414. Eight in h.- to burn (610); to tie, to string toto carry (611); fe to anoint (659); fa to make f); f 2. to lick (661); 2. to milk (660) * ;

gether (624); water (1305. a,

रुह् to ascend (रोढा, रोट्यति).

Roots ending in consonants optionally inserting or rejectingi, either in all the last five tenses and desiderative, or in certain of these forms only.

Observe-When no tenses are specified, the option applies to all except to form II of the aorist and the Parasmai of the precative (benedictive), which can never insert i.

415. Two inć.—or a 7. to contract; to cut (630). a. Three inj.—7. to anoint (668, but necessarily inserts i in desid.); to rub, to clean (390. j, 651); to fry (optionally in desid. only, necessarily rejects i in other forms).

b. Four in t.- to fall (optionally in desid. only; necessarily inserts i in futures and cond., and rejects it in aor.); 6. to cut (optionally in 2d fut., cond., and desid.; necessarily inserts i in 1st fut. and aor.); to kill (optionally in 2d fut., cond., and desid.; necessarily inserts i in 1st fut. and aor.); to dance (optionally in 2d fut. and desid., necessarily inserts i in 1st fut. and aor.).

c. Four in d.- to flow (optionally in all forms except 2d fut. and cond. Parasmai, and desid. Parasmai, where i is necessarily rejected); fa to be wet, to shine, and to kill, to injure (the last two optionally in all forms except 1st fut., which necessarily inserts i).

d. Three in v dh.— to perish; fay 1. to rule, to restrain, to keep off; to prosper (the last optionally in desid. only, necessarily inserts i in other forms, see 680).

न्

e. Two in n. to stretch and to honour, to give (both optionally in desid. only, necessarily insert i in other forms, see 583). f. Five in pa to be ashamed;

satisfied (618); 7 4. to be proud; a

jects i, it is Parasmai only).

1. to defend; 4. to be

to be capable (when it re

g. Two in bh.- 4. to desire (optionally in 1st fut., necessarily

inserts i in other forms *); to deceive (optionally in desid. only, feeforafa or fuafa or fa, necessarily inserts i in other forms).

h. One in म् m.—क्षम् 1. 4. to bear (शमिता or क्षन्ता, क्षमिष्यते, -ति, or शंस्यते, -ति).

i. All in इव् Żv (optionally in desid. only) ; as, दिव् to play, ष्ठिव् to spit, faa to sew.

j. Two in य् y.—चाय् to honour ; प्याय or स्फाय् to be fut (but both necessarily insert i in desid., compare 395. b).

k. Three in .— serts i in desid., see 681. fa 9. to torment (697).

1. Seven in a sh.—

5. Atm. to pervade † (but necessarily ina); 4. to perish (see 390. k, and 620);

to pervade; to cut in pieces, to carve (तक्षिता or तष्टा, तक्षिष्यति or तक्ष्यति, &c.); त्वक्ष् to cut, to carve ; कुष् with fr to extract (otherwise necessarily inserts i); 6. to wish (637); fr to injure, to kill; 1. to injure (the last three optionally in 1st fut., but necessarily insert i in other forms).

ह्

m. Twelve in h.- Atm. to bear (optionally in 1st fut. only, necessarily inserts i in other forms, see 611. a); to take (feat or ग्राढा, &c.) ; गाह् to penetrate; माह् to measure (माहिता or माढा, &c.) ; स्निह् snih, to love ( स्नेहिता or स्वेग्धा or स्वेढा, &c.) ; खुह् snuh, to love, to vomit ; मुह् to be perplexed (612) ; गुह् to conceal ( गूहिता or गोढा, गूहिष्पति or maufa, see 306. a, 390. m); to bear malice, to seek to injure (623); T₹ 6. 7. or j₹ 6. to kill (674); or to extol, to raise; स्तृह or स्तृह् 6. to kill.

Aorist (third preterite).

