Imatges de pàgina
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b. fato collect' has four forms; I. चापयामि &c., 2. &c., 4. चययामि &c.

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3.

C.

भीषये

3d c., to fear,' has three forms; 1. *1991fA &c., 2. * &c., Atm. only, &c., Atm. only.

d. 2d c., 'to go,' makes 4 &c., especially with the preposition fu ‘over,' 97q41fa 'I cause to go over,' 'I teach.'

e. Three roots insert n; 4th c., 'to embrace,' 'to adhere,' making (with prep. वि in the sense of ' to dissolve') -लीनयामि &c, as well as -लापयामि, -लाययामि, and -fЯ &c.; in some senses, however, 144 only can be used: 9th c., 'to please,' makes 5th and 9th c., 'to shake,'

धूनयामि.

(also

): and

486.3d c., to be ashamed,''to flow,' at 'to choose,' and 1st c., 'to go,’ insert p after gunation : thus, ह्रेपयामि &c., अर्पयामि &c.

a. दोधी and वेवी and दरिद्रा (see 390. c) drop their finals (दोधयामि, वेवयामि, दरिद्रयामि, &c.).

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to awake,' in sense of 'to long for,' 4th c., 'to grow old,' in sense of 'to fear,' 'to lead,' take Guņa (f). But to tear,'

C. गू' to swallow' makes गारयामि or गालयासि.

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487. Roots ending in single consonants, enclosing a mediala, generally lengthen the a thus, 1st c., to cook,' makes fЯ &c. There are, however, many exceptions: thus, to he sick,'to hasten,' &c., do not lengthen the vowel. Into blaze,' and some others, the lengthening is optional.

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a. Few roots in m lengthen the a: thus, 1st c., 'to go,' makes ¬¤¶я &c.; to be weary,' &c. Some, however, optionally do so; as, to nfa.

bend,' &c. One or two always lengthen the a; as, to love' makes

b. The roots TV, H, TH, and MH (see 475. e) insert nasals (TA &c.). 488. Other anomalies. – रुह् 'to grow' makes रोहयामि or रोपयामि; क्रूय् or क्रू ' to sound,' क्लोपयामि ; दुष् 'to be corrupt' दूषयामि ; हन् ' to kill,' घातयामि ; शद् 'to fall,' 'to perish,' शातयामि; स्फुर 'to quiver,' स्फारयामि or स्फोरयामि ; स्फाय् — to increase,’ स्फावयामि ; क्ष्माय् 'to shake' as the earth, क्ष्मापयामि &c. ; मृज् ' rub,' मार्जयामि (390. i ); गुह 'to conceal,' गृहयामि ( 390.m ).

a. The roots गुप्, विज्ञ,

'to

, धूप, पण्, पन्, ऋत्, at 390. l, will have two forms ( गोपयामि or गोपाययामि &c, see 390.1).

b. सिध् — to be finished' makes its causal either साधयामि or, with reference to sacred rites, सेधयामि ; भ्रज्ज् ' to fry' either भ्रज्जयामि or भर्जयामि; but the last form may be from भृज्.

C.

हेड् ‘to clothe’ makes हिडयामि; रन in the sense of 'to hunt,' रजयामि. Observe-The causal of verbs of the 10th class will be identical with the primitive; see 289. The causals of causals will also be identical with the causals themselves.

Non-conjugational tenses.

489. The changes of the root required to form the base of the conjugational tenses are continued in the non-conjugational. Moreover, aya is retained in all these tenses, except the aorist and except the benedictive, Parasmai; but the last a of aya is dropped before the inserted i, which is invariably assumed in all other conjugational tenses.

Perfect (second preterite) of causals.

490. This tense must be of the periphrastic form, as explained at 385; that is, ám added to the causal base is prefixed to the perfect of one of the three auxiliary verbs, to be,' 'to be,' or a to do:' thus, 'to know' makes in causal perfect va or बोधयामास or बोधयाम्बभूव *.

First and second future of causals.

भू

491. In these tenses the inserted i is invariably assumed between the base, as formed in the conjugational tenses, and the usual terminations : thus, बुध् makes बोधयितास्मि &c., बोधयिष्यामि &c.

