se= tà &c.); from (jehíye &c.); from

the frequentative base dedíya (Pres. 1. dedíya + i =¿¿tu, 2. dedíya + (passive of há, 'to quit') comes jehiya (of to spread') comes testírya (also tástarya); from ч (of 'to purify'), popúya; from fau (of fato u y know'), vevidya; from (of 'to know'), bobudhya (Pres.

aìgшà, àìguì, &c.). The conjugation of all four tenses corresponds बोबुध्यसे, बोबुध्यते, exactly with that of the passive.

लैलियम

510. As to the reduplication of the vowel, if the passive base contain a medial a, long á is substituted: thus, pápaćya from paćya; sásmarya from smarya. a. If it contain a medial á, e, or o, the same are reduplicated; as, yáyáéya from yáéya; seshevya from sevya; loloćya from loćya.

b. If it contain a medial ṛi, then I arí* is substituted in the reduplication; as, दरीदृश्य from drisya: परोस्पृश्य from sprisya, &c. ; वरीवृष्य from ब्रश्; बरीभृज्ज्य from Similarly, alí is substituted for Iri, in making . 511. If a passive base has fri before ya, this fri becomes rí in the frequentative base; as, ◄ from fЯ (passive of a‘to do').

512. If the passive base contain a nasal after short a, this nasal generally appears in the reduplicated syllable, and is treated as finalm: thus, from л'to go' comes to walk crookedly;' from 'to wander,' ; from

kill,' चङ्खण्य.

'to

a. The passive bases,, 77, and some others formed from roots containing nasals (as 794, 4), may insert nasals, instead of lengthening the vowel in the reduplication : thus, जनप्य, जनभ्य, दन्दा, &c.

b. Anomalous forms.-'to go' (making ) inserts ní : thus, qчa. Similarly, पत् ‘to fall,' कस् or कश् 'to go,' भ्रंश् 'to fall,' स्रंस् 'to drop,' ध्वंस् ‘to full,’ स्कन्द ‘to go, ' वञ्च् 'to deceive' (बनीभ्रश्य, पनीपत्य, चनीकस्य, सनीस्रस्य, दनीध्वस्य, चनीस्कद्य, &c.). चर् 'to go' makes चञ्चूर्य.

हन् ‘to kill’ makes जेनीय; घा 'to smell,' जेग्रीय; ध्मा ' to blow,' देध्मीय (देध्मीये &c.); गृ‘to swallow,' जेगिल्प.

Non-conjugational tenses of Atmane-pada frequentatives.

513. In these tenses frequentatives follow the analogy of passives, and reject the affix ya. Since, however, the base of the perfect is formed by affixing WЯ ám (as usual in all polysyllabic forms, see 385), and since, in all the other tenses, inserted i is assumed, a coalition of vowels might arise were it not allowed to retain y in all * This seems to support the idea that the original Guna of ri is ari. See 29. b.

cases in which a vowel immediately precedes that letter*: thus, from is formed the perfect (or 2d pret.) 1st sing. &c., rejecting ya; but from u comes &c., retaining y. Similarly in the other tenses: 1st fut. dedípitáhe, dediyitáhe, &c.; 2d fut. dedípishye, dediyishye, &c.; aorist adedípishi, adediyishi, &c.; precative (or bened.) dedípishíya, dedíyishíya, &c.; cond. adedípishye, adedíyishye, &c. In the 3d sing. of the aorist (or 3d preterite) i is not allowed to take the place of the regular terminations, as in the passive form.

a. The infinitive, as formed in the usual manner from the 3d sing. 1st future, will be dedípitum &c.

PARASMAI-PADA FREQUENTATIVES.

514. Rule for forming the base in the four conjugational tenses. The base is here also formed by a reduplication similar to that of Atmane-pada frequentatives; not, however, from the passive, but from the root: thus, from the root pać comes pápać; from fa vid comes verid; from comes darídris; from ćaríkṛi.

comes a. But in the Parasmai form of frequentative, fari andar as well as arí may be reduplicated for the vowel

may make

or

ri; so that चरिकृ or चक्रे.

or

Similarly, लय् may make

b. Again, in roots ending in long rí, á is reduplicated for rí, and this á is retained even when ṛí becomes ir: thus, to scatter' makes 1. ćákarmi; Pl. 3. ćákirati. Similarly, from to cross' come tátarmi and tátirati.

c. In accordance with the rules for the 2d and 3d class (307, 332), the radical vowel is guṇated before the P terminations of the scheme at 246. Hence, from rid come the two bases veved and vevid (Pres. vevedmi, vevetsi, vevetti; Du. veridras, &c.; Impf. avevedam, avevet, avevet, avevidva, &c.; Pot. vevidyám, &c.; Impv. vevedáni, veviddhi, vevettu, vevedáva, vevittam, &c.).

d. Again, the base will vary in accordance with the rules of combination at 296— 306, as in budh (Pres. bobodhmi, bobhotsi, boboddhi, bobudhvas, &c.; see 298). So also, वह् rah makes in 3d sing. वावोढि vávodhi (see 305 a ) ; दुह् makes दोदोग्धि (305); नह् makes नानद्धि (305 note) ; द्रुह् makes दोट्रोढि or दोद्रोग्धि; and ख्रिह्, aufe or Aufry (305.6).

e. And in further analogy to the 2d class (313, 314) long í is often optionally inserted before the consonantal P terminations (Pres. vevedími, vevedíshi, vevedíti; Du. vevidvas, &c.; Impf. avevedam, averedís, avevedít, avevidva, &c.; Impv. vevedáni, veviddhi, vevedíu).

