सर्पिष्टर, &c. (r. 70 ). They are also added to inseparable prepositions; as, उत् 'up,' उत्तर ‘higher,’ उत्तम 'highest. ' Compare Latin ertimus, intimus, &c.

196. Sometimes, but rarely, to feminine bases ending in the vowels ई{ and ऊ ú, which may either be retained before tara and tama, or be shortened: thus, from सती, 'a faithful wife,' सतीतर, सतीतम or सतितर, सतितम.

a. They are sometimes added to pronominal bases (236), and to numerals (209, 211).

197. They may even be added, in conjunction with the syllable साम् ám, to the inflexions of verbs; as, जल्पतितरां 'he talks more than he ought.’

a. Sometimes the two affixes íyas and tara, ishṭha and tama are combined together in the same word thus, श्रेयस्तर, श्रेष्ठतम ; ज्येष्ठतम ; नेदिष्ठतम, &c. ; and tara may be even added to ishtha : thus, ज्येष्ठतर.

SECTION IV.

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.

CARDINALS.

एकविंशति 21;

सप्तविंशति 27;

एकविंशत् 31;

अष्टाविंशति 28 ; नवविंशति

198. The cardinals are, एक 1, १; द्वि २,२; त्रि ३, ३; चतुर् 4, 8 ; पञ्चन् 5, ५ ; घघ् 6, ६ ; सप्तन् 7, 9; अष्टन् 8, t; नवन् 9, ९; दशन् 10, १०; एकादशन् 11, ११; द्वादशन् 12, १२; त्रयोदशन् 13, १३; चतुर्दशन् 14, १४; पञ्चदशन् 15,१५; घोडशन् 16, १६ ; सप्तदशन् 17, 99; अष्टादशन् 18, १t; नवदशन् or ऊनविंशति 19, १९; विंशति 20; द्वाविंशति 22; त्रयोविंशति 23; चतुर्विंशति 24; पञ्चविंशति 25; पड़िशति 26; or ऊनविंशत् 29; विंशत् 30; द्वात्रिंशत् 32; वयस्त्रिंशत् 33; चतुस्त्रिंशत् 34; पञ्चविंशत् 35; षट्विंशत् 36; सप्तविंशत् 37; अष्टाविंशत् 38; नवत्रिंशत् or ऊनचत्वारिंशत् 39; चत्वारिंशत् 40; एकचत्वारिंशत् 41; द्विचत्वारिंशत् or द्वाचत्वारिंशत् 42; विचत्वारिंशत् or वयश्चत्वारिंशत् 43; चतुश्चत्वारिंशत् 44; पञ्चचत्वारिंशत् 45; षट्चत्वारिंशत् 46; सप्तचत्वारिंशत् 47; अष्टाचत्वारिंशत् or अष्टचत्वारिंशत् 48; नवचत्वारिंशत् or ऊनपञ्चाशत् 49; पञ्चाशत् 50; एकपञ्चाशत् 51; द्विपञ्चाशत् or द्वापञ्चाशत् 52; विपञ्चाशत् or वयःपञ्चाशत् 53 ; चतुःपञ्चाशत् 54; पञ्चपञ्चाशत् 55; षट्पञ्चाशत् 56; सप्तपञ्चाशत् 57; अष्टपञ्चाशत् or अष्टापचाशत् 58; नवपञ्चाशत् or ऊनपष्टि 59; पष्टि 60; एकपष्टि 61; द्विपष्टि or द्वापष्टि 62; विपष्टि or वयःपष्टि * 63; चतुःपष्टि * 64; पञ्चपष्टि 65; षट्षष्टि 66; सतपष्टि 67; अष्टषष्टि or अष्टापष्टि 68; नवपष्टि or ऊनसप्तति 69; सप्तति 70; एकसप्रति 71; द्विसप्तति or डासप्रति 72; विसप्तति or वयःसप्तति 73; चतुःसप्रति 74 पञ्चसप्तति 75 पट्सप्तति 76; सप्तसप्तति 77; अष्टसप्तति or अष्टासप्रति 78; नवसप्रति or अनाशीति 79; अशीति 80; एकाशीति 81; शीति 82; त्र्यशीति 83;

These may also be written त्रयप्पष्टि, चतुष्पष्टि. See rules 62. a. and 63.