Aorist (third preterite) of causals and verbs of the 10th class. 492. The terminations are those of form II at 435. In the formation of the base of this tense, the affix ay is rejected; but any other change that may take place in the conjugational tenses, such as the insertion of p or y, is preserved. The base is a reduplicated form of this change, and to this reduplication the augmenta is prefixed: thus, taking the bases bodhay and jápay (causal bases of budh, 'to know,' and ji, 'to conquer'), and rejecting ay, we have bodh and jáp; and from these are formed the bases of the aorist abúbudh and ajíjap ( abúbudham &c., abúbudhe &c., अजीजपम् ajijapam &c., अजीजपे ajijape &c, cf. the Greek pluperfect ). 493. The rule for this reduplication is as follows:-The initial consonant of the root, with its vowel, is reduplicated, and the reduplicated consonant follows the rules given at 331; but the reduplication of the vowel is peculiar.

Reduplication of the vowel of the initial consonant in the causal aorist. a. Causal bases, after rejecting ay, will generally end in áy, ár, ár, or a consonant * It may be questioned whether

is found added to causals.

preceded by a, á, e, o, or ar. The usual reduplicated vowel for all these, except o, is i. But Ju is reduplicated for o, and sometimes also for áv. The rule is, that either the reduplicated or base syllable must be long either by nature or position; and in general the reduplicated vowel i or u is made long, and, to compensate for this, the long vowel of the causal base shortened, or, if it be Guna, changed to its cognate short vowel: thus, the causal base náy (from ✈, rejecting ay) makes the base of the aorist aninay (HAA44 aninayam &c.); the causal base bhár (from ¥) makes abíbhav ( &c.); the causal base kár (from ), aćíkar; gam (from ♫♬), ajígam; páć (from 47), apípać; pál (from ), apípal; ved (from fa?), avivid. But bodh (from T), abúbudh; and sáv (from ), asúshav.

b. Sometimes the reduplicated vowel is only long by position before two consonants, the radical vowel being still made short; as, śráv (from makes aśiśrav or aśuśrav; dráv (from), adudrav or adidrav;, abibhraj (also ababhráj).

c. Sometimes the reduplicated vowel remains short, whilst the vowel of the causal base, which must be long either by nature or position, remains unchanged: thus, the causal base jio (from जोव) may make अजिजीव् (also अजीजिव्) ; dint, aćićint; kalp, aćikalp. In such cases a is generally reduplicated for a or á; as, laksh makes alalaksh; yáć, ayayáć; vart (from vṛit), avavart, &c.

d. Observe-If the base has ar, ár, ír, al (from radical ri, rí, or lṛi), these are either left unchanged or ar, ár, ír may be changed to ri, and al tori: thus, vart (from ) may make avívṛit as well as avavart; kírt (from

or acikrit, &c.

) either acikírt

e. The following are other examples, some of which are anomalous: from páy (causal of pá, to drink'), &c.; from stháp (caus. of sthá, to stand'), afafafa &c., and fЯ &c.;

fg &c.; from ghráp (caus. of ghrá, ʻ to smell'), from adhyap (caus. of i, 'to go,' with adhi), in &c.; from ćesht (caus. of ćesht,ʻ to make effort'), way or afaag; from hváy (caus. of hre, to call"), हावं or अजूहवं; from trar (caus. of trar, ‘to hasten'), अतत्वरं; from stár (caus. of stri or strí, to spread'), wat or fat; from dár (caus. of drí, 'to tear'), ; from dyot (caus. of dyut, 'to shine'), f; from śray (caus. of śri, 'to swell'), अशूशवं or अशिष्श्वयं; from smár (caus. of smri, 'to remember' ), असस्मरं ; from sráp (caus. of to sleep'), way; from kath (10th c. to tell'),

or अचीकथं ; from गण् (1oth c. ' to count'), अजगणं or सजीगणं; from prath (caus. of प्रथ्' to spread'), अपप्रयं.

Reduplication of an initial vowel in the causal aorist.

494. Roots beginning with vowels, and ending with single consonants, form their causal aorists by a peculiar reduplication of the root (after rejecting ). The rule is that not only the initial vowel, as in the perfect (2d pret.) at 364. a, but the final consonant also be reduplicated. In fact, the whole root is doubled, as it would be if it began with a consonant, and ended with a vowel; the consonant is reduplicated according to the rules at 331, but the second vowel is generallyi. This i (which probably results from a weakening of a) takes the place of the base

vowel, which then becomes the initial of the reduplicated syllable, and combines with the augmenta, according to 260. a: thus, to infer' makes the base of its causal aorist ऊजिह् tijih; and with अ prefixed, सौजिह (औजिहं 'I caused to infer'). So also, 5th c., 'to obtain,' makes if praise,' makes

'I caused to praise.'

from ἄγω, and ὤρορον from ὄρνυμι.

