Imatges de pàgina
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INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

227. The interrogative differs from the relative in substituting k instead of y for the initial letter of the pronoun tad, at 220; and in making the N. Ac. sing. neut. f instead of *: thus, Masc. N. ke,' who?' which?" what?" Ac. kam, 'whom?"

kas, kau, &c. Fem. N.

ká, ☎ ke, na kás, &c. The N. Ac. Neut. are fa kim, ke, a káni. Although the real base of this pronoun is ka, yet kim is taken to represent the most general state, and occurs in a few compounds; such as faon what account?" "why?"

a. To the true base ka may be affixed ti, to form af kati (quot), ‘how many?' The same affix is added to ta and ya, the proper bases of the third personal and relative pronouns, to form tati, 'so many' (tot), and yati, 'as many.' These are thus declined in pl. only: N. Ac. V. afa; I. fnfra; Dat. Ab. कतिभ्यस्; G. कतीनां ; L. कतिषु.

Note The Latin quot and tot, which drop the final i, take it again in composition; as, quotidie, totidem, &c.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

228. The indeclinable affixes tit, api, and ćana, affixed (in accordance with the rules of Sandhi) to the several cases of the interrogative pronouns, give them an indefinite signification; as, afam kaśćit, 'somebody,'' some one,'' any one,' 'a certain one :'

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Similarly, Fem. Nom. काचित् केचित् काश्चित् ; Ac काञ्चित्, &c. : and Neut. Nom. Ac. fafa'something,' any thing,' af, fafan, &c.

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229. So also by affixing fq; as, Masc. Nom. sfa (64. a) ́ some one,’‘a certain one,' कावपि, केsपि ( 37,35) ; Ac. कमपि, &c. ; I. केनापि, &c. ( 31 ) ; D. कस्मा

Kat or kad, however (= Latin quod), was the old form, and is retained in a few words; such as kaććit, 'perhaps;' kadartha, ‘useless' ('of what use?'); kadadhvan, ‘a bad road' ('what sort of a road?').

यपि, &c. ( 37 ) ; Ab. कस्मादपि, Fem. Nom. fq, &c.; Ac.

&c. ; G. कस्यापि &c. ; L. कस्मिन्नपि, &c. ( 52 ). afa, &c.; I. fq, &c. &c. Neut. Nom. fanfa 'something,' 'any thing,' &c. The affix ćana is rarely found, except in Nom. Masc. some one,' 'any one;' and in Nom. Neut. fa'something.'

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230. In the same way interrogative adverbs are made indefinite: thus, from kati, 'how many?' katićit, 'a few;' from kadá, 'when?' kadáćit or kadáćana or kadápi, at some time;' from katham, ‘how?' kathanćana, 'some how;' from kva, 'where?' kvacit or kvápi, 'somewhere.'

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

231. These are formed by affixing tya (80. XV) to those forms of the personal pronouns, ending in d, which are used as crude bases: thus, from and we ‘I,' Ħetų madiya (45), ‘mine,' and weça asmadiya, 'our;' from thou,' त्वदीय toadiya, ‘thine;' from तद् 'he, ' तदीय tadiya, his Similarly, भवदीय ' yours’ (see 233). They are declined like nouns of the first class at 103.

Observe, however, that the genitive case of the personal pronouns is more usually used for the possessive : thus, तस्य पुत्रः ' his son;' मम पुत्री 'my daughter.’

232.

REFLEXIVE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

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sva (suus) is used reflexively, in reference to all three persons, and may stand for my own' (meus), 'thy own' (tuus), 'his own,'' our own,' &c. (compare σpós, opń, opóv). It often occupies the first place in a compound: thus, ■ f 'he goes to his own house.' The gen. case of átman at 147, or often the आत्मन् crude base, is used with the same signification; as,

आत्मगृहं गच्छति. It more than one*. used in place of

or

is used in the singular even when it refers to In the most modern Sanskrit, f nija is often and, and from it transferred to Bengálí.

, in the sense of 'own,' is declined like sarva at 237; as a pronominal the Ab. L. sing. masc. neut. and N. pl. masc. may optionally follow siva at 103: thus, N. pl. m. sve or svás in the sense of 'own; but in the sense of 'kinsmen' or 'property,' sva can only follow siva (N. pl. m. svás).

