the two futures properly express, the first, definite, the second, indefinite futurity *: the second, however, is the most used, and answers to the Greek future. The potential may generally be rendered in English by some one of the auxiliaries, ‘may,' 'can,' 'would,' 'should,''ought†.' The conditional (or imperfect of the future) is occasionally used after the conjunctions yadi and ćet, 'if:' it has an augment like the imperfect and aorist, and ought on that account to be classed with the tenses of the indicative. The precative or benedictive is a tense sometimes used in praying and blessing (áśishi). It is a modification of the potential. There is no tense exactly equivalent to the pluperfect in Sanskrit: the sense of this tense may often be expressed by the past indeclinable participle or by the past passive participle; as, tasminn apakránte, ‘after he had departed.' See Syntax, 840, 899. a. The infinitive mood generally has an active, but is capable of a passive signification. a. Native grammars designate the moods and tenses by the following technical words: present, lat; potential, lin; imperative, lot; imperfect or first preterite, lan; perfect or second preterite, lit; first future, lut; second future, rit; third preterite, lun; precative or benedictive, lin (áśishi); conditional, Irin. The Vedic subjunctive is called let. 243. Every tense has three numbers, singular, dual, and plural. To each tense belong two sets of active terminations; one for the active voice (properly so called), the other for a kind of middle or reflexive voice. The former of these voices is called by Indian grammarians Parasmai-pada ( wordt directed to another'), because the action is supposed to be transitive, or to pass parasmai, 'to another (object'); the latter is called Atmane-pada (' word‡ directed the passive participle with an instr. case; or by adding vat to the pass. part., and combining it with the present tense of as, 'to be;' as, uktaván asmi, ‘I have said.’ See Syntax, 897. * The first future (lut) is said to be anadyatane, i. e. to be so far definite as to denote what will happen at a future period, not in the course of the current day (Páṇini III. 3, 15); whereas the second future may refer to immediate futurity, as, for instance, श्वो गन्तास्मि 'to-morrow I will go,' अद्य सायंकाले श्वो वा गमिष्यामि 'this very evening or to-morrow I will go.' + The potential is said to be capable of the following senses: 'commanding,' 'directing,' 'inviting,' 'expression of wish,' 'enquiring,' 'requesting.' Pánini III. 3, 161. Pada is an inflected word as distinguished from an uninflected root. Páṇ. I. 4, 14. The term pada or voice has here reference to the scheme of terminations only; so that in this sense there are only two voices in Sanskrit, and they are often used indiscriminately. Although the Atmane-pada has occasionally a kind of middle signification, yet it cannot be said to correspond entirely with the Greek middle to oneself'), because the action is supposed to be restricted átmane, 'to oneself.' This distinction, however, is not always observed, and we often find both Parasmai and Atmane employed indifferently for transitive verbs. Some verbs, however, are conjugated only in the Atmane-pada, especially those which are neuter, or in which the direct fruit of the action accrues to the agent (see the distinction of Udáttetaḥ and Anudáttetaḥ at 75. c): thus, mud and ruć meaning 'to be pleased,' 'please oneself;' bhuj meaning to eat' (not to protect'); dá, 'to give,' with á prefixed, meaning 'to give to oneself,' 'to take,' are restricted to the Atmane-pada. Sometimes, when a verb takes both padas, the Atmane, without altering the idea expressed by the root, may be used to direct the action in some way towards the agent: thus, paćati means 'he cooks,' but paćate, 'he cooks for himself:' yajati, 'he sacrifices;' yajate, 'he sacrifices for himself:' namati, he bends; namate, he bends himself;' darsayati (causal), he shows;' darśayate,' he shows himself,'' appears :' kárayati, 'he causes to make;' kárayate,' he causes to be made for himself:' and yáć, to ask,' although employing both voices, is more commonly used in the Atmane, because the act of asking generally tends to the advantage of the asker. a. Some verbs are restricted to particular padas when particular prepositions are used: thus the root ram with prep. vi (meaning 'to cease') is