Imatges de pàgina
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vowel but a or á, and optionally ishíḍhvam for ishídhvam when immediately preceded by a semivowel or h.

442. Observe, that the terminations of this tense resemble those of the potential in the memorial scheme at p. 125. In the 2d and 3d singular they are identical. In the other persons of the Parasmai a sibilant is inserted, and in some of the Atmane, both prefixed and inserted. The only difference between the potential and precative of verbs of the 2d and 3d groups, at 290, will often be that the potential will have the conjugational characteristic: thus, bhid, 7th c., 'to break,' will be bhindyát in the potential, and bhidyát in the precative. Compare the optative of the Greek aorist dośny with the optative of the present didoíny.

443. Rule for forming the base in verbs of the first nine classes. In the Parasmai, as a general rule, either leave the root unchanged before they of the terminations, or make such changes as are required in the passive (see 465-472), or by the conjugational rule of the 4th class, and never insert i.

In Atmane, as a general rule, prefix i to the terminations in those roots ending in consonants or vowels which take i in the futures (see 392, 399), and before this i gunate the radical vowel. Gunate it also in the Atmane in some roots ending in vowels which reject i: but if a root end in a consonant, and reject i, the radical vowel is generally left unchanged in the Atmane, as well as Parasmai.

444. Thus, from 1st c., to be,' come the base of the Parasmai bhú, and the base of the Atmane bhavi, by 36. a (bhú + yásam = H¶ẻ &c., bhavi + siya = нfa¶î¤ by 70).

445. Frequently, as already observed, before they of the Parasmai terminations, the root is liable to changes analogous to those which take place before the y of the 4th conjugational class at 272, and the y of passive verbs at 465; and not unfrequently it undergoes changes similar to those of the perfect at 373, &c., as follows:

446. A final

á is changed toe in the Parasmai, but remains unchanged in the Atmane, as before the s of the 2d future terminations: thus, T 3d c., give,' makes

&c. for Parasmai, but

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&c. for Atmane-pada;

'to

'to

a. But ज्या ‘to become old' makes जीयासं &c., and दरिद्रा 'to be poor' drops its final even in Parasmai (eftente, eftfeuta, &c. Compare 390. c).

447. Finali and Ju are lengthened in Parasmai, as before the y of passives, and guṇated in Atmane, as before the s of the 2d future: thus, f 'to gather' makes चीयासं &c., चेषीय &c.; and हु 'to sacrifice' makes हूयासं &c., होषीय &c.

a. When to go' is preceded by a preposition, it is not lengthened (3414 &c. ; otherwise ईयासं).

b. दीधी and वेवी drop their finals as at 390.c (दीधिषीय &c.).

448. Final ri is changed to ftri in Parasmai, but retained in Atmane: thus, 'to do' makes far &c., and 4 &c. After a double consonant ri is gunated in Parasmai, as well as before inserted i: thus, to spread makes re &c., स्तृषीय &c., or स्तरिषीय &c.

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a. It is also guṇated in ri, 'to go,' and ' to awake' (rė, rя, &c.). b. बृ‘tocover,’‘to choose, makes either ब्रियासं or वूर्यासं, वृषीय or वरिषीय or 449. Final rí is changed to fr in both voices, but is gunated before inserted i in Atmane: thus, 1st c., 'to cross,' makes â &c., &c., or तरिषीय &c., or तरीषीय &c.

10th c.,

a. One root,
450. of roots in e,

to fill,' makes que &c. Compare 448. a.

'to drink' makes 4 &c. (which is also the precative of धा 'to hold'); दे 'to protect,' देयासं.

a. But हे ‘to call’ makes हूयासं &c. and हासीय &c. ; व्ये 'to cover makes वीयासं &c., and व्यासीय &c. ; and वे ' to weave' makes ऊयासं &c, and वासीय &c. Compare 465. c.

451. Finalai and to are often treated like final á at 446: thus to sing' makes गेयासं &c.; सै 'to waste' and सो 'to destroy' make सेयासं; दो 'to cut,' like to give,' and to protect' maker. But sometimes they are changed to à : thus, त्रै ‘to preserve' makes वासीय &c. ; दै 'to purify' makes दायासं ; ध्यै to think' either ध्यायासं or ध्येयासं ; गै 'to be weary' either ग्रायासं or गेयासं.

