tenses. Affix ya to the root. The vowel of the root is not guņated, and generally remains unchanged. Remember, that the inserted ya is liable to become yá before an initial m and v of the terminations of the four tenses (but not before the m of the 1st sing. imperfect), as in the 1st class at 261.

273. Thus, from fay sidh, to succeed,' is formed the base f sidhya (Pres. 1. sidhyá +mi = férfя sidhyámi, 2. færaf♬ sidhyasi, &c.; Impf. asidhya+m=fan asidhyam, &c.; Pot. 1. sidhya + iyam=faш¶¤ sidhyeyam, 2. fara sidhyes, &c.; Impv. 1. sidhya + áni = farfa sidhyáni, &c. Atm. Pres. 1. sidhya + i = fi sidhye, sidhya ·+se = faua sidhyase, &c.). See 616.

274. Similarly, from má, to measure,' the base T4 máya (Pres. 1. Átm. máya + i=Ħà máye, &c.); from faq kship, ‘to throw,' fakshipya; from nrit, 'to dance,' nritya; from 'to fly,'

नृत्

डीय (Pres. Atm. I. डीये ).

275. Roots ending in am and iv, and one in ad, lengthen the vowel; as, from fea dir, 'to play,' ¿ divya; from ♬ bhram (also c. 1), 'to wander,'

bhrámya; from Яmad, to be mad,' Imádya. Similarly, step,' 'to endure,' to grow weary,' 'to be afflicted,'

but bhram may optionally form ч♬ bhramya.

276. If a root contain a nasal it is generally rejected; as, from

A

(also c. 1) ‘to

to be tamed;'

to fall,'

so, ‘to 'to divide.’

भ्रश्य bhraśya ; from रन् 'to colour,' राज्य; जन् 'to be born' makes जाय jiya (Pres. 1. Atm. 1), lengthening the vowel, to compensate for the loss of n. a. Roots ending in o drop this o before the conjugational ya: thus, end,' makes its base sya. Similarly, to cut,' 'to sharpen,' 277. The following are anomalous. From to grow old,'ů jírya; from ayto pierce,' fa ridhya; from faz to be viscid,'

medya.

Observe-Although this class includes only 130 primitive verbs (generally neuter in signification), yet every one of the 2000 roots in the language may have a passive form which follows the Atmane-pada of this class, differing from it only in the position of the accent, see 253. a.

(GROUP I.)-Sixth class, containing about 140 primitive verbs. 278. Rule for the formation of the base in the four conjugational tenses. Affix the vowel a to the root, which is not guṇated, and in other respects generally remains unchanged. Remember, that the inserted a becomes á before an initial m and v of the terminations of the four tenses (but not before the m of the 1st sing. imperfect), as in the 1st and 4th conjugations at 261 and 272.

279. Thus, from far kship, 'to throw,' comes the base fær kshipa (Pres. 1. kshipá +mi = fä¶nfя kshipámi, 2. kshipa + si = fa¶fa kshipasi; Pot. 1. kshipa+iyam=faч kshipeyam, &c. Atm. Pres. J. kshipa+i=fäu kshipe; see 635); from tud, to strike,' ŋę tuda; तुद from fe dis, to point out,' fe diśa.

तुद्

280. Roots ini, Tu or Tú, Hri and rí, generally change those vowels into iy, uv, friy, and ir respectively; as, from fr, 'to go,' comes the base friya; from 'to praise,' ■‘to die,' f■■ mriya (626); from

nuva; from to agitate,' ya dhuva; from

kṛí, to scatter,' fan kira (627).
गिल.

a. to swallow' makes either for

281. A considerable number of roots of the sixth class, ending in consonants, insert a nasal before the final consonant in the four tenses; as, from, to let go,' comes the base munca; from feu ‘to anoint,' fe limpa; from a — to cut,' कृन्त krinta: from सिच् 'to sprinkle,' सिच sinta ; from लुप्‘to break,’ lumpa. Similarly, fato form,'' organize,' fa 'to find,' fær ‘to trouble.” 282. The following are anomalous. From

6

to wish,' comes the base/27055.

iććha; from to ask,' priććha; from to fry,' bhrijja; from व्यच् ‘to deceive,’ विच vica; from ब्रश्रू 'to cut,' वृश्व vriśca ; from नॄह् ‘to kill,’ गृह triha.

a. The roots and are sometimes regarded as falling under this class; see their bases at 270.

(GROUP I.)-Tenth class, containing a few primitive verbs and all causals.

283. Rule for forming the base in the four conjugational tenses. Gunate the vowel of the root throughout every person of all the four tenses (except when debarred by 28. b), and affix 4 aya to the root so guņated. This 4 aya becomes ayá before initial m and v of the terminations of the four tenses, but not before m of the 1st sing. imperfect.

