Imatges de pàgina
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touch,'

'to draw,' are generally guṇated, but may optionally change the vowel ri to Tra : thus, सोस्मि or समास्मि &c., सस्यामि or म्रष्यामि &c.

9. Reversing this principle, भ्रज्ज् 'to fry' may make either भ्रष्टास्मि or भटास्मि &c., भ्रक्ष्यामि or भक्ष्यामि &c.

h. The alternative is not allowed when i is inserted: thus, to be satisfied' makes तप्तोस्मि or वप्तास्मि, but only तर्पितास्मि Similarly, दूप 'to be proud.’ i. 'to let go,' 'to create,' and 'to see,' necessarily change ṛi to ra: thus, स्रष्टास्मि, स्रक्ष्यामि, &c. ; द्रष्टास्मि, द्रक्ष्यामि, &c.

j. मृज् ‘to rub’, ‘to clean,' takes Vriddhi instead of Guna (मार्जितास्मि or माटीस्मि). k. मज्ज् 'to be immersed,' and 'to perish' when it rejects i, insert a nasal: thus, मंक्तास्मि, मंक्ष्यामि, &c. ; नंष्टास्मि, नंक्ष्यामि, &c.; but नशितास्मि &c., नशिष्यामि &c. 1. कम् Ätm., गुप्, धूप, विछ्, पण, पन्, ऋत्, at 385. f, may optionally carry their peculiar conjugational form into the futures (कमिताहे or कामयिताहे, गोमास्मि or गोपितास्मि or गोपायितास्मि, विच्छितास्मि or विच्छायितास्मि, अर्तिताहे OF ऋतीयिताहे, &c.).

m. to conceal' lengthens its vowel when i is inserted. See 415. m.

n. a 'to be,' 'to say,' and 'to speak,' have no futures of their own, and substitute those of भू, वच्, and ख्या respectively; अद् 'to eat may optionally substitute the futures of घस्, and अज् 'to drive' of वी ( अजितास्मि or वेतास्मि &c.). Compare 384. c.

o. The rules at 296–306 must, of course, be applied to the two futures: thus, नह् ‘to tie’ makes नत्स्यामि &c. See 306. b.

Observe-The above rules apply generally to the aorist, precative (Atmane), and conditional, as well as to the two futures.

391. It will be necessary here to give the rules for the insertion or rejection of the voweli.

RULES FOR INSERTION OR REJECTION OF THE VOWEL, IN FORMING THE LAST FIVE TENSES AND DESIDERATIVE.

a. Observe-These rules do not apply to form II of the aorist at 435, or to the Parasmai of the precative (benedictive) at 442, which can never insert i.

b. The manifest object of the inserted i is to take the place of the conjugational vowel, and prevent the coalition of consonants. Hence it is evident that roots ending in vowels do not properly require the inserted i. Nevertheless, even these roots often insert it; and if it were always inserted after roots ending in consonants, there would be no difficulty in forming the last five tenses of the Sanskrit verb.

Unfortunately, however, its insertion is forbidden in about one hundred roots ending in consonants, and the combination of the

final radical consonant with the initial t and s of the terminations will require an acquaintance with the rules already laid down at 296, &c.

We now proceed to enumerate, 1st, the roots which insert i; 2dly, those which reject it; 3dly, those which optionally insert or reject it.

Observe-In the following lists of roots the 3d sing. will sometimes be given between brackets, and the roots will be arranged in the order of their vowels.

It is of the utmost importance that the attention of the student be directed to this subject, as the assumption or rejection of this inserted vowel is not confined to the two futures, but extends to many other parts of the verb; insomuch, that if the first future reject i, it is generally rejected in form I of the aorist, in the Atmane-pada of the benedictive, in the conditional, infinitive mood, passive past participle, indeclinable past participle, future participle formed with the affix tavya, and noun of agency formed with the affix tri; and often (though not invariably) decides the formation of the desiderative form of the root by s instead of ish. So that the learner, if he know the first future, will pass on with greater ease to the formation of these other parts of the verb, and may always look to this tense as his guide. For example, taking the root kship, to throw,' and finding the 1st future to be ksheptásmi, he knows that i is rejected. Therefore he understands why it is that the 2d future is kshepsyámi; the aorist, akshaipsam; the Atmane of the benedictive, kshipstya; the conditional, akshepsyam; the infinitive, ksheptum ; the passive past participle, kshipta; the indeclinable participle, kshiptvá; the future participle, ksheptavya; the noun of agency, ksheptri; the desiderative, dikshipsámi. On the other hand, taking the root yáć, 'to ask,' and finding the 1st future to be yáćitá, he knows that i is inserted, and therefore the same parts of the verb will be yáćishyámi, ayáćisham, yáćishíya, ayáćishyam, yáćitum, yáćita, yáćitvá, yáćitavya, yáćitṛi, yiyáćishámi, respectively.

