this, the a is changed to Te*: thus, from pać come the bases papáć, papać, and ◄◄ peć (1. papáća or papaća, 2. pećitha or papaktha, 3. papáća 296; Du. 1. pećiva. Atm. 1. 3. peće, &c.). Similarly, from labh, 1st c. Atm., 'to obtain' (cf. λaμßávw, “λaßov), the base lebh throughout (lebhe, lebhishe, lebhe, lebhirahe, &c.). Sonah, 'to bind,' makes 1. nanáha or nanaha, 2. nehitha or nanaddha, 3. nanáha by 305; Du. 1. nehiva, &c. Atm. nehe, &c.

Similarly, naś, ‘to perish,' 1. nanáśa or nanaśa, 2. nesitha or nanamshṭha (AAP), 3. nanáśa, &c.: see 620, 370. g.

b. Roots that require a substituted consonant in the reduplication are excepted from 375. a (but not bhaj and the phal, see g. below): thus, makes 1. 3. बभाण; Du. 1. बभणिव.

to speak'

c. वच् ‘to speak,’ वद् 'to say,' वप् 'to sow,' वश् 'to wish,' वस् 'to dwell, ' वह् +.५.५. 'to carry,' beginning with v, are also excepted. These require that the reduplicated syllable beu, or the corresponding vowel of the semivowel, and also change va of the root to 3 u before every termination, except those of the sing. Parasmai, the two u's blending into one longú: thus, from vać, to speak,' come the two bases uváć and NT úć (1. uváća or uvaća, 2. uvaćitha or uvaktha, 3. uváća; Du. 3. úćatus; Pl. 3. úćus).

Tvah, ‘to carry,' changes the radical vowel too before tha (see 305. a), optionally substituted for itha ( 1. 3. उवाह, 2. उवहिथ or उवोट). Compare 424.

d. Observe vam, 'to vomit,' is excepted from 375. c (thus, 3. vaváma, vavamatus, vavamus, Pán. VI. 4, 126); it may also, according to Vopadeva, follow 375. a (3. varáma, vematus, vemus).

e. yaj, to sacrifice,' is excepted from 375. a, and follows the analogy of 375. c (1.3. iyája; Du. 3. íjatus; Pl. 3. íjus): the 2d sing. is for 348 by 297 ; Atmane 1. 3. ईजे, 2. ईजिये, fau, see 597. Yej is allowed optionally in the weak forms, and optionally in 2d sing., especially in the Veda. to injure' and

f. शशसव, दददिव).

Atm. 'to give' are excepted from 375. a (I,

9. भज् 'to honour,' श्रथ् 'to loosen,' वप् ‘to be ashamed,' फल् ‘to bear fruit,’ necessarily conform to 375. a, although properly excepted (thus, f, fa, &c.). The following conform to 375. a. optionally: to go,' 'to sound,' (according to some) to sound,' 'to wander,' 'to vomit,' and (according to some) स्तम् and स्यम् 'to sound,' तस् ‘to tremble' (thus, पफणिय or फेणिय, पफणिव or फेणिव, &c.).

h. The following also conform optionally to 375. a: loosen,'

'to tie,' 'to to deceive;' and, when they do so, drop their nasals (thus, yfyy or ग्रथिथ, जग्रन्थुस् or ग्रेथुस्).

i. The following, although their radical vowel is long, also conform optionally

* Bopp deduces forms like pećíva, from papaćiva, by supposing that the second p is suppressed, the two a's combined into á, and a weakened into e.

to 375. a: राज्, भ्राज् Atm., भ्राश्, and भ्राश्, all meaning to shine' (रराजिव or रेजिव, &c.).

j. Tч, when it signifies 'to injure,' necessarily conforms to 375. a (2. If¥¤; Du. 1. रेधिव, 3. रेधनुस् ; Pl. 3. रेधुस् ).

k. तृ ‘to pass' follows 375. a, and ✈ ́to grow old' may do so. See 374. r, s. 376. gam, to go,' jan, to be born,'hkan, to dig,' and I han, 'to kill' (which last forms its perfect as if from ghan), drop the medial a before all the terminations, except those of the sing. Parasm. (compare the declension of rájan at 149). Hence, gam makes in sing. du. pl. 3. jagáma, jagmatus, jagmus; jan makes jajána, jajnatus, jajnus; khan makes ćakhána, ćakhnatus, 22 ćakhnus; and han makes 1. 3. jaghána, jaghnatus, jaghnus, 2. jaghanitha or jaghantha.

377. ghas, to eat,' is analogous, making jaghása, jakshatus, jakshus; Du. 1. jakshiva. See 42 and 70. And in the Veda some other roots follow this analogy: thus, पत्‘to fall' (पमिव &c.); तन् 'to stretch' (तनिषे &c.); भस्' to eat' (बप्सिव &c.). 378. सज्ञ्‘to adhere,' स्वच्‘to embrace,' and दंश् 'to bite,' can optionally drop their nasals in du. pl. Parasmai and all the Atmane : thus, ससजिव or ससञ्जिव, सखजे or सस्वजे.

