terminations of the du. and plur. to y, v, r, iy, uv, or úv: thus, fЯ śri, changed by 374. e. to śiśriy, becomes fa;, changed to fikriy, becomes fa cikrívas; y, changed by 374. g. to dudhuv, becomes becomes

dudhúras; , changed by 374. i. to babhúc, babhúvas. In declension, the 3d pers. plur. with its termination us is the form of the base in the weakest cases (135. a), the final s becoming sh by 70: thus, from jaymus, I. jagmushá; from tenus, I. tenushá, &c. See 168.

c. Roots which take the periphrastic perfect (see 385) form the participles of this tense by adding the perfect participles of kṛi, bhú, and as, to ám: thus, from éur, 10th c.; éorayámbabhúvas, ćorayánéakṛiras, éorayámásivas.

d. There is an Atmane-pada participle of the reduplicated perfect formed by changing ire, the termination of the 3d plur., into ána: thus, riridána, ćićyána, jagmána. See 526. a; and compare the Greek perfect participle in μevo: = τετυμμένος.

e. The Parasmai-pada form of these participles is inflected at 168. Those of the Atmane-pada follow the inflection of the first class of nouns at 103.

PAST INDECLINABLE PARTICIPLES.

555. These fall under two heads: 1st, as formed by affixing at tvá to uncompounded roots; as, from bhú, to be,' bhútrá, having been 2dly, as formed by affixing ya to roots compounded with prepositions or other adverbial prefixes; thus, from anubhú, 'to perceive,' anubhúya, ‘having perceived;' from ¬ sajjíbhú, 'to become ready,' sajjíbhúya, ‘having become ready.' The sense involved in them is generally expressed by the English ‘when,' ' after,' 'having,' or 'by' thus, tat kritvá, “when he had done that,' after he had done that,' 'having done that,' by doing that.' They are capable also of a passive sense, though this is rare.

See Syntax.

a. The affix trá of this participle is thought by some to be the instrumental case of an affix tu, of which the infinitive affix tum is the accusative. The indeclinable participle has certainly much of the character of an instrumental case (see Syntax, 901); but the form of its base often varies considerably from that of the infinitive:

thus, vaktum, uktvá, from vać; yashṭum, ishṭvá, from yaj, &c. वाय, त्वानं, चीनं or

are sometimes used for in the Veda.

Indeclinable participles formed with tvá from uncompounded roots.

556. When the root stands alone and uncompounded, the indeclinable participle is formed with ♬ tvá.

This affix is closely allied to the ta of the past passive participle at 531, so that the rules for the affixing of ta to the root generally apply also to the indeclinable affix tvá, and the formation of one participle then involves that of the other: thus, from farm kshipta, ‘thrown,' शिना kshiptoà, “having thrown ;' from कृत ‘done' (root कृ), कृत्वा ‘having done;' from स्थित (root स्था ), स्थित्वा ; from दृष्ट (root दृश्), दृष्ट्वा ; from दत्त ( root दा), दवा ; from पीत ( root पा), पीत्वा ; from क्रान्त (root क्रम् ), क्रान्त्वा ; from गृहीत ( root ग्रह), गृहीत्वा ; from उपित (root वस), उपित्वा ; from उक्त (root वच्), उक्ता; from बुद्ध (root बुध), बुद्धा; from ऊढ (root बह), ऊदा; from हित ( root धा), हित्वा ; from जग्ध (root घस् ), जग्ध्वा ; from गत (root गम् 545), गत्वा.

a. Where i is inserted, there is generally gunation of final i, i, ", ú, and of final rí and of medial ri; and optional gunation of medial i, u (except as debarred by 28. b) : thus, शयित्वा from शी; पवित्वा (also पृत्वा) from पृ; जरिया or जरीत्वा from नृ; लिखित्वा or लेखित्वा from लिख; द्युतित्वा or द्योतित्वा from द्युत्; पर्चित्वा from पृच्; मृमित्वा or मर्पित्वा from मृए.

b. But from दिव्, देवित्वा and द्यूत्वा ; from सिक्, सेवित्वा and म्यूत्वा. So ष्ठिय् &c. The root जागृ makes जागरित्वा ( 532 ) ; and initial i, u, before single consonants, must be gunated; as, इष् makes एपित्वा.

c. The roots in the list at 390. a. do not admit Guna : thus, विज् can make only विजित्वा.

d. When there are two forms of the passive participle, there is often only one of the indeclinable: thus, नृत् makes नृत्त and नर्तित, but only नर्तित्वा; लज्ज्, लग्न and लज्जित, but only लज्जित्वा ; and, rice versa, वस् (543) only उपित, but उपित्वा and उट्वा; सह, सोढ, but महित्वा and सोडा; मृज, मृष्ट, but मार्जिवा and मृष्ट्वा. So, some roots in nasals optionally insert i तन्, तत्त्वा or तनित्वा ; क्षण, क्षत्वा or हारित्वा ; वम् कान्त्वा or कमित्वा ; क्रम्, क्रान्वा or क्र.वा or क्रमित्वा; खन, खात्वा or खनित्वा.

e. The penultimate nasal, which is rejected before ta (544. a), is optionally so rejected before trá in रन्, मन्त्र, स्वच्, तत्र् or तञ्च्, and सन् : thus, from रन comes रक्त, but रंक्ता or रक्का; from सन् सन्नित्वा, संका or सका.

f. मन्त्र and नश optionally insert nasals ; मक्ता or मक्का, नष्ट्वा or

नंदा, 300. A.

« AnteriorContinua »