a. Observe-The roots enumerated at 390. a. reject Guņa in the 2d sing.: thus, विज् makes 1. 3. विवेज, but 2. विविजिथ. So कु or बू ‘to cry' makes 1. चुकाव or चुकव, 2. चुकुविथ.

367. We have seen at 364. a. that if a root, ending in a single consonant, begin with a vowel, this vowel is repeated, and the two similar vowels blend into one long one by 31. But when an initial i or u is guṇated in the sing. Parasmai, then the reduplicated i becomes iy before e, and the reduplicated u becomes uv before o: thus, from ish, 'to wish,' come the two bases iyesh and ísh (1. 3. ; Du. 1. fq; see 637); and from ukh, to move,' uvokh and úkh (1. 3. ; Du. 1. faa).

a. The same holds good in the root i, 'to go,' which makes the reduplicated syllable iy before the Vriddhi and Guna of the sing. In the remainder of the tense the base becomes iy (compare 375. e), which is reduplicated into íy ( 1. 3. इयाय, 2. इययिथ or इयेथ; Du. 1. faa). But when the prep. adhi is prefixed, the perfect is formed as if from gá, Ktmane only (Sing. Du. Pl. 3. adhijage, -jagáte, -jagire).

b. And if a root begin with

or begin with ri and end in a

syllable is án: thus, from

आन्

a, and end in a double consonant,

single consonant, the reduplicated are, to worship,' comes the base

6

आनर्च् ánaré (1. 3. आनर्च) ; from ऋघ् ridh, 'to flourish,' comes आनर्व् ánardh (1. 3. ; Du. 1. fua, &c.).

c. Atm. to pervade,' although ending in a single consonant ‍, , follows the last rule (1. 3. N).

368. Observe-In the perfect (or 2d preterite) the 1st and 3d sing. Parasmai and Atmane have the same termination, and are generally identical in form; but when Vṛiddhi of a final vowel is required in both, then there is optionally Guņa in the first; and when a medial a is lengthened, this a may optionally remain unchanged in the first: thus to do' may be in 1st sing. either or, and to कृ चकार पच् cook' may be either or in 1st sing.; but in 3d sing. these roots can only make चकार and पपाच.

369. By referring back to the scheme at pp. 160, 127, it will be seen that all the terminations of this tense (except optionally the 2d sing. Parasmai) begin with vowels. Those which begin with i are all (except the 3d pl. Atmane) distinguished by the mark *, because

'to

eight roots only in the language (viz. ‘to do*,' 'to bear,' go,' q‘to surround,''to hear,'' to praise,''to run,' ę sru, 'to flow') necessarily reject the i from these terminations.

Rejection of i from itha (2d sing. perfect, Parasmai).

वृ

370. The above eight roots (except vri when it means 'to cover,' and except kri, 'to do,' when compounded with the prep. sam*) also reject i from the 2d sing. Parasmai.

a. Moreover, the 2d sing. Parasmai is formed with tha instead of itha after roots ending in ri (except after the rootri itself, and vri and jágri, which only allow itha: thus, áritha, vavaritha, jágaritha; and except ♬ at b);

b. and optionally with tha or itha after the root svṛi, to sound' (sasvartha or sasvaritha);

c. and optionally with tha or itha after roots ending in á, e e (except vye, which allows only itha), and after roots inai, व्ये ओ o, ₹ i, § í, 3 u, and the root to shake' (except those indicated at 397, 398, as necessarily inserting i in the futures &c.; e. g. fa, which makes siśrayitha only, and so also most roots inú);

d. and optionally with tha or itha after those roots enumerated at 400-414, which have a medial a, and which reject i either necessarily or optionally from the futures &c. (e. g. , sekitha or sasaktha;, ćakshamitha or ćakshantha, &c.); but not which can only make áditha, jaghasitha;

अद्

and,

e. and optionally with tha or itha after most of the roots enumerated at 415, as optionally inserting i in the futures &c.:

f. but all other roots, which necessarily take i, and even most of those (having no medial a) at 400-414 which necessarily reject i in the futures &c., must take itha only in the 2d sing. of the perfect: thus तुद is तोतासि tottási in the 2d sing. 1st future, but तुतोदिय tutoditha in the 2d sing. perfect (Du. 1. tutudiva). Some few of these, however, are allowed the alternative of tha, as to create' makes auf or सम्रष्ठ ; दृश् ‘to see,' ददर्शिय or दद्रष्ठ; both these roots requiring the radical ri to be changed to g. to dip' and

a nasal when tha is used

ra, instead of gunated, when tha is used.

'to perish,' which belong to 370. d, insert thus, ममज्जिथ or ममंक्थ, नेशिथ or ननंष्ठ.