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452. As already stated, if a root end in a consonant, there is no change in Parasmai, except the usual changes before y; moreover, unlike the 2d future, there is no Guņa in Atmane, unless the root take i; the other changes in Atmane are similar to those applicable before the s of the 2d future terminations (390. 0): thus, दुह् ‘to milk’ makes दुह्यासं &c, and धुक्षीय &c. by 306. a: डिप् ‘to hate’ makes डिष्पासं &c., and द्विक्षीय &c, by 302; and बुध् 'to know makes बुध्यासं &c., and बोधिषीय &c. See 443.

a. Roots of the 10th class, however, retain Guņa in the Parasmai, as well as in the Atmane, rejecting the conjugational aya in the Parasmai only; see under Causals (495).

453. According to the usual changes in the 4th class and in passives, roots ending in a double consonant, of which the first member is a nasal, generally reject the nasal: thus, bhanj, 7th c., makes bhajyásam, &c. Compare 469.

&c.;

a. So again, according to 472, to take' makes in Parasmai प्रच्छ ‘to ask,’ पृच्छासं &c. ; भ्रज्ज् 'to fry,' भृज्यासं ( 632 ) ; ब्रश्रू 'to cut,' वृश्यासं (636); व्यघ् ‘to pierce,' विध्यासं; व्यच् 'to deceive, विच्यासं; शास् 'to teach,' शिष्यासं &c. In the Atmane they are regular.

b. So again, and 3 u before r and v are lengthened: thus, to sound' makes कूर्यासं ; and दिव् 'to play,' दीव्यासं. Compare 446.

454. वच् to speak,' षद् 'to say,' वप् 'to sow,' ब ' to wish,' वस् 'to

dwell,'

and

'to carry,' and 'to sleep,' substitute u for va in the Parasmai, to sacrifice' substitutes i for ya: thus, Jr, ur, qr, &c. In the Atmane they are regular; as, वक्षीय from वह; यक्षीय from यज्.

a. जन्, खन्, and सन् conform to 470 : thus, जन्यासं or जायासं &c.; compare 424.e. Observe-In addition to these rules, the other special changes which take place before the s of the 2d future terminations, noted at 390 and 390. a-0, will apply to the Atmane of the precative : thus, कु or कू at 390 makes कुषीय or कुविषीय; भ्रज्ज् at 390. g. makes भ्रक्षीय or भक्षीय; कम् at 390. l. makes कामयिषीय or कमिषीय ; and गुप् may be गुप्पासं or गोपाय्यासं even in Parasmai.

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455. Observe, that this tense bears the same relation to the 2d future that the imperfect does to the present. In its formation it lies half-way between the imperfect or first preterite and the second future. It resembles the imperfect in prefixing the augmenta to the base (see 260), and in the latter part of its terminations: it resembles the second future in the first part of its terminations in gunating the radical vowel, in insertingi in exactly those roots in which the future inserts i, and in the other changes of the base.

456. The rule for the formation of the base in verbs of the first nine classes after prefixing the augmenta, according to the usual rules, will be the same as for the 2d future at 388. Gunate the radical vowel, except as debarred by 28. b. &c., and insert i before the terminations if the futures insert i. When i is rejected, the rules of Sandhi must of course be observed, and all other changes as in the 2d future, see 388-415.

457. Thus, 1st c., 'to know,' makes fi &c.; 'to milk' makes अधोक्ष्यं &c. (see 414 and 306. a); द्विय् 'to hate,' सद्वेक्ष्यं &c. (see 412) ; गुह् ‘to conceal,' सगूहिष्यं or अघोक्ष्यं ( 415.m ) ; मज्ज् ' to be immersed,'

(390. k).

a. The augment will be prefixed to roots beginning with vowels according to the rules for the imperfect : thus, ऊर्णु 'to cover' makes और्णुविष्यं or सौर्णविष्यं, see r. 260. a, b, and compare 390. b.

b. to go,' with fu prefixed (meaning to read'), may optionally form its इ conditional from the root गा (अध्यैष्ये or अध्यगीष्ये, see 421. e).

Infinitive.

458. The termination of the infinitive is tum, like the tum of the Latin supine.

Observe―The affix tum is probably the accusative of an affix tu, of which the affix tvá of the indeclinable participle (see 555.a) is the instrumental case, and of which other cases are used as infinitives in the Veda.