284. Thus, fromtur, to steal,' is formed the base toraya (Pres. 1. torayá +mi = f ćorayámi, 2. toraya + si = mafa torayasi, &c.; Impf. 1. atoraya + m =◄◄man aćorayam, &c., see 638; Pot. 1.ćoraya + iyam = ćorayeyam; Impv. 1. coraya ma + áni=carf torayáni, &c., see 58).

285. Roots ending in vowels generally take Vriddhi instead of Guna; as, from 'to please,' práyaya (see 485. a); from to hold,' dháraya. But to choose' makes 4 varaya. This last, however, is generally regarded as a

causal.

286. Roots containing the vowel a before a single consonant generally lengthen this vowel; as, from to swallow,' I grásaya: but from 'to mark,' अङ्कय; from दण्ड् 'to punish,' दण्डय.

a. The following, however, do not lengthen the medial a, though followed by a single consonant : कय् 'to say' (कथय ); गण् 'to count;' अघ् 'to sin;’ खच् ‘to tie;’ to arrange;' Atm. in the sense of 'to surround;' to scream;' 'to wound ;' श्रय् and लय् in the sense of ‘to be lax or weak;' रह् 'to quit ;' पद् Atm. 'to go;' to sound;' 7, 7, 7, 'to sound;' to count' (also

lengthened in Epic poetry);

to spend ;' and others less common.
kírtaya (Pres.

287., to celebrate,' 'to praise,' makes a

f).

288. A few roots with a medial ri retain that vowel unchanged; as, from

6

'to desire,' स्पृहय; मृग् to search,' मृगय; मृष् 'to bear,' मृषय ( more commonly मर्धय); गृह् Xtm. ‘to take,' गृहय (also ग्राहय); कृप् 'to pity,' कृपय; but मृज् ' to wipe' takes Vriddhi (). Some of these may be regarded as nominals.

a. The following also do not gunate their medial vowels:

पुट् ‘to bind,' स्फुट् ‘to become manifest,' कुण् or गुण 'to consult.'

to make happy,'

b. There are a few roots of more than one syllable (see 75. a) said to belong to the roth class, viz. सभाज् ' to worship,' अवधीर् 'to despise,' संग्राम् ' to fight,' कुमार् or कुमाल् ‘to play,' गवेष् 'to search,' विडम्ब् 'to imitate,' निवास 'to put on,' संकेत् ‘to invite,’ आन्दोल, हिन्दोल, हिल्लोल, प्रेङ्खोल्, 'to swing,' पल्यूल् or पल्पुल् or बल्यूल् 'to cut off.' These and a few monosyllabic roots of the 10th class, such as

'to divide,' अर्थ् ‘to ask,' मिश्र् 'to mix,' अङ्क 'to mark,' मूत् 'to make water,' सूत् 'to thread,' 'to fan,' fto perforate,' 'to sound,' and others less common, can, according to some grammarians, form their bases optionally with ápaya : thus, अंश् may make in Pres. 1. अंशापयामि or अंशयामि.

289. It has been shown that every root may have a causal form, which follows the rule of conjugation of the 10th class; and it has already been remarked at 254, that it may be owing to the fact that there are a number of active primitive verbs not causal in their signification, but conjugated like causals, that a 10th class has arisen as distinct from the causal. In verbs of this class the causal form will generally be identical with the primitive. Again, as some verbs which are really causal in their signification are regarded as belonging to the 10th class, there will often be a difficulty in determining whether a verb be a primitive verb of the 10th conjugation, or a causal verb. Hence the consideration of the 10th conjugation must to a great extent be mixed up with that of the causal form of the root. See the special changes applicable to causals at 483-488.

a. Observe, that all verbs, whether primitive or causal, which belong to the 10th class, have this great peculiarity, viz. that the conjugational aya is carried throughout all the tenses of the verb, non-conjugational as well as conjugational, except only the aorist and the precative, Parasmai-pada (compare 254). For this reason the formation of the base of the non-conjugational tenses of verbs

of the 10th conjugation will not be explained under the general head of the nonconjugational tenses (at 363), but will fall under causal verbs.

b. According to some grammarians all verbs of the 10th class may also belong to the Ist. It has been already pointed out that many verbs of the 10th are also conjugated in other classes; and many may be regarded as nominals.

FORMATION OF THE BASE IN GROUPS II AND III, COMPRISING THE 2D,

3D, 7TH, 5TH, 8TH, AND 9TH CLASSES OF VERBS.