This complex and multiform tense, the most troublesome and intricate in the whole Sanskrit verb, but fortunately less used in classical Sanskrit than the other past tenses, is not so much one tense, as an aggregation of several, all more or less allied to each other, all bearing a manifest resemblance to the imperfect or first preterite, but none of them exactly assignable to that tense, and none of them so distinct in its character or so universal in its application as to admit of segregation from the general group, under a separate title.

416. Grammarians assert that there are seven different varieties of

* Except the aorist, following form II at p. 184.

9, 'to eat,' inserts i.

the Sanskrit aorist, four of which correspond more or less to the Greek 1st aorist, and three to the 2d aorist, but we shall endeavour to show that all these varieties may be included under two distinct forms of terminations given in the table at p. 128, and again below, and at p. 184.

417. Form I is sub-divided like the terminations of all the last five tenses into (A) those which reject i, and (B) those which assume it; A belongs to many of those roots at 394, 400-414, which reject i; B to most of those at 392, 399, which insert it but in the latter case the initial s becomes sh by 70, and in the 2d and 3d sing. the initial s is rejected, the i blending with the í, which then becomes the initial of those terminations. Moreover, in the case of roots which insert i the base is formed according to rules different to those which apply in the case of roots which reject i.

a. Form II at p. 184 resembles the terminations of the imperfect or first preterite, and belongs, in the first place, to some of those roots rejecting i, whose bases in the imperfect present some important variation from the root (see 436); in the second, to certain of the roots rejecting i, which end in § §, u sh, or ₹ h, and which have i u, or ri, for their radical vowel (see 439); in the third, to verbs of the 10th class and causals.

प्

FORM I.

418. The terminations are here repeated from 247, p. 128.

2. sís stam [tam] sta[ta] | sthás [thás] sáthám dhvam or ḍhvam

419. Observe―The brackets in the A terminations indicate the rejection of initial s from those terminations in which it is compounded with t and th, if the base ends in any consonant except a nasal or semivowel, or in any short vowel such as a, i, u,

or ri. Observe also, that initial s is liable to become sh by r. 70, in which case a following t or th is cerebralised. The substitution of dhvam for dhvam and iḍhvam for idhvam, in certain cases, is explained in the table at p. 128.

420. General rule for forming the base for those verbs of the first 'nine classes which reject şi and so take the A terminations.

In Parasmai, if a root end in either a vowel or a consonant, vriddhi the radical vowel before all the terminations.

In Atmane, if a root end in i, § í, 3 u, or ú, gunate the radical vowel; if in ri or any consonant, leave the vowel unchanged before all the terminations. Final consonants must be joined to the A terminations according to the rules propounded at 296—306.

Observe―The augment a must always be prefixed, as in the imperfect; but it will be shown in the Syntax at 889, that when the aorist is used as a prohibitive imperative, the particle má or má sma being prefixed, the augment is then rejected.

a. When a root begins with the vowels i, u, or ri, short or long, the augment is prefixed in accordance with 260. a, b.

b. Thus, from to lead' come the two bases anai for Parasmai and ane for Atmane (anai + sam by 70; Atm. ane + si=

HЯfa, ane+sthús =

=

81, &c.); and from 8th c., to make,' come the two bases akár for Parasmai and akṛi for Atmane (akár + sam=4 by 70, &c.; Atm. akṛi + si = afa by 70, akṛi + thás = by 419, akṛi + ta= , &c.). See 682. Similarly, ✈ 3d c.,

c. So, from 'to join' come the two bases and ayuj for Atmane (Parasmai ayauj + sam = sva=☎, ayauj +tam =

ayauj for Parasmai

by 296, ayauj + by 419; Átm. ayuj +si = wyfa by 296, ayuj + thás = яya, ayuj + ta =); and from 7th c., 'to hinder,' the bases araudh and arudh (Parasmai araudh + sam = by 299, Du. araudh + sva=i, araudh+ tam = vâ ; Atm. arudh + si=f, arudh + thás =

=

अरुद्धास्, &c.).

d. Similarly, from to cook' come the bases apáć and apać (apáć+sam by 296; Atm. apać + sifa, apać + thás = Huquia, , &c.); and from to burn' (610), the bases adáh and adah (adáh + sam by 306. a, adáh+tam = by 305; Atm. adah + si ufa by 306. a, adah + thás = qua, &c.).