Roots ending in vowels inserting i (except as indicated at 391. a).

As before remarked, it is evident that roots ending in vowels do not properly require the insertion of another vowel. The following, however, take i:

392. Five of those ini and í, viz. f 'to have recourse' (afum, afqwfn), f'to swell,' to fly,'' to lie down,' f'to

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धू

b. All inú, as 'to be' (fam, fafa), except and (which optionally reject i), and except in the desiderative. See 395, 395. a. ri, in the 2d future and conditional, &c., but not 'to do' (aff, but a).

c. All in short

in the 1st future, as

d. Two in short

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ri (viz. to choose' and to awake')

also in rst future (वरिता, वरिष्यति, जागरिता, &c.).

जागृ

rí, may

e. All in long ॠ ??, as तू 'to pass' (तरिता, तरिष्यति). 393. Observe-'to choose,' and all roots in long optionally lengthen the inserted i, except in aorist Parasmai and precative Atmane (वरिता or वरीता, वरिष्पति or वरीष्यति, तरिता or तरीता, &c.).

Roots ending in vowels rejecting i.

394. All in ☎ á, as 'to give' (çımı, qıefa).

a. Nearly all in i and §í, as f'to conquer,' 'to lead' (m, जेष्पति, &c.).

b. Nearly all in shortu, as 'to hear' (ì, ìfa).

c. Those in longú generally in the desiderative only.

d. All in short ri (except ) in the 1st future only, as ‘to do' (a, but aftufa). See 392. c.

e. All in e, ai, to.

See 390. d.

Roots ending in vowels optionally inserting or rejecting ₹i, either in all the last five tenses and desiderative, or in certain of these forms only.

395.

6

or 2d and 4th c. Atm. to bring forth' (an or afam, सोष्पते or सविष्यते).

a. y‘to shake' (ufanı or vìnı, ufawfa or tufa, &c., but i must be inserted in aorist Parasmai, see 430), 'to purify,' optionally in desiderative only (पुपूप्, पिपविष् Atm.).

b. Atm. ‘to grow fat' (प्याता and प्यायिता, प्यास्यते and प्यायिष्यते ; but necessarily inserts i in desid.).

c. to go,' or 'to spread,'' to cover,' and 'to sound,' all in 1st fut., and the latter two optionally in desiderative also (अती, अरिता or (?) सरीता ; स्तती, स्तरिता or स्तरीता; स्वता or स्वरिता ; तिस्तीर्षति or fauftafa or famdufa; fauftafa or ifa). fतस्तरिपति तिस्तरीपति

396. दरिद्रा ' to be poor' optionally in the desiderative ( दिदरिद्राम् or feefife).

397. All roots in longri optionally in the desiderative, as makes तितरिपति or तितीर्षति.

398. f,,,, optionally in desiderative. Compare 392.

Roots ending in consonants inserting ₹ i.

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399. As a general rule, all roots ending in ☎ kh, π g, ■ gh, mjh, द् !, ₹ th, ड् đ, द dh, ण् ?, त् है, य् th, फ् ph, ब् b, य् y, र्, ल् ८, व् ७: thus, f 'to write' makes fam, feufn, &c.; 'to leap' makes afer, aferafn.

a. to take' lengthens the inserted i in all the last five tenses, ग्रह् except the precative Parasmai (gim, yetufa), see 699. It rejects i in the desiderative.

Roots ending in consonants rejecting i.

Observe-The rules at 296–306 must in all cases be applied. When a number is given after a root, it indicates that the root only rejects i if conjugated in the class to which the number refers. When a number is given between brackets, this refers to the rule under which the root is conjugated.

400. One ink.— 5. to be able (gram, qœuf 679).

401. Six in च् ८. – पच् to cook ( पक्का, पक्ष्यति ) ; वच् to speak (650) ; रिच् 7. to make empty (रेक्ला, रेष्क्ष्यति); विच् 7.3. to separate; सिच् to moisten, to sprinkle; ◄ to loosen (628).

