from वृष ‘a bull,' वृषस्यति' (the cow) desires the bull;' from दधि 'curds,' दध्यस्यामि 'I desire curds,' &c. Compare Greek desideratives in σeíw.

523. 5thly, Those formed by affixing kámya (derived from kam, 'to desire') to a nominal base; as, from ga'a son,' Pres. 1. पुत्रकाम्यामि ‘I desire a son, 2. पुत्रकाम्यसि, 3. पुत्रकाम्यति, &c. ; from यशस् 'fame,' 'I desire fame.'

a. The non-conjugational tenses of these nominals will generally be formed analogously to those of other verbs: thus, from if ‘I act like self' comes the perfect ; from a ‘I play like a boy' comes the aorist अचुकुमारं &c. A long vowel in the base generally remains unchanged, and is not shortened: thus, Turfa (from माला 'a garland ' ) makes सममालं. So also, afafum 'he will wish for fuel' (Guņa being omitted), gafem ‘he will wish for a

son,'

b. Nominal verbs may take passive, causal, desiderative, and frequentative forms. The causal of those formed with aya will be identical with the primitive nominal: thus, aЯf 'I put on armour' or 'I cause to put on armour.' In reduplicating for the desiderative or frequentative, sometimes the last syllable is repeated, sometimes the first: thus, to scratch' makes its desiderative base f fuu, and yata ‘to treat as a son' makes gyalfaq or yaifafqq. According to some, the middle syllable may be reduplicated: thus, yfafafqq.

PARTICIPLES.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES; PARASMAI-PADA.-FORMATION OF THE BASE. 524. These are the only participles the formation of which is connected with the conjugational class of the verb. The base in the Parasmai is formed by substituting t for nti, and at for anti and ati, the terminations of the 3d plural present: thus, from paćanti, 'they cook' (3d pl. pres. of, 1st c.), comes un paćat, cooking;' from a ghnanti, 'they kill' (3d pl. of han, 2d c.), comes Hghnat, killing;' from af santi, 'they are' (3d pl. of as, 2d c., 'to be'), comes sat, 'being;' from af yanti, 'they go' (3d pl. of , 2d c.), yat, going;' from if yánti, they go' (зd pl. of π, 2d c.), yát; from fa juhvati, they sacrifice' (3d pl. of hu,

3d c.), Jjuhvat; from nrityat; from faaf

fnrityanti, 'they dance,' 4th c.,

invanti, 'they gather,' 5th c., faran invat ;

from gafa ápnuvanti, 'they obtain,' 5th c.,

ápnuvat; from frundhanti,

gefa tudanti, they strike,' 6th c., tudat; from

'they hinder,' 7th c., rundhat; from gaf kurvanti, they do,' 8th c., kurvat; from gaf punanti, 'they purify,' 9th c., punat.

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525. The same holds good in derivative verbs: thus, from the causal auf, they cause to know' (479), comes causing to know; from the desiderative gaff, they desire to know' (499), comes desiring to know;' from fef, they desire to give' (503), comes fa desiring to give; from the frequentative faufa, they throw frequently,' comes fa 'throwing frequently.'

·

a. Nominals form their present participles in the same way : thus, from कृष्णन्ति ' they act like Krishna,' कृष्णत् ' acting like Krishna; from af they do penance,' 'doing penance.'

b. In corroboration of the remark made at 253. b, that the passive verb appears in a few rare instances to assume a Parasmai-pada inflection, and that many of the neuter verbs placed under the 4th conjugation might be regarded (except for the accent) as examples of this form of the passive, it is certain that a Parasmaipada present participle derivable from a passive base is occasionally found: thus, दृश्यत् ‘being seen,’' from the passive base दृश्य drisya: चीयत् 'being gathered,' fromiya (passive base of ći).

c. The inflection of Parasmai-pada present participles is explained at 141. The first five inflections of this participle in nine conjugational classes insert a nasal, proving that the base in all the classes, except the third, and a few other verbs (141. a), properly ends in ant. The Parasmai-pada frequentative, as conforming to the conjugational rule for the 3d class, also rejects the nasal. In the cognate languages the n is preserved throughout.

d. Thus, compare Sanskṛit bharan, bharantam (from bhri), with pépwv, pépovτa, ferentem; also, bharantau (Ved. bharantá) with pépovre; bharantas with pépores, ferentes; bharatas with péporras; gen. sing. bharatas with pépovros, ferentis. So also, Sanskrit vahan, vahantam, with vehens, vehentem; and san, santam (from as, 'to be'), with the sens of ab-sens, præ-sens. Compare also the base stṛinvant with στορνυντ.

