313.stu and nu, 'to praise ;' yu, 'to join,' 'to mix ;' and ru, 'to sound' -follow 312, but take Vriddhi instead of Guṇa before the consonantal P terminations*. Hence the bases stau, π stu, and stuv; see 648. Before the

vowel P terminations both Vṛiddhi and Guna are generally (but not always) suppressed, and uv substituted, as in at 312. Note, that these roots may optionally insert an í before the consonantal P terminations; and before this vowel Guṇa, not Vriddhi, is required. According to some authorities, however, is inserted before all the consonantal-terminations; and, according to others, before all the consonants, except y, v, or m, not followed by an indicatory P.

314. to speak,' can never take Vriddhi, like the roots at 313; but inserts an í after Guna in the places where those roots optionally insert it, viz. before the consonantal P terminations. Hence the bases braví, brú, bruv. See 649.

a. Before the vowel P terminations Guna is not suppressed, excepting in the Ist sing. impf., which may be either सब्रवं or अब्रुवं.

315. f, 'to lie down,'' to sleep' (Atmane only), gunates the radical vowel before all the terminations, and inserts r in the 3d pl. pres., impf., and imperative, after the analogy of the 3d pl. potential. See 646.

316., to cover', takes either Vriddhi or Guna of the final u before the consonantal P terminations, except before the 2d and 3d sing. of the impf., where Guņa only is admissible. Before the vowel-terminations it follows 312, but Guna is retained before the vowel P terminations, excepting in the 1st sing.

or

impf. Hence the bases urnau, urno, urnu, and urnuv (Pres. Par. 1. ऊणौमि ऊर्णोमि ; Du. 1. ऊर्णुवस्; Pl. 3. ऊर्णुवति, see 290. b ; Impf. 1. और्णवं or और्णवं by 260. a, 2. सौणोस्, &c.; Pot. 1. ऊर्णुयां ; Impv. S. 1. ऊर्णवानि, 3. कौतु ऊणोत. Pres. Atm. 3. ऊर्णुते, ऊर्णुवाते, ऊर्णुवते).

or

317. 'to go,' 'to protect,' 'to eat' (edo), TH‘to sit,' Atm., and other roots having a or á for their vowels, cannot be changed, but are themselves the inflective bases (Pres. 1. Tyá+mi=yámi, see 644; & ad+mi=admi, 2. ad+si =atsi, 3. ad+ti=atti; Du. 3. ad+tas=attas, &c., see 652). With atti compare Lat. edit.

a.

to sit' is similar; thus ás+e=áse, ás+se=ásse, ás+te=áste. The final of ás is dropped before dh, hence Pl. 2. ¶à ádhve, &c.

b. to eat,' before the terminations of the 2d and 3d sing. imperfect, inserts the vowela by special rule, see 652; and some other roots of this class require peculiar changes, as follows:

318. ¿f daridrá, 'to be poor,' follows 290. b, making its base daridri before the consonantal terminations not marked with P, and daridr before ati, us, atu (Pres. S. Du. Pl. 3. eftçıfa, eftfçau, efteft; Impf. 1. weftçi; Pl. 3. weरिस्; Pot. 3. दरिद्रियात्; Impv. 1. दरिद्राणि; Du. 1. दरिद्राव ; Pl. 3. दरिद्रतु) 319. dídhí, to shine' (Atm.), and 'to go' (Atm.), change their final to y, and not to iy, before the vowel-terminations (compare 312); but in the poten

That is, the terminations marked with P, which begin with consonants.

tial the final í coalesces with the í of the terminations (Pres. Sing. 1. ; ; Pl. 3. दीध्यते ; वेव्यते : Pot. 1. दीधीय, &c.).

320.vać, to speak,' changes its final palatal to a guttural before all the hard consonantal terminations, in conformity with 176; but not before the soft (except dh), by 294. a. It is defective in the 3d pl. present and imperative, where its place must be supplied by at 314, 649. Hence the bases vać and vak. See 650. 321.mrij, to cleanse,' is vriddhied in strong forms, and optionally before the vowel-terminations having no P. Hence the bases márj and mṛij. See 651.

322. rud, to weep,' besides the usual Guna change before the P terminations, inserts the vowel i before all the consonantal terminations except y, and optionally a or í in the 2d and 3d sing. impf. Hence rodi, rudi, rud. See 653a. to sleep,' and to breathe,' and to eat,' are similar, but without Guna. The last obeys 290. b. In the Epic poems, forms like fЯ are found as well as afufa, while in the Veda other roots besides the above five insert i (as qufafa, afafı, afófa, afcfa, &c.).

323. han, to kill,' makes its base ha before t or th (by 57. a); ♬ ghn before anti, an, antu; and ja before f. The last change is to avoid the proximity of two aspirates. See 654, and compare 331. b.

324.

vas, to desire,'' to choose,' suppresses the a, and changes v to u before the terminations which have no P (see 293. a); and N us becomes J ush before t and th by 300. See 656.