HONORIFIC OR RESPECTFUL PRONOUN.

233. bhavat, 'your Honour,' requiring the 3d person of the verb, is declined like dhanavat at 140: thus, N. masc. bhaván,

* Prof. Lassen cites an example from the Rámáyaṇa, in which átman refers to the dual: Putram átmanaḥ spṛishtvá nipetatuḥ, 'They two fell down after touching their son.' Anthol. p. 171.

भवन्तौ bhavantau, भवन्तस् bhavantas ; V. भवन्; N. fem. भवती bhavati, भवत्यौ bhavatyau, भवत्यस bhavatyas, &c. ; V. भवति. It is constantly used, to denote 'respect,' in place of the 2d personal pronoun: thus, Let your Honour go home' for 'Go thou home.'

DERIVATIVE PRONOUNS OF QUANTITY AND SIMILITUDE.

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234. Modifications of the demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns may take the affix vat to express 'quantity,' and the affix & drisa or dṛiś* to express 'similitude: thus, távat, enn etávat, so many,' 'so much' (tantus); (quantus) ‘as many,' 'as much' (declined like dhanavat at 140); तादृश tádrisa or तादृश् tádris, 'such like' (talis, Tnaikos); एतादृश etádrisa or Zetádṛiś, like this or that' (following siva, at 103, 104, for masc. and neut.; nadí, at 106, for the fem. of those ending in sa; and diś, at 181, for the masc. fem. neut. of those in ). Similarly, WEN or NGN ́as like,' 'how like?' (qualis, ¿λíkos); or so like;' or 'how like?' (qualis ?). ηλίκος); ईदृश 'ईदृश कीदृश कीदृश् a. Note, that the affix is derived from the root driś, 'to see,'' appear,' and is

in fact our English 'like,' d being interchangeable with 7, and s with k.

b. fun how much," how many,' and so much,' are declined like at 233.

" WHOSOEVER,'' WHATSOEVER.'

235. Expressed by prefixing the relative to the indefinite: thus, : fun whosoever,' un fafen whatsoever' or sometimes to the interrogative; as, येन by any means whatsoever:' or sometimes by repeating the relative;

a9, यो यः, यद् यद्.

PRONOMINALS.

236. There are certain common adjectives, called pronominals, which partake of the nature of pronouns, and follow the declension of tat at 220; but may also take a vocative case.

These are, 'other' (cf. Latin iterum); which of the two?' (TÓTEρos for KÓrepos); कतम 'which of many?' ततर 'that one of two;’ ततम ‘that one of many;' who or which of two;' 'who or which of many' (formed by adding the comparative and superlative affixes to the various pronominal bases, 196. a); 'other,' 'another;' 'one of two;' and 'one of many.' They are declined like 7, and make the N. V. Ac. neut. sing. in at: thus, anyat, itarat, anyatarat, katarat, katamat, &c.; but they have a vocative, viz. V. masc. anya, V. fem. anye, V. neut. anyat, &c.; the V. du. and plural is like the masc.

237. There are other pronominals, which make am instead of at in the N. Ac. neuter. The model of these is sarva, all: thus,

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Masc. N. सर्वस् sarvas, सर्वै sarvau, सर्वे sarve; Ac. सर्वे, सर्वो, सर्वान्; I. सर्वेण, सर्वाभ्यां, सर्वस्; D. सर्वस्मै, सर्वाभ्यां सर्वेभ्यस्; Ab. सर्वस्मात् सर्वाभ्यां, सर्वेभ्यस्; G. सर्वस्य, सर्वयोस्, सर्वेषां ; L. सर्वस्मिन्, सर्वयोस्, सर्वेषु ; V. सर्व, &c. Fem. N. सर्वा sarvá, सर्वे sarve, सर्वाास् sarvás; Ac. सर्व, सर्वे, सर्वास्; I. सर्वया, सर्वाभ्यां, सर्वाभिस; D. सर्वस्यै, सर्वाभ्यां सर्वाभ्यस्; Ab. सर्वस्यास्, &c. ; V. सर्वे (see 220 ) . Neut. N. Ac. सर्वे, सर्वे, सर्वाणि; V. सर्व.