I caused to obtain;'2d c., 'to Compare the Greek 2d aorist yayou

a. If a root end in a compound consonant, the first member of which is a nasal this nasal or r is rejected from the final, but not from the reduplicated letter: I caused to be worthy,' 'I honoured ;'

or r,

thus,
so, causal base from

to be worthy' makes

and

to prosper,' makes if I caused to prosper;'

to moisten' makes if I caused to moisten.'

b. But when the first member of the compound is any other letter, then the corresponding consonant to this first member of the compound is reduplicated by 331. c: thus, to see' makes faićiksham, ‘I caused to see;'

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'to go'

c. Roots consisting of a single vowel, form their causal aorists from the causal base (after rejecting aya): thus, the root 'to go' makes its causal base arp,‘to deliver over;' and its causal aorist f'I caused to deliver.'

d. ऊर्णु ‘to cover’ makes its causal aorist और्णुनुवं; अन्ध roth c. 'to be blind,' आन्दधं ; and ऊन् 1oth c. 'to diminish,' सौननं.

e. When the consonant which follows the initial vowel has another vowel after it, this vowel must appear in the reduplication: thus, from pise,' comes the aorist आववधीरं.

Benedictive and conditional of causals.

10th c., to des

495. The base of the causal benedictive Atmane, and of the causal conditional in both voices, does not differ from that of the nonconjugational tenses; but the last a of aya is dropped before the inserted i, which is always assumed. In the benedictive Parasmai both aya and i are rejected, but any other change of the root is retained thus, 'to know' makes in causal benedictive bodhyasam &c., bodhayishiya &c.; in conditional, abodhayishyam &c., abodhayishye &c.

Infinitive of causals.

a. The infinitive is formed regularly from the 3d sing. 1st future, as explained at 459: thus, from comes he will cause

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496. In forming a passive verb from a causal base, the causal

affix is rejected, but the other causal changes of the root are retained before the passive affix ya: thus, from the causal base

pátaya (from making 1st sing. made to fall.' to stand,'

to fall') comes the passive

I am made to fall,' 3d sing.

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pátya,

he is

Similarly, to stand' makes fa 'he causes

he is caused to stand;' and 'to know' makes fhe causes to know,' and he is caused to know,' he is informed.'

a. In the non-conjugational tenses, the base of all the tenses, excepting the perfect, may vary from the Atmane form by the optional rejection of the conjugational 4. But in the perfect (2d preterite), the Atmane of the usual form with ám and the auxiliaries (490, 385) is admitted for the passive. In the aorist (3d preterite), the usual reduplicated form (492) gives place to the Atmane form which belongs to those verbs of the first nine classes which assume i: thus, from 4, the causal base of to be,' come the passive perfect भावयाञ्चक्रे or भावयामासे or भावयानुभूवे; Ist fut. भावयिताहे or भाविताहे ; 2d fut. भावयिष्ये or भाविष्ये; aorist अभावयिषि or अभाविषि, 3d sing. अभावि; bened भाषयिषीय or भाविषीय; cond. अभावयिथे or अभाविप्पे. Similarly, from, causal base of

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to know,' come passive perto know ;' Ist fut. बोधयिताहे know ;' 2d fut. बोधयिष्ये or 2. अबोधयिष्ठास् or अबोधिष्ठास्,

fect बोधयाञ्चक्रे &c. 'I have been caused or बोधिताहे &c. ' I shall be caused to बोधिष्पे &c. ; aorist अबोधयपि or अवोधिपि, 3. wey I have been caused to know,' &c. So also, from 44, causal base of शम् ‘to cease,' come the passive perfect शमयाञ्चक्रे or शमयामासे &c. I have been caused to cease,' &c.; 1st fut. Nafame or famiz; 2d fut. शमयिष्ये or शमिष्ये; aorist अशमयिपि or अशमिपि, 3d sing. अशमि ; bened. &c.: and the radical a may be optionally lengthened; thus, 1st fut. शमयिताहे or शामयिताहे &c.

b. So also, af or wafa, 3d sing. aorist, from causal of . Even रम्, कन्द, क्रन्द, and some other roots which end in a double consonant, may optionally lengthen the medial a: thus, aorist 3d sing. सरनि or सरात्रि.

Desiderative of causals.

497. When causals and verbs of the 10th class take a desiderative. form (see 498), they retain ay, and are all formed with isha: thus, makes tutorayishámi, 'I desire to cause to steal,' &c.; D d

ifa

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