=

=

दह्

Her

अदग्धास्,

421. By referring to 391.b. it will be easy to understand that most roots in i, í,

short u, and short ri, take the A terminations. Most of those in á, e, ai, o, do so in the Atmane, and a few of those in á also in the Parasmai.

a.

orto spread' takes either A or B ; and in Atmane when it takes A, changes rí to ír. See 678.

b. or to choose,' 'to cover,' changes its vowel to úr, under the same circumstances. See 675.

c. Roots in e, ai, o, change these vowels to á as in the other non-conjugational tenses: thus, from 'to cover,' ¤й &c. (see 433), æfa &c. Similarly, fЯ,,, and optionally, see 390. e (Valfa¢ &c., Walfa &c.).

d. to give' (see 663), 'to place' (see 664), 'to protect,' 'to pity,' 'to drink' (if in Atm.), or change their finals in the Atmane to i (fęfa, afgura 2d pl. f). In Parasmai they follow 438.

to stand' (see 587),

to cut' (if in Atm.), 419, afen, afęafe;

to go over,' 'to read' te, &c.).

e. used for to go,' with af prefixed, signifying (Atmane only), changes its final to (wunifa, -tga, f. Atm. to cry out,' 'to void excrement,' and 6th class, preserve their vowels unchanged (fa, &c.; अगुषं, &c.); भु may also make अभौषं and गु may also make सगुविषं, but the latter root is then generally regarded as

'to be firm,' all of the gra, wgn, &c.;

422. The following roots of those rejecting i, enumerated at 400-414, take the A terminations only, both for Par. or Atm : पच्; प्रछ; त्यज्, भन्, भन्न्, भ्रज्ज्, मज्ज्, यज्, रन्, सन्, स्वञ्च् Atm., भुज्, रुज्, सृज्; पद् Atm., हद् Atm., खिद्, तुद, नुद्; बन्धु, व्यध्, राध्, साध्, बुध् 4. Atm., युध्; मन् 4. Atm ; तप्, वप्, शप्, स्वप्, शिप्, तिप् Xtm., हुप्; यभ, रम्, लभ्; दंश; वस्; दह, नह, वह.

a. The following take in the Parasmai either the A terminations of form I or optionally form II; but in the Atmane usually the A form of I, sometimes form II: रिच्, विच् 3, निज्, विज् 3, स्कन्द्, छिद्, भिद्, छुट्, रुथ्, दृश्, मृश्, स्पृश्, कृष्.

b. The following take in the Parasmai only form II; but in the Atmane the A form of I, or sometimes the B form of I: (Atmane doubtful), f, ga, fag 6. ‘to find’ (Atmane doubtful), 4. 7. (only Atmane), शद, सद्, क्लिद, विद् 4, रध्, सिध् 4, क्रुध्, (see 424. b; with the B terminations is generally used for Parasmai, but अहनत् occurs in Epic po.), साप, लिए, लुप्, मृप्, गम्, घस्.

or,,,

423. The following of those inserting or rejecting i, enumerated at 415, take either the A or B terminations: generally Atm. only, fau, त्वप् Ätm., गुप्, क्लृप् Atm., तृप्, दृप् (the last three in Parasmai take also form II), generally Atm. (may also follow form II in Parasmai), 1 (or) Atm., AN, WA, JE, ME, aiz, jz.

424. The rules at 296–306 must in all cases be applied, as well as the special rules applicable to certain roots in forming the futures at 390 and 390. a-o: thus,

makes by 297. b (see 630); makes by 390. k (see 633); नश् in Atm., अनति or अनशिषि; भ्रज्ज, अभ्राक्षं or सभाों, अभ्रक्ष or अभ िby 390.9 : मृज्, अमाक्षं by 390.j (also समाजिपें); नह, अनात्सं by 306. b.