325. is, 'to rule' (Atmane only), and id, to praise' (Atm.), not guṇated by 28. b, insert the vowel i between the root and the terminations of the 2d person,,, and (—Pres. 1., 2. fz, 3. Du. 1. ईड्यहे; Pl. 2. ईडिध्वे ; Impf. 3. ऐस, &c. ; Pot. 1. ईडीय, &c. ; 2. ईडिष्य, 3. ईट्ठां ; Pl. 2. ईडिवं. ईश् – Pres. 1. ईशे, 2. ईशिषे, 3. ईष्टे 3., &c.; Impv. 3. ei, &c.).

(see 48. b); Impv. 1. ईडै, by 300; Impf.

326. Tćaksh, to speak' (Atm.), drops the penultimate k before all consonantal terminations, except those beginning with m or v (Pres. 1., 2. ¶¶ + À= चक्षे, 3. चष्टे, &c., see 302. a, 303. a: Impf. 3. अचष्ट ; Pot. 3. चक्षीत ). Kátyáyana considers the original root, whence is formed ; the latter being substituted for in the non-conjugational tenses.

327. as, 'to be' (Parasmai-pada only), a very useful auxiliary verb, follows 293. a, and rejects its initial a, except before the P terminations. The 2d pers. sing. of the pres. is fa for fæ. The impf. has the character of an aorist, and retains the initial a throughout, and inserts í before the s and t of the 2d and 3d sing.; see 584. The 2d sing. imperative substitutes e for as, and takes the termination dhi. This root is found in the Atmane-pada, with the prepositions vi and ati, when the Present is Sing. व्यतिहे, से, स्ते; Du. - स्वहे, पाये, पाते, -Ħe, -s, -чà; Pot. S. 1. f, &c. (Páṇ. VIII. 3, 87). See 584. 328. TR sás, to rule,' in Parasmai (but not in Atmane), changes its vowel to i before the consonantal terminations having no P, except that of the 2d sing.

X

375.0.

Carties.

Impv. Before that and all vowel-terminations, as well as in the strong forms, the vowel of the root remains unchanged; and, after i, becomes by 70. Hence the bases शास् and शिष्. See 658.

a. चकास्, ‘to shine, ' is Pres. 1. चकास्मि, 2. चकास्ति, 3. चकास्ति; Du. 1. चकास्वस्; Pl. 3. चकासति (290. b); Impf. 1. अचकासं, 2. अचकास् or अचकात् (292.a), 3. सचकात्; Du. 1. अचकास्ख; Pl. 3. अचकासुस् ; Pot. 1. चकास्यां; Impv. 1. चकासानि, 2. चकाधि or चकाद्धि (304), 3. चकास्तु ; Du. 1. चकासाव, 2. चकास्तं ; Pl. 3. चकासतु. 329. duh, 'to milk,' and fe lih, 'to lick,' form their bases as explained at 305, 306. They are conjugated at 660, 661.

(GROUP II.)—Third class, containing about 20 primitive verbs.

RULES OF REDUPLICATION.

Applicable to the 3d class and to all reduplicated forms, such as the perfect (or 2d pret.), aorist (or 3d pret.), desiderative, and frequentative. 330. In doubling a root the initial consonant and first vowel are generally repeated, as lilip from lip, but there are special rules; 331. 1st, As to consonants. A corresponding unaspirated letter is substituted for an aspirate: thus, d for dh. So in Greek T is ફ્ repeated for ; as, Ovw, тéOUкα, &c.

a. The palatal ▼ć is substituted for the gutturals ☎ k or ☎ kh; and the palatalj for the gutturals 'g, gh, or ₹ h.

b. Note, 'to kill,' and fe,' to go,' substitute gh for when reduplicated.

c. If a root begin with a double consonant, the first consonant only, or its substitute, is repeated; but if with a double consonant, whose first is a sibilant and whose second is hard, the second, or its substitute, is reduplicated: thus, forksh; s for sy; j for hr;t for sth;

d. 2dly, As to vowels. and diphthongal sounds are thus, a is reduplicated for ai; u forú, o, and

for sk; p for sp. A short vowel is repeated for a long, represented by their second element:

ά; ₹ i for ‡ í, ■ ri, ■ rí, ▼ e, and au. In certain cases i is also re

peated for a and á, as being a lighter vowel.

e. Note, 'to shine,' makes didyut for dudyut.

f. Observe-As a general rule, the reduplicated syllable has a tendency to lighten the weight of the radical syllable.

g. Observe also, that when a form has once been reduplicated, it is never reduplicated again in forming other derivatives from it (see 517. a), and that when roots which have to be reduplicated have any changed form, this modified form is taken

in the reduplication rather than the original root: thus, to remember,' being changed to in the desiderative, the vowel of the root does not appear in the reduplication (c).

Formation of the base.

332. Rule for forming the base in the four conjugational tenses. Reduplicate the initial consonant and vowel of the root, and gunate the vowel of the radical syllable before the P terminations only, as in the 2d conjugation, by 293. a. Observe-This class resembles the vowel between the root and terminations. necessarily rejects the nasal in 3d plur. Parasmai-pada, by 290. a, and takes us for an in 3d plur. imperfect Parasmai, before which us Guņa is generally required. See 290, 291, 292.