* But to do,' if ■ is inserted after a preposition, as in, does not reject i, and follows 375. k: thus, 2. fcy.

h. तृप् 'to be satisfied' and 'to be proud,' which belong to 370. e, either gunate the radical ri or change it to ra when tha is used (ततर्प्य or तवभ्य or ततर्पिथ).

Observe-When tha is affixed to roots ending in consonants, the rules of Sandhi, propounded at 296, &c., must be applied.

Optional rejection of i, in certain cases, from the dual and remaining terminations (of the perfect, Parasmai and Atmane, marked with *). 371. The roots enumerated at 415, as optionally rejecting or inserting i in the futures &c., may optionally reject it also from the dual and remaining terminations of the perfect marked with in the table at p. 160 : thus क्षम् makes चक्षमिव or चक्षण्ख, चंसे or चक्षमिषे, चक्षमिवहे or चक्षण्वहे ; but the forms with the inserted i are the most usual, and all other roots, even those which necessarily reject i from the futures &c. (except the eight enumerated at 369), must take i in the dual and remaining terminations of the perfect marked with *. Observe The i is never rejected from the 3d plur. Atmane, except in the Veda.

Substitution of for sà (2d plur. perfect, Atmane).

372. is used instead of by the eight roots at 369, also in certain cases by the roots mentioned at 371. The usual rules of Sandhi must then be observed, as in aase from 77.

a. इदे for इध्वे may be optionally used by other roots when a semivowel or a immediately precedes, as लुलुविध्वे or -विदे from लू, fafafasa or -fug from .

Anomalies in forming the base of the perfect (second preterite).

373. Roots ending iná (as TT dá, 'to give;' dhá, 'to place;' yá, 'to go;' Isthá, 'to stand') drop the á before all the terminations except the tha of the 2d sing., and substitute au for the terminations of the 1st and 3d sing. Parasmai. Hence, from ¿ dá comes the base dad (1.3. TGÌ, ददि or ददाथ; Du. 1. ददिव. Atm. 1. 3. ददे, 2. ददिघे, &c. See 663).

a.

2.

दरिद्रा ‘to be poor' makes 1. 3. ददरिद्रौ; Du. 3. ददरिद्रतुम् ; Pl. 3. ददरिद्रुस्; or more properly takes the periphrastic form of perfect. See 385.

b. ज्या ' to grow old' has a reduplicated base जिज्या (1.3. जिज्यौ, 2. जिज्याथ or जिज्यिथ; Du. 1. जिज्यिव). Similarly, an uncommon root ज्यो Atm 'to instruct’

makes 1. 3.

C.

f'to throw,' 'to destroy,' 'to perish,' must be treated in the sing. as if

they ended in á; and 9th c., to obtain,' may optionally be so treated: thus, Sing. 1. ममौ, 2. ममाथ or ममिथ, 3. ममौ ; Du. 1. मिम्यिव. But ली is 1. ललौ or लि4, 2. I or for fe or fef; Du. 1. ff.

d. Most roots ending in the diphthongs Te (except ,,,, &c., see next rules), ai, au, follow 373, and form their perfect as if they ended in á: thus, दधिव; 115

1st c. 'to drink,' 1st and 3d sing., 2. or, Du. 1. ; 1st दvिe 1st c. to fade,' 1. 3. ì; ì 4th c.

c. ́to sing,' 1. 3. F, 2. ANY or AMY;

'to sharpen,' 1. 3. NAT.

e. But to call' forms its base as if from 7, see 595 (1. 3. JETI, &c.). f. Atm. 'to pity,' 'to protect,' makes its base digi (1. 3. feu, 2. fefryd, &c.). g. to cover' makes vivyáy, vivyay, and vivy (1.3. far, 2. fqfq; Du.. facfue or fafae, &c.).

h. 'to weave' forms its bases as if from vá or vav or vay (1. 3. Tal or TE14, 2. afau or ववाथ or उवयिथ; Du. 1. वविव or ऊविव or ऊयिव, &c. ववे

or ऊवे or ऊये, &c.).

Atm. 1. 3.

i. Atm. 'to be fat' makes regularly q, qfu, &c.; but the root, meaning the same, and often identified with, makes fu, fafua, &c.

374. If a root end in i orí, this vowel does not blend with the initial i of the terminations in du. pl. Parasmai, sing. du. pl. Atmane, but is changed to y, in opposition to 31: thus, from fi, 5th c. 'to collect,' come the bases ćićai, ćiće, and dići, changeable to ćićáy, ćićay, and tidy (1.3. ćićáya, 2. ćićayitha or ćićetha; Du. 1. fefe ćićyiva, 2. ćićyathus by 34. Atm. 1. 3. diéye. See the table at 583). Observe-f fa may also substitute चिकाय for चिचाय and चिको for चिच्ये.

a. Similarly, ní, ‘to lead' (1. 3. nináya; Du. 1. ninyiva. Atm. 1. ninye, &c.). b. fji, to conquer,' makes its base faf, as if from gi (1. 3. fa; Du. 1. fafra, &c. See 590).