चतुरशीति 84 ; पञ्चाशीति 85; घडशीति 86; सप्ताशीति 87; अष्टाशीति 88; नवाशीति or जननवति 89; नवति 90; एकनवति 91; हिनवति or हानवति 92 ; विनवति or aयोनवति 93; चतुर्नवति 94; पञ्चनवति 95; घण्णवति 96 (41d) ; सप्तनवति 97; अष्टनवति or अष्टानवति 98 ; नवनवति or ऊनशत n. (m) 99; शत

एक may be placed before the last Similarly 200 is expressed by द्वे n.) or द्विशतं ( nom. sing. n.) ; 300

n. (also occasionally masc.*) 100. numeral : thus, एकं शतं or एकशतं. शते ( nom. du. n.) or शते ( nom. du. by atfu waifa (nom. pl. n.) or faş (nom. sing. n.); 400 by life शतानि ( nom. pl. n.) or चतुःशतं ; 500 by पञ्चशतं ; 600 by षट्शतं ; and so on up to 1000, which is expressed by सहस्रं n. ( occasionally m.) or एकसहस्रं n. or दशशती f. ; 2000 by द्वे सहस्रे or द्विसहस्रं ; 3000 by वीणि सहस्राणि or faसहस्रं ; and so forth.

199. The intervening numbers between 100 and 1000, and those between 1000 and 2000, are usually expressed by compounding the adjective fu adhika, more,' 'plus,' with the cardinal numbers: thus 101 may be expressed by एकाधिकं शतं, i. e. ' a hundred plus one, or more concisely एकाधिकशतं. Similarly, द्वाधिकं शतं or ाधिकशतं 102; त्र्यधिकं शतं or त्र्यधिकशतं 103; त्रिंशदधिकशतं 130; पञ्चाशदधिकशतं or सार्द्धशतं 150; पड़िंशत्यधिकद्विशतं 226; त्र्यशीत्यधिकत्रिशतं 383; पञ्चाशीत्यधिक चतुःशतं 485; षण्णवत्यधिकपञ्चशतं 596; षट्षष्ट्यधिकषट्शतं 666; षोडशशतं or षट्शताधिकसहस्रं 1600 ; षट्षष्ट्यधिकषोडशशतं 1666.

In the same way the adjective 'less,' 'minus,' is often placed before a cardinal number, to denote one less than that number, f ‘ one' being either expressed or understood : thus, ऊनविंशति or एकोनविंशति ' twenty minus one' or ' nineteen' (compare the Latin undeviginti, i. e. unus de viginti). And other cardinals, besides 'one,' are sometimes prefixed to, to denote that they are to be subtracted from a following number ; as, पञ्चोनं शतं or पचोनशतं ' a hundred less five' or ' ninety-five.'

a. The ordinals, however, are sometimes joined to the cardinals to express 111 and upwards: thus, एकादशं शतं or एकादशशतं 111; विंशं शतं or विंशशतं 130; विंशं सहस्रं or विंशसहस्रं 1020.

b. Single words are used for the highest numbers: thus, अयुत n.‘ten thousand;'

* I have found शतं शता: 'a hundred hundred' and सप्तशता: ' seven hundred' (agreeing with TT:) in the Mahá-bhárata.

+ Similarly 2130 might be expressed by त्रिंशदधिकै कविंशतिशतं or -शतानि or by using पर ; thus, त्रिंशदधिकैकशतपरे हे सहस्रे.

100000

NUMERAL ADJECTIVES.

109

m. n.

Man. or M☎lf. ‘a lac,' 'one hundred thousand;' f n. (according to Amara also m.) or и n. one million;' af f. 'a krore,' 'ten millions;' ‘one hundred millions ;' महार्बुद n. (m.)ʻone thousand millions;' An. or n. ́ten thousand millions;' 19 n.ʻone hundred thousand millions;' à n. ‘a billion;' weten. 'ten billions;' m. n. or w¿¿ m. ‘a hundred billions;' महाशङ्ख m. n. ‘a thousand billions;' हाहा m. ten thousand billions;' महाहाहा m. or पराई m. one hundred thousand million;'n. (y) ‘one million billion ;' महाधुन n. ( महाधुल ) 'ten million billion ;' अक्षौहिणी f. 'one hundred million billion;' #graffgut 'one thousand million billion.' These words are declinable according to their finals; eg . अयुत like शिव n., and कोटि like मति f. (104, 112.)