(प्रष्टा, प्रक्ष्यति

402. One in th.☎* to ask (wɛɩ, næfa 631).

403. Fifteen inj.— to quit (596); to honour; to sacrifice (597); † 6. to fry (632); to be immersed (633); ➜ to break (669); to colour, to be attached; to adhere (597. a) ; खच् to embrace; निज् to cleanse (नेक्ता, नेक्ष्यति ) ; विज् + 3. to tremble (T, &c.); 6. to bend, 7. to enjoy (668. a); ч to join (670); to break (m, &c.); ч to create, to let go (625).

त्

404. One in t. to be, to turn, but only in 2d fut. Par., cond. Par., aor. Par., desid. Par. (This root is generally Atm, and inserts i, 598.) 405. Fourteen in द् d. - सद् to eat (652) ; पद् to go (पत्ता, पत्स्यते ) ; to fall, to perish; to sink; 1. Parasmai, to mount, to leap; हद् to void excrement; खिद् to be troubled ( खेला, &c.) ; छिद् to

*inserts i in the desiderative.

optionally inserts i in the desiderative.

When fa belongs to the 7th c., it takes: thus, ffam, fafafa. See

390. a.

cut (667); fe to break (583); fag 7. to recognise, 4. to be, to exist, 6. to find; fær 4. to sweat;

तुद्

to pound, to crush (an, aìafi);

a

to strike (634); T to impel. 406. Thirteen in dh.— to bind (692); to pierce (615); ध् -बन्ध् राघ् to accomplish (राडा, रात्स्यति ) ; साध् 5. to accomplish ; सिध् 4. to be accomplished (616); to be angry (mis, muf); gy to be hungry; 4. Atm. to be aware (614)*; Atm. to fight; to obstruct (671); π to be pure;

aor. Par.;

to increase, only in 2d fut. Par., cond. Par.,

to break wind, only in 2d fut. Par., cond. Par., aor.

Par. (both these last insert i throughout the Atmane).

407. Two in n. 4. Atm. to think (617); to kill (654), # ₹ but the last takes i in 2d fut. and conditional.

408. Eleven in य् P. ― तप् to burn (तता, तप्स्यति); वप् to sow ; शब् to curse; to sleep (655); to obtain (681); faq to throw (635) ; तिप् Atm to distil; लिप् to anoint ; छुप् to touch (छोता, छोप्स्यति); लुप् 6. to break (लोमा, लोप्स्यति); सृप् to creep (390.f).

409. Three in bh. Atm. to long after (with (601).

to lie with carnally (, quafi); zu to begin, 601. a); ~ Atm. to obtain

410. Five in m.— to go (602), but takes i in 2d fut. and cond.; नम् to bend (नन्ता, नंस्यति ) ; यम् to restrain; रम् Atm to sport; क्रम् 'to walk' in the Atmane (,).

411. Ten in

--

§.—¿n to bite (¿e, ¿f); fen 6. to point out (583); विश् to enter (वेष्टा, वेक्ष्यति ) ; रिश् to hurt; लि‍ to become small; क्रुश to cry out (mer, fa); ₹ 6. to hurt; 1. to see (390. i, 604, द्रष्टा, द्रश्यति); मृश् to handle ( 390. f); स्पृश् 6. to touch (390. f, 636, zyên, zqxifa).

412. Eleven in घ् sh. — त्विष् to shine ( त्वेष्टा, त्वेक्ष्यति); द्विष् to hate (657); fq 7. to crush, to pound; fa to pervade, to sprinkle, &c.; far 7. to distinguish (672); fa 4. to embrace (301, 302); ¿ 4. to be satisfied (e, f); 4. to be sinful; 4. to be nourished † ( पोष्टा, पोक्ष्यति); शुष् 4. to become dry (शोष्टा, शोक्ष्यति ) ; कृष् to draw (390. f, 606).

413. Two in स् s. – घस् to eat (घस्ता, घत्स्यति ) ; वस् I. to dwell (607) ‡.

* When belongs to the 1st c., it inserts i.

† When पुष् belongs to the 9th c., it takes i (पोषितुं, पोषिष्पति).

c. 2. Atm. to put on,' 'to wear,' inserts i (afa, afawÀ).

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