379. to perish' and Atm. 'to yawn' may insert a nasal before vowelterminations (ररन्ध, ररन्धिथ or ररद्ध; Du. I. ररन्धिव or रेध्व, see 371 : 1. 3. जजम्भे).

380. to clean' makes its base in sing. Parasmai, and may do so before the remaining terminations ( 1. 3. ममार्ज, 2. ममार्जिथ or ममाठे ; Du. 1. ममार्जिव or ममृजिव or ममृज्य, see 651 ).

381. praćth, 'to ask,' makes its base bhrajj, 6th c., 'to fry,' makes either

or

throughout; see 631. throughout. See 632.

आनई,

a. or 'to go' guņates the radical vowel throughout: thus, 1.3.

382. स्वप् svap, ‘to sleep,' makes its bases सुष्वाप् and सुघुप्. See 655.

a. fe or to spit' may substitutet fort in the reduplication: thus, I.

Atm. ‘to be pained,”

383. to pierce,' to encompass,' 'to deceive,' make their reduplicated syllable vi; and the first two roots change vya to vi before all the terminations, except the sing. Parasmai: thus, from vyadh comes sing. du. pl. 3. faery, fafauga, fafaya; Atm. fafa, &c.: from vyać, fa, विविचतुस्, विविचुस् : from vyath, विव्यथे विव्यथाते, विव्यथिरे. See 615 and 629.

a. Ist c. Atm., 'to shine,' makes its reduplicated syllable di (1. 3. didyute). 384. ग्रह् grah, 9th c., ‘to take,' makes its base जग्राह् and जगृह् (S. Du. Pl. 3जग्राह, जगृहतुस्, जगृहुस् ). But sing. 2. जग्रहिथ. See 699.

a. E to conceal' lengthens its radical vowel instead of gunating it in the sing. Paras. जुगूह, जुगूहिथ, &c.

* This rests on Siddhánta Kaum. 134. Some grammarians make the base in du. and pl. &c.

3

b.

PERFECT OR SECOND PRETERITE.-FORMATION OF THE BASE. 169

ah, 'to say,' is only used in the perfect. It is defective in sing. du. pl. 1. and pl. 2, and forms 2d sing. from W (2. WI, 3. E; Du. 2. MEYA, 3.

वाहतुस्; Pl. 3. बाहुम् ).

c. to say' has no perfect of its own, but substitutes either that of

(375. c)

to eat' has a perfect of its own, but

to drive' (ago) may substitute

Periphrastic perfect.

385. Roots which begin with a vowel, long by nature or position (except the vowel á, as in 'to obtain,' 364. a, and in to stretch;' and except to go,' 381. a; and roots having an initial a before two consonants, 371), and all roots of more than one syllable (except to cover,' 375. j; and except optionally

6

to awake,' 375.P, and efcr‘to be poor,' 373. a), form their perfects by adding ám to the root or base (which generally guņates its last vowel if ending in i, u, ri, short or long), and affixing the perfect of some one of the auxiliary verbs, as, 'to be;' bhú, 'to be;' kri, 'to do.'

a. Observe-This ám may be regarded as the accus. case of an abstract noun formed from the verbal base. With it becomes आञ्चकार or आंचकार by 59. Thus, from ईश्, 'to rule, comes 1st and 3d sing. ईशामास or ईशाम्बभूव or ईशाञ्चकार ; the last might be translated 'he made ruling,' and in the former cases the accusative may be taken adverbially. So also, from, to shine,' comes

'he made shining.'

b. When the Atmane-pada inflection has to be employed, only कृ is used: thus, Atm., to praise,' makes 1st and 3d sing. 'he made praising or praised.'

c. Roots of the 10th class also form their perfect in this way, the syllable ám blending with the final a of the base: thus, from 10th c., 'to steal,' torayámása, ‘I have or he has stolen.'

ćur,

d. Also all derivative verbs, such as causals, desideratives, and frequentatives. See 490, 505, 513, 516.

e. Also the roots чay, ‘to go;' ¿y day, Atm., 'to pity;' Я ás, Atm., ́to sit; kás, to cough,' 'to shine' ( &c.) *.

And optionally the roots भी bhi, 3d c., ' to fear' (विभाय or विभयाञ्चकार); ही hri, 3d c., ‘to be ashamed' (जिहाय or जिह्याञ्चकार); भृ bhri, 3d c., 'to bear' (बभार or

विभराञ्चकार); हु hu, 3d c., 'to sacrifice' (जुहाव or जुहवाचकार); विद् vid, ad c., ' to know' (विवेद or विदाञ्चकार); उघ् ush, 1st c., ' to burn' (उवोष or सोपाचकार).

f. The roots कम् Ätm., गुप्, धूप, विछ, पण्, पन्, whose peculiarity of conjugational form is explained at 271, and Atm. 'to blame,' may optionally employ a periphrastic perfect, not derived from the root, but from the conjugational base: thus, चकमे or कामयाच्चक्रे, नुगोप or गोपायाचकार, दुधूप or धूपायाञ्चकार, विविच्छ or विच्छायाचकार, पेणे or पणायाञ्चकार, पेने or पनायाञ्चकार, जानते or तृतीयाञ्चक्रे.