238. Like sarva are declined

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both;' fall;'

one of two' (ékámeaning 'all,' but not when it signifies 'equal;' 'other;' ́half.' The N. Ac. sing. neuter of these will

Tepos); one of many;' f'the whole;'

end in am, but त्व is optionally त्वत्. In N. V. pl. masc. नेम is नेमे or नेमास्.

a. अधर ‘inferior,' पर 'other,' अपर 'other,' अवर 'posterior,' 'west,' उत्तर 'superior,' 'north,' far south,' 'right,' 'east,' 'prior,' meaning either 'outer' or an under-garment,' 'own' (232), follow sarva, and optionally siva, at 103, in abl. loc. sing. masc. and neut., and nom. voc. pl. masc.; as, अधरस्मात् or अधरात्, &c. They can only be declined like pronominals when they denote relative position; hence dakshináḥ (not dakshine) gáthakáḥ, clever singers." Moreover, the pronominal inflection is optional in certain compounds.

239.,ʻone,' generally follows sarva, see 200; ft'second,' ¿mų‘third,” follow sarva and optionally siva in certain cases, as explained at 208; they make their feminine in á.

240. We'a few,' or last,' fan 'twofold,'

'first,”

'half,' 'how few?' 'few,'
'fivefold,' properly follow sarva at 237; but

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may make their nom. voc. plur. masc. in ás; as, we or we few,' &c. a., 'both' (ambo, appw), is declined only in the dual;

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; though a pronominal, its declension being only dual, resembles siva. b. rur, etc, ‘one another,' 'mutual,' make their nom. acc. sing, neut. in am, not at; and voc. in a.

CHAPTER VI.
VERBS.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

241. ALTHOUGH the Sanskrit verb (ákhyáta, kriya) offers many striking and interesting analogies to the Greek, nevertheless so peculiar and artificial is the process by which it is formed, that it would be difficult, in treating of it, to adopt an arrangement which would be likely to fall in with the preconceived notions of the classical student.

There are ten tenses and moods (kála). Seven of them are of common occurrence; viz. 1. the present, 2. the imperfect (often called the first preterite), 3. the potential (or optative), 4. the imperative, 5. the perfect (often called the second preterite), 6. the first future, 7. the second future. Three are not so commonly used; viz. 8. the aorist (often called the third preterite), 9. the precative (also called the benedictive), 10. the conditional. There is also an infinitive mood, and several participles. Of these, the present, the three past tenses, and the two futures, belong to the indicative mood. As to the imperative, potential, precative, and conditional (see p. 122, 1. 4), these are moods susceptible of various times; but, as there is only one form for each, it can lead to no embarrassment to arrange them indiscriminately with the tenses of the indicative, and to call them tenses with the native grammarians.

Four of the tenses, viz. the present, imperfect, potential, and imperative, are called conjugational tenses, and are placed first in order, because the distinctive character of the ten Sanskrit conjugations is established by the form they assume (as will be explained afterwards at 248).

a. Observe-The ancient Sanskrit of the Veda is more rich in grammatical forms than the later or classical Sanskrit. There is a Vedic subjunctive mood, technically called Let, which comprises under it a present, imperfect, and aorist; the Vedic potential has distinct forms for the present, aorist, perfect, and future tenses; and the Vedic imperative distinct forms for the present, aorist, and perfect tenses. The Vedic infinitive, too, has ten or eleven different forms, though it is doubtful whether these are all to be assigned to different tenses.

242. Although the three past tenses are used without much distinction, yet it should be observed, that they properly express different degrees of past time. The imperfect or first preterite (anadyatana-bhúta) corresponds in form to the imperfect of Greek verbs, and properly has reference to an event done at some time recently past, but before the current day. It may denote action past and continuing, or it may be used like the Greek aorist. The perfect or second preterite (paroksha-bhúta) is said to have reference to an event completely done before the present day at some remote period, unperceived by or out of sight of the narrator: it answers in form to the Greek perfect, but may also be used like the aorist. The aorist or third preterite refers to an event done and past at some indefinite period, whether before or during the current day it corresponds in form and sense to the Greek 1st and 2d aorist, and sometimes to the pluperfect*. Again,

The fact is, that neither one of the three past tenses is very commonly used to represent the completeness of an action. This is generally done by employing

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