Imatges de pàgina
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Six roots in T á, and one or two in e, ऐ ai, and o, change their final

vowels toí: thus,

to give,''to protect,' and

'to stand,'

¿à, ¿tu, &c. So also, to place,' drink,' and 'to quit' ();

( गीयते); सो 'to destroy' (सीयते).

a. But other roots in changed to á: thus,

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'to cut,' make Pres. ¿, 'to measure,'

to drink' (3d sing. tur, &c.);

'to

'to sing'

Tá remain unchanged; and most others in ai and o are

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to tell' makes 3d sing. ; and to know,' ज्ञायते ; पा 'to protect,' पायते ; ध्यै 'to meditate,' ध्यायते; शो 'to sharpen,' शायते.

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b. दरिद्रा, दीधी, and वेवी, drop their finals as at 390. C (दरिये, दीध्ये, &c.); and to become old' makes 1. जीये 446. a.

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C.

'to call,'

(3d sing.

'to cover,' 'to weave,' make their bases húya, víya, and úya ). Compare 450. a.

466. Finali or Ju are lengthened, as also a medial i or u before v or r: thus, from जि, हु, दिव्, कुर्, come जीय, हूय, दीव्य, कूर्य. See 447 and 453. b.

a. But f'to swell' makes 3d sing. ; and 'to sleep,'.

467. Final ri becomes fri, but if preceded by a double consonant is guṇated: thus, कॄ makes 3. क्रियते; वृ, ब्रियते; but स्मृ, स्मर्यते.

a. The roots and are also guṇated (, &c.). See 448 and 448.a. 468. Final Trí becomes ir: thus, to scatter' makes 3.

fill, पूर्यते. See 449 and 449. a.

; but qʻto

469. Roots ending in a double consonant, of which the first is a nasal, usually reject the nasal; as, from,,, come the bases badhya, &c. (Tu, &c.). a. The roots at 390. l. carry their peculiarities into the passive (or, गुप्पे or गोपाय्ये, विच्ले or विच्छाय्ये, ऋनृत्ये or ऋतीय्ये).

470. जन् ‘to produce,' खन् 'to dig,' तन् 'to stretch,' सन् ‘to give,’ optionally reject the final nasal, and lengthen the preceding a: thus, or, &c.

471. वच् ‘to speak,' वद् 'to say,' वप् ‘to sow,' वा 'to wish,' वस् ‘to dwell,' वह् ‘to bear,’ स्वप् ‘to sleep,' यज् 'to sacrifice,' make their bases उच्य, उद्य, उप्प, उश्य, उष्प, उप, सुप्य, इज्य respectively (उच्यते, &c.)

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472. to take,' to ask,' to fry,' to deceive,' to pierce," व्रश्‘to cut,’ शास् ‘to rule,’ make their bases गृह्य, पृश्य, भृज्य, विध्य, विध्य, वृष्य, शिष्य respectively, (गृह्यते, &c.)

a. to reason' shortens its vowel after prepositions (; otherwise). b. अज् forms its passive from वी; घस् from अद्; अस् from भू; ब्रू from बच्; and चश् from ख्या.

Non-conjugational tenses.—Perfect (or second preterite) of passives. 473. The base of this tense in the passive verb is identical with that of all primitive verbs, in all ten conjugations. The bases, therefore, as formed at 364-384, will serve equally well for the perfect of the passive, provided only that they be restricted to the Atmane-pada inflection: thus, q,, &c.

a. When the periphrastic perfect has to be employed (see 385) the auxiliaries and may be used in the Atmane, as well as . Compare 385.b.

First and second future of passives.

474. In these and the remaining tenses no variation generally occurs from the bases of the same tenses in the primitive, Atmane-pada, unless the root end in & vowel. In that case the insertion of i may take place in the passive, although prohibited in the primitive, provided the final vowel of the root be first vriddhied: thus, from f◄ i, 5th c., 'to gather,' may come the base of the 1st and 2d fut. pass. ćáyi (ćáyitáhe &c., ćáyishye &c.), although the base of the same tenses in the primitive is će (ćetáhe &c., ćeshye &c.). Similarly, from Fhu and kṛi may come hári and kári (hávitáhe, káritáhe), although the bases in the primitive are ho and kar.

a. In like manner i may be inserted when the root ends in long á, or in Te, Zai, o, changeable to lá, provided that, instead of Vriddhi (which is impossible), y be interposed between the final á and inserted i: thus, from I dá, to give,' may come the base of the fut. pass. dáyi (dáyitáhe &c.), although the base of the same tenses in the primitive is dá (dátáhe &c.); from hee, to call,' may come hváyi (fan &c.), although the base in the primitive is hoá. But in all these cases it is permitted to take the base of the primitive for that of the passive, so that ćetáhe or ćáyitáhe may equally stand for the 1st fut. pass.; and similarly with the others.

b. In the case of roots ending in consonants, the base of the two futures in the passive will be identical with that of the same tenses in the primitive verb, the inflection being that of the Atmane. to see,' however, in the passive, may be दृश् दर्शिताहे, दर्शिष्ये, as well as द्रष्टाहे, द्रष्ट्ये ; and हन् 'to kill may be घानिता हे, घानिष्ये, as well as हन्ताहे, हनिष्पे ; and ग्रह 'to take may be ग्राहिताहे, ग्राहिप्पे, as well as ग्रहीताहे, ग्रहीष्ये.

c. In verbs of the 10th class and causals, deviation from the Atmane form of the primitive may take place in these and the succeeding tenses. See 496.