515. Lastly, when the root ends in a vowel, the usual changes take place of i and í to y or iy; of u and ú to uv; and of ṛi to r (see 312): as in the roots ↳↑ bhi,

* In passives this coalition of vowels is avoided by the change of a final vowel to Vriddhi, as of ći to ćáy, of hu to háv, and of kṛi to kár; and by the change of final á to áy, as of dá to day; see 474.

bhú, kri (Pres. 1st sing. bebhemi, bobhomi, ćarkarmi; 3d plur. bebhyati, bobhuvati, darkrati).

a. Observe-Many of the anomalous formations explained under Atmane-pada frequentatives must be understood as belonging also to the Paras mai-pada: thus, पद् (512. b) makes in Parasmai पनीपनि, पनीपत्सि, पनीपत्ति, &c. ; and so with the other roots at 512. b.

b. to kill,' to swallow' (512. c), and some others have a separate Parasmai-pada form (जङ्घन्मि, जागर्मि ; the last identical with pres. of जागृ).

Non-conjugational tenses of Parasmai-pada frequentatives.

516. The perfect (or second preterite) follows the usual rule for polysyllabic bases (385), and affixes ám with the auxiliaries: thus, from ч budh, 'to know,' comes bobudhámása, bobudhámbabhúva, bobudhánéakára; from fae vid, ‘to know,' comes vevidámása. Guņa of a final and sometimes of a penultimate vowel is required before ám : thus, bobhú (from becomes bobhavámása. So also, वृत् makes vávartámása. In the other tenses, excepting the benedictive, inserted i is invariably assumed; and before this inserted i some roots are said to forbid the usual Guna change of the radical vowel in the 1st future &c.: thus, budh is said to make bobudhitásmi; bhí, to fear,' bebhyitásmi, &c. (374); 2d fut. bobudhishyámi, bebhyishyámi, &c.; aorist abobudhisham, abebháyisham, &c.; prec. or bened. bobudhyasam, bebhíyásam, &c.; cond. abobudhishyam, abebhyishyam, &c. The rejection of Guna from the radical syllable, however, admits of question: thus, bhú, to be,' makes, according to the best authorities, bhobhavitásmi, &c. The infinitive will be formed in the usual way from the 1st future, see 513. a.

Passive, causal, desiderative, and desiderative causal form of

frequentatives.

517. Frequentatives are capable of all these forms. The passive, when the root ends in a consonant, will be identical with the Atmane-pada frequentative formed by reduplication and the affix ya: thus, from the frequentative base totud, 'to strike often,' comes totudye,' I am struck often ;' but from lolúya (lú, to cut'), lolúyye, &c. Again, from totud comes totudayámi, ‘I cause to strike often ;' totudishámi, ‘I desire to strike often ;' totudayishámi, 'I desire to cause to strike often.'

a. The ya of the Atmane-pada frequentative if preceded by a consonant is rejected; but not if preceded by a vowel: thus, lolúya, frequentative base of lú, 'to cut,' makes lolúyishámi, ‘I desire to cut often.' See 331.g.

NOMINAL VERBS, OR VERBS DERIVED FROM NOUNS.

518. These are formed by adding certain affixes to the crude base of nouns. They are not in very common use, but, theoretically, there is no limit to their formation. They might be classed according to their meaning; viz. 1st, transitive nominals, yielding the

E C

sense of performing, practising, making or using the thing or quality expressed by the noun; 2d, intransitive nominals, giving a sense of behaving like, becoming like, acting like the person or thing expressed by the noun; 3d, desiderative nominals, yielding the sense of wishing for the thing expressed by the noun. It will be more convenient, however, to arrange them under five heads, according to the affixes by which they are formed, as follows :519. 1st, Those formed by affixinga (changeable to á before a syllable beginning with m and v) to a nominal base, after Guna of its final vowel (if capable of Guņa). When the base ends in a, this vowel takes the place of the affix a. A final á absorbs the affix.

Observe-The terminations of nominals will be those of the scheme at 247, making use of the substitutions required by the 1st, 4th, 6th, and 10th classes. a. Thus, from I act like Krishna,' 2. qua, 3. कृष्णति, &c. So, from कवि ' a poet, Pres. 1. कवयामि 'I act the poet, ' 2. कब यसि, &c.; and from fua father,' Pres. 1. fanfa I act like a father,' 2. fanfa,

3.