PRESENT PARTICIPLES; ATMANE-PADA.-FORMATION OF THE BASE.

526. The base is formed by substituting mána fornte, the termination of the 3d plur. pres. of verbs of the 1st, 4th, and 6th

classes, and passives; and by substituting ána for ate, the termination of the 3d plur. pres. of verbs of the other classes; see 247, p. 126 thus, from pacante (1st c.) comes पचमान paćamána, cooking;' from frg (sthá, 1st c.), fag standing;' from नृत्यन्ते ( 4th c.), नृत्यमान; from लिम्पन्ते (lip, 6th c.),

लिम्पमान.

a. But from an bruvate (a 2d c.), gan bruváṇa (see 58); from निघ्नते (हन् with नि 2d c.), निम्नान; from दधते (dhá, 3d c.), दधान; from चिन्यते (5th c.), चिन्यान; from युञ्जते ( 7th c.), युन्नान; from कुते (8th c.), कुर्बाण; from पुनते ( 9th c.), पुनान. The root आस् 2d c., ' to sit,’ makes आसीन for आसान ; and शी 2d c. is शेरते in 3d pl. (see 315), but in the pres. participle.

b. Observe-The real affix for the Atmane-pada pres. participle is mána, of which ána is probably an abbreviation. Compare the Greek μevo: HTATT (58) = φερόμενος.

527. Verbs of the 10th class and causals may substitute either मान mána or आन ána : thus, from बोधयन्ते bodhayante comes बोधयमान bodhayamána and बोधयान bodhayána; from दर्शयन्ते, दर्शयान ; from वेदयन्ते, वेदयान, &c.

528. Passives and all derivative verbs substitute Atmane thus, from fathey are made'

:

made' (58); from they are given,'

mána for the comes far being 'being given;" from

the desiderative दित्सन्ते ' they desire to give,' दित्समान ' desiring to give; from fainthey desire to kill,' fagia desiring to kill ;' from the frequentative बोबुध्यन्ते ' they know repeatedly,' वोबुध्यमान 'knowing repeatedly.'

529. The inflection of Atmane-pada pres. participles follows that of the 1st class of nouns at 103: thus, N. masc. sing. HIGH; fem. पचमाना ; neut. पचमानं.

PAST PARTICIPLES.

PAST PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.-FORMATION OF THE BASE.

In

530. This is the most common and useful of all participles. general the base is formed by adding a ta directly to roots ending in vowels, and to most roots ending in consonants; as, from

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yá, ' to go,' am yáta, gone;' from fato conquer,' fa 'conquered ;'

from to lead,' 'led;' from fa kship, to throw,' far kshipta, 'thrown.'

a. But if the root end in rí, by adding na, changeable to na by 58; as, from kri, 'to scatter,' akírna, scattered,' see 534.

531. Some roots in á, í, and ú, some in è ai preceded by two consonants, with some of those ind, tr, j, one in g (1), and one or two iné, h (see 541, 544), also take na instead of ta; see 532, 536, 540, &c.

532. Roots ending in vowels do not generally admit inserted i in this participle, even when they admit it in the futures (392, 395, &c.), but attach ta or na directly to the root; as, from 'to protect,' ; from f'to have recourse,' f; from hear,' श्रुत; भू ‘to become,' भूत ; कृ 'to do,' कृत; घ्रा 'to smell,' प्राण 'to decay,' ; 'to perish,' aîa;

(58); to fly,'

;

श्रु

'to

to cut,';

a. But when they do retain i, gunation of the final vowel is required as in the future: thus, to lie down' makes ; and पू' to purify, पवित (also पूत) ; and जागृ ' to awake,' जागरित.

533. In certain cases the final vowel of the root is changed: thus, some roots in á change á to i before ta; as, from I sthá, to stand,' f sthita; from

— to measure,' मित; from दरिद्रा 'to be poor,' दरिद्रित.

a. धा — to place' becomes हित; दा 'to give,' दत्त.