2d in interposing no It is the only class that

Thus, from bhri, 'to bear' (pépw, fero), is formed the base of the present singular fa bibhar (1. bibhar + mi = faxff), and the base of the dual and plural fa bibhṛi (Du. 1. bibhṛi + vas = बिभृवस्; Pl. 1. bibhri + mas = विभ्रमस्; Pl. 3. bibhri+ati = बिभ्रति by 34 and 290). See the table at 583.

a. Note, that bibharti bears the same relation to bibhṛimas that fert does to ferimus, and vult to volumus.

333. Similarly, from t bhí, to fear,' come the two bases bibhe and bibhí; from hu, 'to sacrifice,' the two bases juho and juhu. The former of these roots may optionally shorten the radical vowel before a consonant, when not guṇated. See 666. The latter may optionally reject its final before vas and mas, and is the only root ending in a vowel which takes dhi for hi in the 2d sing. imperative. See 662.

a., 'to be ashamed,' is like f, but changes its final to iy before the vowel-terminations, in conformity with 123. a. See 666. a.

334. ¶ri, 'to go,' is the only verb in this class that begins with a vowel. It substitutes iy for ri in the reduplication, and makes its bases iyar and इयू iyri (Pres. S. Du. Pl. 3. इयर्ति इयूतस्, इयति ; Impf. 1. ऐयरं, 2. ऐयर्, 3. ऐयर् ; Du. 3. ऐसृतां ; Pot. 3. इयृयात् ; Impv. 1. इयराणि).

335. dá, 'to give' (dida, do), drops its final á before all excepting the P

terminations. Hence the bases dadá and dad. It becomes de before the hi of the imperative. See 663.

336. dhá, 'to place' (Tíonus), is similar. Hence the bases dadhá and dadh ; but dadh becomes before t, th, and s; and dhad before dhre and dhram by 299. a,b; and dhe before the hi of the imperative. See 664.

337. há, to abandon,' changes its final á to

before the consonantal

terminations not marked with P, and drops the final altogether before the vowelterminations, and before y of the potential. Hence the bases jahá, jahí, jah. Before hi of the imperative the base is optionally jahá, jahí, or jahi. According to some authorities, may be shortened into in the present, imperfect, and imperative. See 665.

338. A má, to measure' (Atm.), and I há, 'to go' (Atm.), make their bases fært mimí and fat jihí before the consonantal terminations not marked with P. Before the vowel-terminations their bases are mim and jih (Sing. Du. Pl. 3. faetà, जिहाते, जिहते; Impf. 3. अजिहीत; Impv. 3. जिहीतां). See मा at 664. a.

339.jan, to produce' (Parasmai-pada), rejects the final nasal (see 57. a), and lengthens the radical a before t and th and hi, and optionally before y. Before consonantal terminations beginning with m or v the radical jan remains, but before vowel-terminations not marked with P the medial a is dropped, and the nasal combining with j becomes palatal (compare the declension of rájan at 149). Hence the three bases jajan, jajá, and jajn. See 666. b.

340. bhas, to eat,' 'to shine,' like jan, rejects the radical a before the vowel-terminations not marked with P; and bh coalescing with s becomes p by 42 (Pres. S. Du. Pl. 3. बभस्ति, बभस्तस्, बप्सति). The same contraction takes place before terminations beginning with 7, 7, but the final s is then dropped, and the usual rules of Sandhi applied: thus, + by 298.

=

341. fato purify,' fato separate,' and faq 'to pervade,' 'to penetrate,' gunate the reduplicated syllable before all the terminations, and forbid the usual Guņa of the radical syllable before terminations beginning with vowels, as in the 1st sing. impf. and the 1st sing. du. pl. impv. (Pres. 1.

2.

f, नेनेक्षि, 3. नेनेक्ति; Du. 1. नेनिज्वस्, &c. ; Pl. 1. नेनिज्मस्, 3. नेनिजति ; Impt. 1. अनेनिजं, 2. अनेनेक्, &c. ; Pl. 3. अनेनिजुस्, &c. ; Impv. 1 नेनिजानि; Du. 1. नेनिजाव ; Pl. I. नेनिजाम.

1.

(GROUP II.)-Seventh class, containing about 24 primitive verbs.

342. Rule for forming the base in the four conjugational tenses. Insert na (changeable to na after ri &c. by 58) between the vowel and final consonant* of the root before the P terminations, and ₹ ʼn (changeable to,,,, or Anusvára †, according to the consonant immediately succeeding) before all the other terminations.

Observe-This class resembles the 2d and 3d in interposing no vowel between the final consonant of the root and the terminations. a. Similarly, n is inserted in certain Greek and Latin roots; as, μal, μavbávæ ; λαβ, λαμβάνω; θιγ, θιγγάνω ; scid, scindo; fid, findo; tag, tango ; lig, linquo, &c. See 258. a.

* All the roots in this class end in consonants.

The change to Anusvára will take place before sibilants and . See 6. b.