217. PRONOUNS (sarva-náma) have no crude base analogous to that of nouns; that is, no state distinct from all inflexion, serving as the basis on which all the cases are constructed. The reason of this

may be, that the pronouns in Sanskrit, as in all languages, are so irregular and capricious in their formation, that no one base would be equally applicable to all the cases. Thus in the 1st personal pronoun, the base of the nom. sing. would be we ah, while that of the oblique cases sing. would be ■ ma. In the 2d, the base of the sing. is practically tva, while that of the dual and plural is yu.

The 3d would have

the other cases.

sa for the base of the nom. sing., and ♬ ta for

a. The question then arises, What form of the pronoun is to be used in the formation of compound words? In the pronouns of the first and second persons, the ablative cases, singular and plural, and in the other pronouns, the nominative and accusative cases singular neuter, are considered as expressive of the most general and comprehensive state of the pronoun. These cases, therefore, discharge the office of a crude base in respect of compound words.

DECLENSION OF THE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

Observe-In Sanskrit, as in other languages, to denote the general and indefinite character of the first two personal pronouns, no distinction of gender is admitted. For the same reason, the formation of the nom. case of pronouns is made to resemble the neuter, as the most general state. This may also be the reason why the 3d pronoun sa drops the s of the nom. case before all consonants. There is no vocative case.

218.

N. अहम् aham, ‘I’

अस्मद् asmad, 'I.’ ávám, we two'

Ac.чmám orЯ má, me' — ávám ornau, 'us two'

वयम् vayam, 'we'

Tasmán or Anas, 'us'

अस्माभिस् asmābhis

asmabhyam ornas

अस्मत् asmat

yushmad, thou,' ' you.'

yam yuvám, 'you two'

--

yuvám or vám वाम् युवाभ्याम् yuvābhyām

अस्माकम् asmákam or नस् nas

अस्मासु asmásu

ч44 yúyam, 'you' or 'ye'

युष्मान् yushmán or वस् vas युष्माभिस् yushmàbhis

yuvābhyám or वाम् vám युष्मभ्यम् yushmabhyam or वस्vas yuvábhyám

युष्मत् yushmat

युवयोस् yuvayos or वाम् vám युष्माकम् yushmákam or वस् vas

220.

N.sas (usually sat), 'he' tau, 'they two'te, 'they,'' those'

* As mat is generally used in compounds, mattas and trattas more commonly stand for the ablative; see r. 719. Similarly, the ablative plural may be yushmattas, asmattas; but these very rarely occur.

† By rule 67 will be the usual form. usually exists as Ì,

Q

see 64. a.

N. Ac. tat or a tad, à te, fa táni; the rest like the masculine. Compare the Greek article with the above pronoun.

a. The above pronoun tad is sometimes used emphatically with the other pronouns, like ille and ipse: thus, sille ego;'à 4‘illi nos ;' ♬ ♬ǹ‘ille tu;"

ते यूयं 'illi vos ;' स एष: 'ille ipse ;'

तद् एतत् 'id ipsum.’

221. There is a modification of the pronoun tad (rarely used), formed by combining it with the relative ya: thus, N., ì, À; Ac. 4, &c. Fem., A, त्यास्, &c.

a. Observe the resemblance of the Sanskrit personal pronouns to those of the dead and living cognate languages. Aham or ah is the Greek ey (Æolic eywv), Latin ego, German ich, English 'I:' mám or má (the latter being the oldest form found in the Vedas) equals éμé, me; mahyam=mihi; mayi=mei: the mat of the abl. sing. and of asmat, yushmat, corresponds to the Latin met in memet, nosmet, &c.: vayam or va is the English we;' asmán= us; nas=nos; tram=tu, 'thou;' trám or tvá=te, 'thee;' tubhyam=tibi; tvayi=tui; yúyam=iμeïs, English ‘you ;' vas vos. The 3d personal pronoun corresponds to the Greek article: thus, tau = τώ, tam=τόν; tabhyam= τοῖν, ταῖν, &c.

REFLEXIVE PERSONAL PRONOUN.

222. The oblique cases of átman, 'soul,' 'self' (declined at 147), are used reflexively, in place of the three personal pronouns, like the Latin ipse.

Thus, átmánam (me ipsum) anáhárena hanishyámi, 'I will kill myself by fasting;' átmánam (te ipsum) mṛitavad darśaya, 'show thyself as if dead;' átmánam (se ipsum) nindati, ‘he blames himself.' It is generally used in the singular, even when it refers to a plural; as, abudhair átmá paropakaraníkṛitaḥ, 'foolish people

make themselves the tools of others.'

a. The indeclinable pronoun svayam is sometimes joined, in the sense of self,' to the three personal pronouns: thus, 'I myself,' &c.

DEMONSTRATIVE PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

223. The third personal pronoun tad, he,' declined above at 220, is constantly used in a demonstrative sense, to signify that' or 'this; and by prefixinge to it, another common pronoun is formed, more proximately demonstrative: thus, getad,this,' Observe-The t of etad may optionally be changed to n in the Ac. sing. du. pl., I. sing., G. L. du., in all three genders: thus,

The feminine is N. एषा eshá, एते ete, एतास् etús; Ac एतां or एनां, एते or एने, एतास् or एनास्; I. एतया or एनया, एताभ्यां एताभिस्; D. एतस्यै, &c.

The neuter is N. एतत् or एतद्, एते, एतानि ; Ac. एतत् or एनत्, ते or एने, एतानि or एनानि, &c.

a. Observe, that forms like &c. for vi &c. are enclitic, and ought not to be used at the beginning of a sentence.

With the above pronoun compare the Latin iste, ista, istud: etam= istum, etasya istius, etat = istud.

=

224. There is another common demonstrative pronoun, of which idam, ‘this,' the N. neuter, is considered to represent the most general state (compare the Latin is, ea, id). The true base, however, might rather be said to be the vowels a andi, the latter of

which serves also as the source of certain pronominals, such as at,

This is an example of the old form for the instr. pl. of masculine nouns of the

first class, common in the Vedas.

225. There is another demonstrative pronoun ( rarely used, excepting in nom. sing.), of which, 'this' or 'that,' is supposed to represent the most general state, though the base is अमु amu, and in N. sing. असु asu. It is thus declined: Masc. N. असौ, अमू, समी; Ac. अमुं समू, अमून्; I. समुना, अमूभ्यां अमीभिस्; D. समुष्मै, अमूभ्यां, समीभ्यस्; Ab. अमुष्मात् समूभ्यां समीभ्यस्; G. समुष्य, समुयोस्, अमीषां ; L. अमुष्मिन्, अमुयोस्, अमीषु. Fem. N. असो, समू, समूस्; Ac. अमूं, अमू, समूस् ; I. समुया, खमूभ्यां अमूभिस्; D. समुष्यै, समूभ्यां समूभ्यस्; Ab. अमुष्यास्, &c.; G. समुष्पास्, समुयोस्, अमूषां; L. अमुष्यां, अमुयोस्, समूषु. Neut. N. Ac. अदस्, अमू, अमूनि.

RELATIVE PRONOUN.

,

226. The relative is formed by substituting y for the initial letter of the pronoun tad, at 220 : thus,

The feminine and neuter follow the fem. and neut. of tad, at 220.

Fem. N. या yá, ये ye, यास् yás; Ac. याम् yám, &c. &c.

Neut. N. Ac.

यत् yat or यद् yad, ये ye, यानि yóni; the rest like the masculine.

With the above pronoun compare the Greek relative ős, 7, 6; the Sanskrit y being often represented in Greek words by the spiritus asper.