Observe-When prepositions are prefixed to datta, the initial da may be rejected: thus, átta for adatta, 'taken;' pratta for pradatta, bestowed;' ryátta for ryádatta, 'expanded;' nitta for nidatta, 'given away;' parítta for paridatta, delivered over;' sútta for sudatta, 'well given,' the i and u being lengthened.

b. पा — to drink’ makes पोत; but हा 'to quit,' हीन; and ज्या 'to grow old,’ जीन; हा 'to go, हान.

c. Some roots in á take both na and ta; as, from to smell,' I and 7; from वा ‘to blow,’ with the preposition निर्, निर्वाण and निर्वात ; from श्रा (or ) 'to cook,' or fun.

534. Roots in

from

from

rí change rí to ir before na, which passes into na by 58; as, passed.' But when a labial precedes, rí becomes úr; as, qorq, qor qu'full,'' filled.'

to pass,'

ૢ पूर, पूर्त

535. The root dhe, to suck,' becomes

;hre, to call,' ;re, 'to

mlai,

weave,' ; rye, to cover,' ; 'to barter,' fЯ.

536. Roots in ai generally change ai to á before na or ta; as, from

* to fade,' 1 mlána; from to meditate,' T (in the Veda ); from to

purify,' दात; from वै ' to rescue,' वाण or वात; from पे 'to grow fat,' प्यान, &c.

a. But from 'to sing,' ; from to waste,' ; from 'to waste,' छाम, see 548; from श्यै 'to coagulate,' शीत or शीन or श्यान ; from स्त्यै 'to aceumulate,’ स्त्यान (with प्र), स्तीत or स्तोम.

537. Of the four or five roots in o, to destroy' makes fan (same as from सि ‘to bind'); शो ' to sharpen,' शित or शात; दो 'to tie' दित; छो 'to cut,' छात and छित; ज्यो ' to instruct,' जीत.

538. Those roots ending in consonants which take the inserted i in the last five tenses (399), generally take this vowel also in the past passive participle, but not invariably (see 542); and when i is assumed, ta is generally affixed, and not na; as, from pat, to fall,' fan patita, 'fallen.'

a. ₹ i, Ju, or ri preceding the final consonant of a root may occasionally take Guņa, especially if the participle be used impersonally or actively ; as, from स्विद् 'to sweat,' खेदित or विन्न; from विद् ‘to be unctuous,' वेदित or विण; from द्युत् ' to shine,' द्योतित or ह्युतित; from मृष् ‘to bear,' मर्धित and मृष्ट. 'to bear,' ¶ and . See Syntax, 895. b. to take' lengthens the inserted i, making . See ग्रह 399. a.

539. Roots ending in consonants which reject the inserted i in the last five tenses (400-415), generally reject it in the past passive participle. They must be combined with ta, agreeably to the rules of Sandhi at 296, &c. Whatever change, therefore, the final consonant undergoes before the termination tá of the 1st future (see 400-415), the same will often be preserved before the ta of the past participle; so that, in many cases, the form of this participle resembles that of the 3d sing. 1st future, provided the final á be shortened, and the vowel of the root preserved unaltered: thus, taking some of the roots at 400–415; शक् ( शक्ता), शक्त; सिच् (मेना), सिक्त; मुच् (मोक्ता), मुक्त; त्यज्, त्यक्त; युज्, युक्त; सृज्, सृष्ट; मृज् and मृज्, मृष्ठ ; सिध्, सिद्ध; बुध्, बुद्ध; युए, युद्ध; क्षिप्, क्षिप्त ; लुप्, लुप्त ; मृप्, सृप्त ; कृष्, कुम; लभ्, लभ; लुभ्, लुभ; विश्, विष्ट; दृश्, दृष्ट; क्रुश्, क्रुष्ट; द्विष्, डिष्ट; टुप, टुष्ट ; कृष्, कृष्ट ; इम्, इष्ट; दह, दग्ध; सह्, सोढ ( 415. m ) ; नह, नड (414) ; गाह, गाढ (415.m); लिह, लीढ; दिह, दिग्ध; स्रिह, स्निग्ध; रूह, रूढ; मुह, मूढ or मुग्ध ( 415.m) ; दुह, दुग्ध; गुह्, गूढ ( 415. m ) .

540. Most roots ending ind, forbidding the insertedi (405), take na instead of ta, and are combined with na, agreeably to 47; as, from 'to go,'; from विट् 'to find,' वित्र (also वित्त ) ; from नुद 'to impel,' नुन्न (also नुन) ; from