c. fhi, 'to go,'' to send,' makes fafa, as if from ghi (1. 3. farara).

d. Atm. ‘to sink,' 'to decay,' makes its base fee throughout: thus, 1.3. fecta, 2. feelfua, &c.

e. But roots ending ini orí, and having a double initial consonant, change i or í to 34 iy before all terminations, except those of the sing. Parasmai; hence, from f1st c., to have recourse,' come the three bases siśrai, śiśre, and śiśriy (1. 3. farara, 2. fgrafq; Du. 1. fafafa, &c.). So 9th c. to buy' (1. 3. चिक्राय, 2. चिक्रयिष or चिक्रेथ ; Du. 1. चिक्रियिष, &c. See 689 ) .

f. fśvi, 'to swell,' like at 373. e, forms its base as if from, but only optionally : thus, 1. 3. शिश्वाय or शुशाव, 2. शिश्वेष or शिश्वयिथ or शुशोच or शुशविथ. g. And all roots ending in Ju or Jú change u or ú to uv before the terminations of the du. and plur. Parasmai and the whole Atmane (except of course,,

in the persons marked with at p.127; and except to be,' see next rule but one): thus, from чdhú, to shake,' come the bases dudhau, dudho, and dudhuv (1. 3. दुधाष, 2. दुधविच or दुधोथ; Du. 1. दुधुविष. Atm 1. 3. दुधुवे ). Similarly, u, Atm. 'to sound,' makes 1. 3. ऊवे, 2. ऊविषे.

h. But

makes 1. 3. शुश्राव 2. शुश्रोथ; Du. 1. शुश्रुव, 2. शुध्रुवथुस्. Atm. 1.3. शुश्रुवे ; and similarly, स्तु, द्रु, and स्रु sru.

i. 'to be' is anomalous, and makes its base throughout; see 585, 586. So सू‘to bring forth' makes in the Veda ससूव .

j. to cover' (although properly requiring the periphrastic form of perfect, see 385) is reduplicated into. In the 2d sing. it may reject Guņa: thus, ऊर्णुनविथ or ऊर्णुनुविष्य, 3d sing. ऊर्णुनाव ; Du. 1. ऊर्णुनुविव, 3. ऊर्णुनुवतुम्; Pl. 3. ऊर्णुनुवुम्. of YOUR EVIT yritta

ηρύκακι

or

k. Roots ending in the vowel ri, preceded by a double consonant, and most roots in long rí, instead of retaining this vowel and changing it to r by 364. d, gunate it into ar in the 2d sing., and throughout the whole tense, except the 1st and 3d sing. (and even in the 1st there may be optionally Guna by 368): thus, from smṛi, ‘to remember,' 1. sasmára or sasmara, 2. sasmartha, 3. sasmára; Du. 1.sasmariva, &c. Atm. 1.3. sasmare.

7. But dhri, to hold,' not being preceded by a double consonant, makes regularly 1. Sing. Du. Pl. दधार, दभिव, दधिम.

m. Įʻto fill,' 'to injure,' and 'to rend,' may optionally retain ṛí, changeable tor : thus, Du. पपरिव or पप्रिव.

n. ri, 'to go,' takes Vriddhi, and makes its base ár throughout: thus, 1. 3. आर, 2. आरिथ; Du. 1. आरिव.

o.

Atm. 'to die,' although properly Atmane, is Parasmai in perfect: thus, 1. 3. ममार, 2. ममर्थ.

p. to awake,' which properly takes the periphrastic form of perfect (UT, see 385), may also take the reduplicated form, and may optionally drop the reduplicated syllable: thus, 1. 3. जजागार or जागार, 2. जजागरिथ or जागरिथ (370. a).

१. गृ to swallow' may optionally change र् to ल् : thus, जगार or जगाल. to pass' follows 375. a, as if it were: thus, 1. 3. WATT, 2.

r.

तेरिथ;

जजरिथ
old' optionally follows 375. a (3. FITC, 2.
• जेरनुस्).

or

जेरिथ ;

Du. 1. तेरिव.

Du. 3. जजरतुस् or

375. We have already seen, at 364, that roots beginning with any consonant and ending with a single consonant, and enclosing shorta, lengthen this vowel in the 3d sing. and optionally in the 1st; as, from pać, ‘to cook,' qua papáć; from tyaj, ‘to quit,' tatyáj (1. 3. tatyája, 2. tatyajitha or tatyaktha; Du. 1. tatyajiva, &c.).

a. Moreover, before itha and in the dual and plur. Parasmai, and all the persons of the Atmane, if the initial as well as the final consonant of the root be single, and if the root does not begin with, and does not require a substituted consonant in the reduplication, the reduplication is suppressed, and, to compensate for