g. Observe-Bases ending in i, u, or ri, short or long, are generally guṇated before ám ; but दीधी 'to shine' and वेवी 'to go make दीध्याञ्चक्रे, वेव्याञ्चक्रे, &c.

from the union of the nom. case of the

tṛi, see 83. I) with the present tense of

a. Observe-The first future results noun of agency (formed with the affix the verb as, 'to be' thus, taking 1 dátṛi, a giver' (declined at 127), and combining its nom. case with f asmi and he, we have dátásmi and dátáke, 'I am a giver,' identical with the 1st pers. sing. Parasmai and Atmane of the 1st fut., 'I will give.' So also dátási and dátáse, thou art a giver,' or 'thou wilt give.' In the 1st and 2d persons dual and plur. the sing. of the noun is joined with the dual and plur. of the auxiliary. In the 3d person the auxiliary is omitted, and the 3d sing. dual and plur. of the 1st future in both voices is then identical with the nom. case sing. dual and plur. of the noun of agency: thus, dátá, ‘a giver,' or 'he will give ;' dátárau, 'two givers,' or 'they two will give,' &c. 387. The terminations of the second future appear also to be derived from the verb joined, as in forming the passive and 4th conjugational class, with the y of the root 'to go,' just as in English we often express the future tense by the phrase 'I am going.'

388. Rule for forming the base in verbs of the first nine classes. Gunate the vowel of the root (except as debarred at 28. b, and ex

*The future signification inherent in the noun of agency dátá, seems implied in Latin by the relation of dator to daturus.

cept in certain roots of the 6th class, noted at 390, 390. a) throughout all the persons of both first and second future; and in all roots ending in consonants (except those enumerated at 400—414), and in a few ending in vowels (enumerated at 392), insert the vowel i between the root so guṇated, and the terminations.

389. Thus, from faji, 1st c., 'to conquer,' comes the base je (1st Fut. je + tásmi = f, &c.; Atm. je + táhe = a. 2d Fut. je + syámi = fa, &c.; Atm. je + sye, by 70). fromru, 5th c., 'to hear,' comes the base tásmi=fe, &c.; 2d Fut. śro + syámi = aìunfa, &c., by 70).

Similarly,

sro (1st Fut. sro +

a. So also, from y budh, 1st c., ‘to know,' comes the base f bodhi (1st Fut. bodhi+tásmi=affe, &c.; Atm. bodhi + táhe= बोधिताहे. f. 2d Fut. bodhi + syámiffa, &c.; Atm. bodhi + sye

=

= बोधिष्ये).

cf 366a.

&c. from

'to embrace,' 'to enclose,'

390. The roots ending in 3 u and Tú of the 6th class, forbidding Guņa, are or to call out,' or 'to void excrement,' or 'to be firm,' or 'to praise,' to shake.' These generally change their final ú to uv: thus, कृ. but कुताहे &c. from कु ; गुवितास्मि &c. from गू, but गुतास्मि &c. from गु. a. The roots ending in consonants of the 6th class, not guṇated, are ◄ ‘to contract,' 'to sound,' to make crooked,' 'to resist,' 'to oppose,' orto cut,' 'to quarrel,' 'to break,' मुट् or मुड् or हुड् ' to pound,' 'to break in pieces,' स्फुट् 'to burst in pieces,’ लुट् ‘to revolve,’ ‘to roll,’ कुड् 'to play,' क्रुड् or द्रुड् 'to be immersed,' खुड्, चुड्, लुड्, थुड्, पुड्, बुड्, भुड्, खुड्, स्थुड्, स्फुड्, all meaning 'to cover,' गुड् 'to guard,' घुड् 'to hinder,' to bind,' to strike,' 'to let out,' 'to emit,' 'to adhere,’ हुड् ‘to collect,’ डिप् 'to throw,' गुर् Atm. 'to make effort,' छुर् 'to cut,' स्फुर् or to glitter,' 'to quiver,' 'to be firm,' 'to go,' 'to eat,'—nearly all

uncommon as verbs. To these must be added for 7th c. ́to tremble.'

b. ऊर्णु ‘to cover’ may either gunate its final or change it to uv (ऊर्णवितास्मि or ऊर्णुवितास्मि ऊर्णविष्यामि or ऊर्णुविष्यामि).

c.

Atm. ́to shine,' Atm. ‘to go,' drop their finals before the inserted i ( दीधिताहे &c.). Similarly, दरिद्रा 'to be poor' (दरिद्रितास्मि &c., दरिद्रिष्यामि &c.). d. Roots in e, ai, o, change their finals to á: thus, to call' (f, Frenfa).

e. fa 'to throw,' to perish,' and Atm. 'to decay,' must change, and t 'to obtain' may optionally change their finals to á (f, Ar&fa, &c.; Elate, &c.; लेतास्मि or लातास्मि, &c.; लेष्यामि or लास्यामि, &c.). Compare 373. c.