Aorist (or third preterite) of passives.

475. In this tense, also, variation from the primitive may occur when the root ends in a vowel. For in that case the insertion of i may take place, although forbidden in the primitive verb, provided the final of the root be vriddhied: thus, from fa&i may come the base of the aorist pass. aćáyi (aćáyishi &c., 427), although the base in the Atmane of the primitive is aće (aćeshi &c., 420). So also, from

hu and kri may come ahávi and akári (ahávishi, akárishi, 427), although the bases in the Atmane of the primitive are aho and akṛi (ahoshi, akṛishi, 420). Again, i may be inserted when the root ends in long á, or in e, ai, o, changeable toá, provided that y be interposed between final á and inserted i: thus, from 'to give,''to protect,''to purify,' 'to cut,' may come adayi (adáyishi &c.), although the bases in the Atmane of the primitives are different (as adishi &c.). But in all these cases it is permitted to take the base of the primitive for that of the passive (so that the passive of i may be either aćáyishi or aćeshi), except in the cc

3d pers. sing., where the terminations ishța and sta being rejected, the base, as formed by Vriddhi and the inserted i, must stand alone: thus, aćáyi, ‘it was gathered;' ahávi, 'it was sacrificed;' akári, ‘it was done;' adayi, 'it was given,' 'protected,' 'purified,' 'cut.'

a. Sometimes the usual form of the aorist Atmane is employed throughout (see 461. c). This is the case whenever the sense is that of a reflexive passive, not of the real passive: thus, to tell' in the aorist passive 3d sing. is af, but in the sense of a reflexive passive; to have recourse' makes passive aorist 1st sing. अश्रयिपि, but reflexive अशिश्रिये; and कम् 'to love' makes 3d sing. passive अकमि or अकामि, but reflexive अचकमे.

b. If the root end in a consonant, the base of the aorist pass. will always be identical with that of the Atmane of the primitive, except in the 3d sing., where i being substituted for the terminations ishța and sta of form I at p. 179, generally requires before it the lengthening of a medial a (if not already long by position), and the Guna of any other short medial vowel *. Hence, from tan, to stretch,' Ist, 2d, and 3d sing. atanishi, atanishṭhás, atáni; from kship, to throw,' akshipsi, akshipthás, akshepi; from vid, 'to know,' avedishi, avedishṭhás, avedi, &c.

c. The lengthening of a medial a, however, is by no means universal; and there are other exceptions in the 3d sing., as follows:-Nearly all roots in am forbid the lengthening of the vowel in the 3d sing. : thus, अक्रमि from क्रम् ' to walk ;' सक्षमि from 'to bear;' fя from to be calm' (but in the sense of 'to observe,' अशामि).

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d. Similarly, अवधि from बध् and अजनि from जन्. The former may optionally substitute अघानि from हन.

e. मृज् and गुह् lengthen their vowels ( समार्जि, समूहि ).

f. 'The roots at 390. l. will have two forms, अकमि or अकामि, अगोपि or अगोपायि, afafe or fifa, &c.

9. Tyto perish,' f). Similarly,

'to yawn,'

to desire,' insert nasals (f, Wam, to receive,' when it has a preposition (e. g. f),

and optionally when it has none (of or Wolf, Pán. VII. 1, 69).

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h. to break' may drop its nasal, in which case the medial a is lengthened (if or fa).

i. हेड 'to clothe' may either retain the e or change it to í or i (अहेडि or अहिडि or अहीडि).

j. 'to go' substitutes T, and optionally does so when adhi is prefixed in the sense of ‘to read’ (अध्यगायि or अध्यायि).

k. ऋत् 'to blame' makes सातयि or साति.

Precative (or benedictive) and conditional of passives.

476. In these tenses the same variation is permitted in the case of roots ending in vowels as in the last; that is, the insertion of is allowed, provided that,

*A medial vowel, long by nature or position, remains unchanged (by 28. b), and in one or two cases a short; as, asami for aśámi.

before it, Vriddhi take place in a final vowel capable of such a change, and y be interposed after final á: thus, from fi may come the bases ćáyi and aćáyi (ćáyishíya, aćáyishye); from ? hu, hávi and ahávi; from ☎ kṛi, kári and akári; from ₹ɩ dá, dayi and adayi. But ćeshíya, aćeshye, hoshiya, ahoshye, &c., the forms belonging to the Atmane of the primitive verb, are equally admissible in the passive.