459. Rule for forming the base in verbs of the ten classes. The base of the infinitive is identical with the base of the first future, and where one inserts i, the other does also: thus, budh, 1st c., 'to know,' makes fug bodhitum; fakship, 6th c., 'to throw,' makes ksheptum. Moreover, all the rules for the change of the root before the t of the future terminations apply equally before the t of the infinitive. Hence, by substituting um for the final á of the 3d pers. sing. of the 1st future, the infinitive is at once obtained: thus, शक्ता, शक्कुं; प्रष्टा, प्रष्टुं; सोढा, सोढुं; कथयिता, कथयितुं. So also, दुह् makes दोग्धुं; द्रुह्, द्रोदुं or द्रोग्धुं or द्रोहितुं ; कुच्, कुचितुं. See 388–415. a. In the Veda, infinitives may be formed by any of the affixes, à, nâ, ma, स्यै, से, असे, अध्यै, अम्, ए, ऐ, अस्.

b. The following examples will show how remarkably the Sanskrit infinitive answers to the Latin supine. S. to stand,' L. statum; S. ¿T‘to give,' L. datum; S. to drink,' L. potum; S. eg 'to go,' L. itum; S. 'to strew,' L. stratum; S. ́to anoint,' L. unctum; S. af 'to beget,' L. genitum; S. fa 'to sound,' L. sonitum; S. to go,' L. serptum; S. af

L. vomitum.

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DERIVATIVE VERBS.

'to vomit,'

460. Having explained the formation of the verbal base in the ten classes of primitive verbs, we come next to the four kinds of derivative verbs, viz. passives, causals, desideratives, and frequentatives.

PASSIVE VERBS.

461. Every root in every one of the ten classes may take a passive form (see 253, and 253. a, b), which is conjugated as an Atmane-pada verb of the 4th class, the only difference being in the accent *.

a. There will be three kinds of passive verbs: 1st, The passive, properly so called; as, from e, qu‘he is struck' (i. e. ‘by another'), where the verb

* The accent in passives is on the characteristic ya, whereas in the Atmane-pada of primitive verbs of the 4th class, it falls on the radical syllable. There are occasional instances in the Mahá-bhárata of passive verbs conjugated in the Parasmai.

implies that the person or thing spoken of suffers some action from another person or thing.

b. 2dly, An impersonal passive, generally formed from a neuter verb, and only occurring in the 3d singular; as, from to go,' 'it is gone;' from

'to dance,' it is danced,' where the verb itself implies neither person nor thing as either acting or suffering, but simply expresses a state or condition. This impersonal form is commonly used in classical Sanskrit, with an instrumental case, in place of the active verb: thus it is gone by me' is equivalent to fa 'I go;' and 'let it be gone by him' is idiomatically used

for स गच्छतु ‘let him go.

c. 3dly, A reflexive passive, where there is no object as distinct from the subject of the verb, or, in other words, where the subject is both agent and sufferer, as in it is ripened' (i. e. ‘becomes ripe of itself'); he is born,' &c. In these latter, if a vowel immediately precedes the characteristic y, the accent may fall on the radical syllable, as in the 4th class. They may also, in some cases, make use of the Atmane-pada of the active, and drop the y altogether: thus to express he is adorned by himself,' it would be right to use भूषते ‘he adorns himself.’

462. Observe-Passive verbs take the regular Atmane-pada terminations at 247, making use of the substitutions required in the 4th class. In the aorist (or 3d preterite) they take either the A or B terminations of form I at 418, according as the root may admit the inserted i or not; but they require that in the 3d singular of both forms the termination bei in place of sta and ishța.

Conjugational tenses.

463. Rule for the formation of the base in the four conjugational tenses, Atmane-pada, of roots of the first nine classes. The rule is the same as in the 4th class at 272, viz. affix ya-lengthened to

yá before initial m and v-to the root, the vowel of which is not

guṇated, and often remains unchanged.

Observe-This ya is probably derived from yá, 'to go,' just as the causal aya is derived from i, 'to go.' It is certain that in Bengálí and Hindi the passive is formed with the root yá. Compare the Latin amatum iri, &c. See 481.

464. Thus, from

1st c., 'to be,' comes the base ч bhúya (Pres. bhúya+i =ưù, bhúya+se= a, &c. ; Impf. abhúya +i=nfu, &c. Pot. bhúya +íya, &c.; Impv. bhúya + ai=4, &c.); from तुद् 6th c., 'to strike,' comes tudya (Pres. tudya+i=, &c.).

465. The root, however, often undergoes changes, which are generally analogous to those of the 4th class and the precative Parasmai-pada (see 275 and 445); but a final á is not changed to e as in the precative.

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