Krishna,' Pres. 1.

fant, &c.: from

a garland,' Pres. 1.

fafa; Atm. Pres. 1. ¤, 2. मालासि, 3. मालाति; Impf. 1. अमालां, 2. अमालास्, &c. ; Pot. मालेयं, &c. : from own,' Pres. 3. f'he acts like himself.' Sometimes a final i oru is not gunated; as, from चञ्चु 'a beak,' Pres. चचामि चत्रुसि, चञ्चति, 'he uses his beak,' he pecks;' from a poet,' af, f, &c. Words ending in nasals preserve the nasals, and lengthen the preceding vowels; as, fa ‘he acts like a king,' पथीनति 'it serves as a road,' इदामति 'he acts like this.’

520. 2dly, Those formed by affixing ya to a nominal base.

a. If a word end in a consonant, ya is generally affixed without change; as, from वाच् 'a word,' वाच्यति 'he wishes for words;' from दिव् ' heaven,' दिव्यति ' he wishes for heaven' (or, according to some, दीव्यति); from तपस् 'penance,' तपस्यति 'he does penance;' from reverence,' he does reverence.' Final

n is dropped, and the next rule then applied: thus, from राजीयामि, Pot. राजीयेयं; from धनिन् 'rich,' धनीयामि, &c.

í;

a king,' Pres.

final şi or 3 u

b. A finala orá is generally changed to lengthened; final ri changed to ri;o to av; 317 au to ár. Thus, from पुत्र ‘a son, Pres. 1. पुदीयामि 'I desire a son, 2. पुत्रीयसि, &c. ; from I desire a husband,' &c. So also, from

a husband,' Pres. 1.

मातृ ‘a mother' comes मात्रीयामि, &c.

c. This form of nominal has not always a desiderative meaning. The following are examples of other meanings, some of which properly belong to the next form: प्रासादीयति ‘he fancies himself in a palace;' कवीयति 'he acts like a poet ;' कण्डूयति or -ते ‘he scratches ;' मन्नूयति or ते 'he sins' or ' he is angry ;' मित्रीयते ' he acts the part of a friend ;' पुत्रीयति छावं 'he treats the pupil as a son ;' विष्णयति द्विजं

'he treats the Brahman as if he were Vishnu;' faf 'he vanishes;'fhe seeks cows' (from Ì ́a cow').

d. In the sense of 'behaving like,' 'acting like,' 'doing like,' a final a is generally lengthened, a final á retained, and a final n, ♬ s, or ♬ t, dropped: thus, from a wise man,' Pres. 1. I act the part of a wise man,' 2. पण्डितायसे, 3. पण्डितायते, &c. ; from द्रुम 'a tree,' Pres. 1.

, &c.; from शब्द 'a noise,' शब्दापे 'I am noisy ;' from राजन् 'a king,' Pres. 1. राजाये, &c. ; from उन्मनस् ‘sorrowful,’ Pres. उन्मनाये, &c.; from वृहत् 'great,' Pres. वृहाये, &c.

e. This nominal is sometimes found with an active sense, especially when derived from nouns expressive of colour ; as, from कृष्ण 'black,' कृष्णायते or -f he blackens' and sometimes in the Parasmai with a neuter sense; as, from f ' crooked,' जियायति ' it is crooked ;' from दास ' a slave,' दासायति ' he is a slave.' It corresponds to Greek desiderative denominatives in ιάω, as θανατιάω &c.

521. 3dly, Those formed by affixing aya to a nominal base. This form is similar to that of causals and verbs of the 10th class, with which it is sometimes confounded. Like them it has generally an active sense. A final vowel must be dropped before aya; and if the nominal base have more than one syllable, and end in a consonant, both the consonant and its preceding vowel must be dropped.

a. Thus, from वस्त्र 'cloth,' Pres. 1. वस्त्रयामि 'I clothe ' 2. वस्त्रयसि, 3. वस्त्रयति, &c.; from वर्मन् ‘armour,' Pres. 1. वर्मयामि ‘I put on armour,’ &c.; from प्रमाण authority,' प्रमाणयामि 'I propose as authority ;' from स्रज् 'a garland,' सजयामि 'I crown;' from ‘a jar,' fĦ 'I make a jar' or 'I call it a jar,' &c.

b. In further analogy to causals, a p is sometimes inserted between the base and aya, especially if the noun be monosyllabic, and end in a. Before this up, Vriddhi is required: thus, from

'own,' Pres.

If I make my own.'

There are one or two examples of dissyllabic nouns: thus, from सत्यापयामि, &c. ; and from अर्थ 'substance, ' अर्थापयामि, &c.

'true,'

c. If the base be monosyllabic, and end in a consonant, Guņa may take place; as, from शुभ hunger, ' शोधयामि.

d. Whatever modifications adjectives undergo before the affixes íyas and ishṭha at 194, the same generally take place before aya: thus, from ¿ì ‘long,' ¿qifa *I lengthen;' from near,' fя ‘I make near,' &c.

e. This form of nominal is sometimes neuter, as faufa ‘he delays' (from fat 'long'). According to Prof. Bopp, Greek denominatives in aw, ew, ow, ihw, correspond to this form, us, πολεμόω, γυναικ-ίζω.

522. 4thly, Those formed by affixing sya or asya to a nominal base, giving it the form of a future tense, generally with the sense of desiring,' longing for.'

a. Thus, from milk,' Pres. 1. 'I desire milk,' 2. ffa, &c.;