DECLENSION OF CARDINALS.

200. 1, f 2 (duo, dúo), fā 3 (tres, Tpeîs, тpía), 4 (quatuor), are declined in three genders.

eka, 'one' (no dual), follows the declension of the pronominals at 237: nom. m. ekas; dat. m. ekasmai; nom. f. eká; dat. f. ekasyai; nom. n. ekam; nom. pl. m. eke, 'some.' It may take the affixes tara and tama: thus, ekatara, 'one of two;' ekatama, one of many;' which also follow the declension of pronominals; see 236, 238.

201. f dvi, 'two' (dual only), is declined as if the base were dva: thus, N. Ac. V. m. dvau, f. n. dve; I. D. Ab. m. f. n. हाभ्यां ; G. L. इयोस्.

202. fa tri, 'three' (plural only), is declined in the masculine like the plural of nouns whose bases end in i at 110, except in the gen.: thus, N. V. masc. वयस् ; Ac. वीन् ; I. विभिस्; D. Ab. विभ्यस्; G. aqui; L. fag. The feminine forms its cases from a base fra: thus, N. Ac. V. fem. fre; I. far; D. Ab. fra; G. frqui; L. fr. The N. Ac. neut. is affu; the rest as the masculine. तिसृषु.

203.catur, 'four' (plural only), is thus declined: N. V. masc. चत्वारस् (TÉTTapes, Tégrapes ) ; Ac. चतुरस्; I. चतुर्भिस् ; D. Ab. चतुर्म्यस्; G. चतुणां or चतुणों ; L. चतुर्षु. N. Ac. V. fem. चतस्रस्; I. चतसृभिस्; D. Ab. चतसृभ्यस्; G. चतसृणां ; L. चतसृषु. N. Ac. V. neut. ft; the rest as the masculine.

204. pancan, five' (plural only), is the same for masc., fem., and neut. It is declined in I. D. Ab. L. after the analogy of nouns in an (147). The gen. lengthens the penultimate : thus, N. Ac. V. чa (névto); I. qafra; D. Ab. yangą; G. qanai; L. पञ्चसु. Similarly are declined, समन् ' seven ' ( septem, ETTá), नवन्

'nine' (novem), 'ten' (decem, déka), eleven' (undecim), -द्वादशन् twelve' (duodecim), and all other numerals ending in an, excepting eight.'

N. Ac.

205.shash,' six,' and we ashṭan, 'eight,' are the same for masc., fem., and neut., and are thus declined: N. Ac. V. ; I. षट् षड्भिस्; D. Ab. षड्भ्यस्; G. घणां shanam ( 41. d); L. घट्सु. V. wet or we (octo, OKTÓ); I. were or were; अष्टभ्यस्; G. अष्टानां; L. अष्टासु or अष्टसु.

D. Ab. we

or

a. The numerals from पञ्चन् 'five' to नवदशन् 'nineteen' have no distinction of gender, but agree in number and case with the nouns to which they are joined: thus, fury ardfu: ‘by five women.'

6

206. All the remaining cardinal numbers, from fagf nineteen' to a hundred,' 'a thousand,' and upwards, may be declined in the singular, even when joined with masculine, feminine, or neuter nouns in the plural. Those ending in fa ti are feminine, and declined like fя mati at 112; and those in at are also feminine, and declined like सरित् sarit at 136 : thus, विंशत्या पुरुषै: 'with twenty men ; विंशतिं नरान् acc. pl. ‘twenty men ; त्रिंशता पुरुषै: ' with thirty men ; विंशतं a hundred' and 'a thousand'

acc. pl. thirty men.'

are declined like fara siva at 104; and all the higher numbers according to their finals : thus, शतं पितरम् ' a hundred ancestors;' एकाधिकशतं पितरस् ' a hundred and one ancestors;' सहस्रेण पितृभिस् ' with a thousand ancestors."