Passive infinitive mood.

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477. There is no passive infinitive mood in Sanskrit distinct in form from the active. The affix tum, however, is capable of a passive sense, when joined with certain verbs, especially with the passive of sak, to be able.' It is also used passively, in connection with the participles árabdha, nirúpita, yukta, &c. See Syntax, 869.

Passive verbs from roots of the 10th class.

478. In forming a passive verb from roots of the 10th class, although the conjugational is rejected in the first four tenses, yet the other conjugational changes of the root are retained before the affix ya: thus, from 10th c., to steal,' comes the base corya (). In the perfect is retained (see 473. a), and in the other non-conjugational tenses the base may deviate from the Atmane form of the primitive by the optional rejection or assumption of 4, especially in the aorist. See Causal Passives at 496.

CAUSAL VERBS.

479. Every root in every one of the ten classes may take a causal form, which is conjugated as a verb of the 10th class; and which is not only employed to give a causal sense to a primitive verb, but also an active sense to a neuter verb; see 289, 254: thus the primitive verb bodhati, he knows' (from the root budh, 1st c.), becomes in the causal fa bodhayati, 'he causes to know,' he informs;' and the neuter verb kshubhyati, he shakes,' 'is shaken' (from kshubh, 4th c.), becomes he shakes' (actively).

a. This form may rarely imply other analogous senses: thus, hárayati, he allows to take; náśayati, 'he suffers to perish; abhishećayati, 'he permits himself to be inaugurated;' kshamayati, ‘he asks to be forgiven;' allow yourself to be in

augurated.'

480. As to the terminations of causal verbs, they are the same as those of the scheme at 247, p. 126; and the same substitutions are required in the first four tenses as in the 1st, 4th, 6th, and 10th classes.

Conjugational tenses.

481. General rule for forming the base in the four conjugational tenses of roots of the ten classes. If a root end in a vowel, vriddhi that vowel; if in a consonant, gunate the radical vowel before all the terminations, and affix 4 aya* (changeable to ayá before initial m and v, but not before simple m) to the root so vṛiddhied or guņated. 482. Thus, from to lead' comes the base by 37 (Pres. náyayá + mi = A1qq1fa, náyaya + si = Aryqfa &c.; Impf. anáyaya + m = &c.; Pot. náyaya+iyam = áni = &c. Atm. Pres. náyaya+i= नाययानि a doubtful form

is found).

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&c.; Impv. náyaya +

&c. In Epic poetry

Similarly, from 'to lie down'
from भू bhú, ‘to be,’ comes भावय
'to do' and 'to scatter' the
ą

But from बुध् ‘to know' comes the gunated बोधय bodhaya (बोधयामि ) ; and from 1st c., 'to creep,' the guņated 4 sarpaya.

सृप्
कृत्

Observe to celebrate,' and other verbs of the 10th class, will take the changes already explained at 285-289.

483. Roots ending in á, or in e, ai, o, changeable to á, cannot be vriddhied, but frequently insert p between the root and the affix aya: thus, T 'to give,''to love,' and 'to cut,' all make a dápayámi, &c.; ✈ ́to drink,' धापयामि dhápayámi, &c. ; गै 'to sing,' गापयामि gápayámi, &c. 484.

See

a. So also other roots in á insert p, except 1st c., 'to drink,' which inserts ¶ y (41441f4 &c.); and 2d c., to preserve,' which inserts ☎1 (41641fЯ &c.) ; and 2d c., in the sense of 'to agitate,' which inserts (Traufa &c.).

b. So also other roots in ai insert p, but most others in e and o insert y: thus, हे 'to call' makes व्हाययामि &c. Similarly, वे 'to weave,' व्ये 'to put on.' शो 'to sharpen' makes 484. to know,' or

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&c.

Similarly, 'to stew,'

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to cut,' 'to destroy.'

'to bathe,' and 'to languish,' may optionally shorten the á, the last two only when not joined with prepositions : thus, ज्ञापयामि &c., or ज्ञपयामि &c. ; लापयामि &c., or लपयामि &c. (but with परि only, परिगृपयामि) ने 'to waste away' makes only क्षपयामि.

485. Some roots in i, í, ṛi, also insert p, after changing the final vowel to a: thus, fto conquer' makes 9 &c. Similarly, f'to throw,'

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perish,' to buy' (81941fa, —1qqnfa, &c.).

a. स्मि ‘to smile' makes स्माययामि &c, and स्मापये &c.

'to

*This may be derived from the rooti, 'to go,' just as the passive ya is supposed to be derived from yá. See 463.

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