290. Before entering upon the formation of the base in the remaining two groups, the student should turn back to the table at 247, and observe that they take the regular terminations of the memorial scheme, with few substitutions, except in the 3d plur. present and imperative, Atmane-pada, where the nasal is rejected in all six classes.

a. The 3d class, however, owing to the burden occasioned by reduplication, rejects the nasal from the 3d plur. of the Parasmai-pada, as well as from the Atmane-pada, in these two tenses, and takes us for an in the 3d pl. imperfect.

b. Two roots, moreover, in the 2d class ('to eat' and and roots of more than one syllable (as, to be poor,'

́to rule')*, 'to shine,'

to be awake,' all formed by reduplication), resemble the 3d class in rejecting the nasal from the 3d pl. Parasmai, and taking us for an in the imperfect.

c. Some roots ending in á, as 41, 4, and a few others of the 2d class, as fara, f, &c., also optionally take us for an in the imperfect, before which a final á is dropped.

291. Observe also, that roots ending in consonants, of the 2d and 3d, and all roots of the 7th, and the roothu of the 3d class, take dhi (the Greek 1) for hi in the 2d sing. imperative† (see 247); and that roots ending in vowels, of the 5th, and all roots of the 8th, and roots ending in consonants of the 9th class, resemble the first group of classes at 259, in rejecting this termination hi altogether.

292. Again, roots ending in consonants will reject the terminations s and t of the 2d and 3d sing. imperfect by 43. a, changing the final of the root, if a soft consonant, to an unaspirated hard, by 42. a; and in other respects changing a final consonant, as indicated at 43. b, c, d, e. In roots ending in 7, 4, 7, V, the 3d person rejects the termination t regularly, and ends therefore in simple ; the 2d person optionally rejects either the termination s, and ends therefore in t, or the

Sás probably follows the analogy of reduplicated verbs, on account of its double sibilant. It may have been a contraction of शशस्. So जछ् may be a corruption of जघस्.

↑ Dhi was originally the only form. Hence in the Vedas

(kλïbɩ); and in

the Mahá-bhárata rafu. Dhi then passed into hi, as dhita passed into hita,

urqifu.

and bhúmi into the Latin humus.

U

final dental of the root, and ends then in s; ex. gr. vid-3d person avet, zd person avet or aves.

a. If a root end in s, this s must be changed to t in the 3d person; and may be optionally so changed in the 2d person, see 304. a.

k in the 2d and 3d sing. imperfect

b. If a root end inh, this final h becomes of roots beginning with d; in all other roots the final becomes (cf. 305). In both cases the aspiration is thrown back on the first consonant of the root, if this is allowed by the general rule (42. c, 306. a).

293. Although comparatively few verbs fall under the last two groups of classes, yet some of these are among the most useful in the language. Their formation presents more difficulties than that of the Ist group, containing the 1st, 4th, 6th, and 10th classes. In these latter the verbal base, although varying slightly in each, preserves the form assumed in the singular before all the terminations of every conjugational tense; but in the last two groups the base is liable to variation in the various persons and numbers of most of the tenses, such variation being denoted by the letter P and other indicatory letters of the memorial scheme at 246, which, be it remembered, are significant only in reference to the second and third groups, and not to the first.

ལ

a. In the perfect (2d preterite), however, being a non-conjugational tense, the P is equally significant for verbs of all conjugations. Observe-This P, which usually indicates that in those persons of the tense where it occurs, the verbal base must be gunated, is generally to be found after light terminations. The 1st, 2d, and 3d sing. Parasmai of the present, imperfect, and perfect are manifestly light terminations. The 3d sing. Parasmai of the imperative is also clearly light. The object, therefore, of the P in these forms is to show, that fulness of form or weight is to be imparted to the root or base before these light terminations, and these only thus i, 2d conj., 'to go,' is in the pres. sing. emi, eshi, eti; in du. ivas, ithas, itas; in pl. imas, &c.: just as in Greek eiμ, eis, elos; ITOV, ἴτιν; ἔμεν, &c. : compare also φημί (for φάμι), φής, φησί, φατόν, φᾶτόν, păμév, păté, pasí. So again, stri, 'to strew,' is in pres. sing. stṛinomi, stṛinoshi, stṛiņoti; in du. stṛiņuvas, stṛriņuthas, stṛiņutas; in pl. stṛiņumas, &c.: just as in Greek στόρνυμι, στόρνυς, στόρνυτι, στόρνυτον, στόρνυτον, στόρνυμες, &c. Similarly, krí, to buy,' is in pres. sing. kríṇámi, kríṇási, kríṇáti; in du. &c. krínivas, kríníthas, krínítas, krínimas, &c., the á being heavier than í. Compare Greek πέρναμι (πέρνημι), πέρνας, πέρνατι, πέρνᾶτον, πέρνᾶτον, &c. The P stands after the terminations of the first six persons of the imperative, Parasmai and Atmane, to indicate that even before these heavy terminations the base must be full. Perhaps the reason of this may be that these six forms agree more with the Vedic mood called Let than with the other forms of the imperative. See Bopp's Comp. Gr. 722.

When a root ending in a consonant is long by nature or position, no