only Parasmai (P. I. 3, 83), but with prep. upa, is used in both voices. Again, kṛi with pará (to reject') and with anu ('to imitate') are Parasmai only. But ji either with prep. vi or pará (meaning 'to conquer') is restricted to the Atmane (P. I. 3, 19). So viś with prep. ni (meaning 'to enter') and krí with vi (meaning 'to sell') and dá with á (meaning 'to take') are Atmane only. See this subject more fully explained at 786. b. Passive verbs are conjugated in the Atmane-pada. Indeed, in all the tenses, excepting the first four, the passive is generally undistinguishable from the Atmane-pada of the primitive verb. But in the present, imperfect, potential, and imperative (unlike the Greek, which exhibits an identity between the middle and passive voices in those tenses), the Sanskrit passive, although still employing the Atmane-pada terminations, has a special structure of its own, common to all verbs, and distinct from the conjugational form voice. We prefer to regard the passive as a distinct derivative from the root, using the Atmane terminations. of the Atmane-pada. Thus the Greek ȧkouw makes for both the middle and passive of those four tenses, ist sing. ἀκούομαι, ἠκουόμην, ἀκουοίμην, ἀκούου. But the Sanskrit śru, to hear,' makes for the conjugational form of the Atmane, nà, vyfua, quđu, quâ; शृणवीय, while for the passive it is,,,. Compare 253, and see Bopp's Comparative Grammar, 426, 733. 244. As in nouns the formation of an inflective base out of a root precedes the subject of declension, the root requiring some change or addition before the case-terminations can be affixed; so in verbs the formation of a verbal base out of a root must be antecedent to conjugation. Again, as in nouns every case has its own termination, so in verbs each of the three persons, in the three numbers of every tense, has a termination (vibhakti), one for the Parasmai-pada, and one for the Atmane-pada, which is peculiarly its own. Moreover, as in nouns, so in verbs, some of the terminations may be combined with memorial letters, which serve to aid the memory, by indicating that where they occur peculiar changes are required in the root. Thus the three terminations which belong to the 1st, 2d, and 3d persons of the present tense, Parasmai-pada, respectively, are mi, si, ti; and these are combined with the letter P (miP, siP, tiP), to indicate that the roots of verbs of the second and third groups (see 257. b. c. and 293) must be modified in a particular way, before these terminations are affixed. 245. The annexed tables exhibit, 1st, the scheme of terminations for Parasmai and Atmane-pada, with the most useful of the memorial letters (indicated by capitals), in all the tenses, the four conjugational being placed first; 2dly, the same scheme without memorial letters. Observe Since the various classes of roots require various changes in the terminations of some of the tenses, the figures, in the second table, will indicate the classes in which these changes occur. Terminations with memorial letters. 246. Imperfect or first preterite (requiring the augment a). महि mahi घास् thás आथाम् úthám ध्वम् dhram अन् an तन् ta आताम् átám अन्त anta a. Observe-Those terminations which are marked with P will be called the P terminations. They are as follows: Present, Parasmai, 1, 2, 3 sing. Imperfect (First Pret.), Parasmai, 1, 2, 3 sing. Imperative, Parasmai, 1, 3 sing., I du., 1 pl.; Atmane, I sing., 1 du., 1 pl. In these the P is indicatory only with reference to certain classes of roots (see 244), but in the Perfect (Second Pret.), Parasmai, the indicatory P in 1, 2, 3 sing. applies to all the classes (see 293. a). b. Instead of NaP, thaP, NaP (which are from Vopadeva), Páṇini gives NaL, thaL, NaL; but the L only refers to the accent, and is of no use for practical purposes. c. Professor Bopp calls the P forms 'strong or increased' (aucta). All the others he calls 'pure or simple.' It will sometimes be convenient to adopt the same expressions, 'strong forms,' in speaking of the form assumed by the base before the P terminations. The terminations of the first four, or conjugational tenses, are called by Pánini sárvadhátuka; those of the other six, árdhadhátuka. 247. The same terminations, without memorial letters, but exhibiting An initial s, as in si, se, &c., is liable to become sh by r. 70. Imperfect or first preterite (requiring the augment a). |