'hundreds;'

207. Although these numerals, from faf nineteen,' when joined with plural nouns, may be declined in the singular, yet they may often take a dual or plural; as, विंशती' two twenties;' त्रिंशतौ ' two thirties;' विंशतस् 'many thirties;' two hundred;' f'many thousands;' 'sixty thousand sons,' षष्टिः पुत्रसहस्राणि ; and the things numbered may be put in the genitive; thus, द्वे सहस्रे रथानां ' two thousand chariots;' सप्तशतानि नागानां ' seren hundred elephants;' Lafinfa: quvi'twenty-one arrows." See other examples in syntax at 835.

208. The ordinals are, fanta 'second' (Sevтepa);

ORDINALS.

'first' (compare Tρŵτоs, primus); 'third' (tertia); declined like sarva

and the pronominals at 237, 238; but # may be declined like

* Other adjectives may be used to express ‘first ;' as, आद्यस्, -द्या, -द्यं; आदिमस् -मा, -मं; अग्रस्, -ग्रा, ग्रं; अग्रिमस्, -मा, -मं.

siva (103) in N.V. plur. masc. (

or

); and the other two in D. Ab. G. L. sing. m. f. n.; thus, D. m. n. fg or fata, f. द्वितीयस्यै or द्वितीयायै. See also 239.

209. चतुर्थ ‘fourth' * (7érapros ) ; पश्चम ' fifth ;' षष्ठ ' sixth ; सप्तम 'seventh' (septimus); 'eighth;''ninth' (nonus); 'tenth' (decimus); declined like siva at 103, 104, for the masc. and neut.; and like nadí at 106 for the feminine: thus, Nom. m. agua, f. aguf. (In ч, &c., the old superlative affix ma may be noted.)

210. The ordinals from eleventh' to 'nineteenth' are formed from the cardinals by rejecting the final n: thus, from

eleven,'

eleventh' (Nom. m. f. n. CENA, -, -, 103, 106, 104). 211. "Twentieth,' 'thirtieth,' 'fortieth,' and 'fiftieth,' are formed either by adding the superlative affix tama (196. a) to the cardinal, or by rejecting the final syllable or letter of the cardinal; as, from विंशति ‘twenty,' विंशतितम or विंश ' twentieth' (Nom. m. f. n. -मस्, मी, -मं; -शस्, -शी, शं, 103, 106, 104). Similarly, त्रिंशत्तम or त्रिंश 'thirtieth,' पश्चाशत्तम or पञ्चाश ' fiftieth,' &c. The intermediate ordinals are formed by prefixing the numeral, as in the cardinals: thus, विंशतितम or एकविंश ' twenty-first,' &c.

212. The other ordinals, from 'sixtieth' to 'ninetieth,' are formed by adding tama; also by changing ti to ta in the case of another numeral preceding, but not otherwise thus, from afg'sixty,' fena 'sixtieth; but for sixtieth' can only be used when another numeral precedes, as एकपष्ट or एकपष्टितम ' sixty-first,' विपष्ट or विषष्टितम 'sixty-third :' from f'ninety,' f'ninetieth; but for 'ninetieth' can only be used when another numeral precedes.

213. Hundredth' and 'thousandth' are formed either by adding tama to and, or simply by converting these ordinals into adjectives, declinable in three genders: thus, a or hundredth' (Nom. m. f. n. शततमस्, मी, मं: शतम्, -ती, - तं). Similarly, सहस्रतमस्, -, -, or E, -, -, 'thousandth.'

214. The aggregation of two or more numbers is expressed by modifications of the ordinal numbers : thus, इयं 'a duad,' वयं 'a triad,' चतुष्टयं 'the aggregate

of four.'

215. There are a few adverbial numerals; as, सकृत् 'once,' द्विस् ‘twice,' त्रिस् 'thrice,' four times.' may be added to cardinal numbers, with a

gôan, -m, -ả; g, -, -—are also used for 'fourth.'