5

182. Masculine and feminine bases in ह् , declined like लिह् m. f. 'one who licks ;' ट्रुह् m. f. ‘one who milks.' In roots beginning with द d, the final aspirate generally becomes क् k or ग्g (see 17. a), in other roots ट् t or ड्d, before the consonantal terminations; and in roots whose initial is द d or ग g, the h, which disappears as a final, is transferred to the initial, which becomes dh or gh wherever final h becomes k or g or t or d. See 175. b. N. V. लिट् (43. C), लिहौ, लिहस्; Ac. लिहं, &c.; I. लिहा, लिड्भ्यां, &c.; L. pl. लिट्सु or लिट्. N. V. धुक्, टुहौ, दुहस्; Ac. दुहं, &c.; I. दुहा, धुग्भ्यां, धुग्भिस्, &c. ; L. pl. धुक्षु. The neuter is N. Ac. V. लिट्, लिही, लिंहि, &c.; धुक्, तुही, हि, &c.

or

a. But द्रुह् m. f., ‘one who injures,' makes N. भुक् or भुट्; I. द्रुहा, भुग्भ्यां भुड्भ्यां, &c.; L. pl. घुक्षु or घुट्सु ; and मुह् m. f., 'foolish,' N. मुक् or मुट्. The same option is allowed to f'one who loves' and 'one who vomits.'

b. उष्णिह् f., 'a particular kind of metre,' changes its final to k or g before the consonantal terminations, like roots beginning with d. N. उष्णिक्, उष्णिहौ, &c. c. वाह्, ‘bearing’ (from the root वह् 'to bear'), changes वा to ऊ ú in the acc. plur. and remaining weakest cases (and before the ई í of the fem.) if the word that precedes it in the compound ends in a or á, this a or á combining with ú into au (instead of सो o, by 32 ) : thus, भारवाह् m. f. 'one who bears a burden :' N. V. masc. भारवाद्, भारवाही, भारवाहस्; Ac. भारवाहं, भारवाही, भारोहस्; I. भारौहा, भारवाड्भ्यां, &c. N. fem. भारौही, &c. So प्रष्ठवाह् m. ‘a steer' and विश्ववाह् 'all-sustaining.' Under other circumstances the change of váh to úh is optional: thus, शालिवाह्, ‘bearing rice,' makes in Ac. pl. शाल्यूहस् or शालिवाहस्.

d. श्वेतवाह् m., ‘Indra' (who is borne by white horses), may optionally retain वा in Ac. plur. &c. ; and in consonantal cases is declined as if the base were श्वेतवस् : thus, N. V. श्वेतवास्, श्वेतवाही, श्वेतवाहस्; Ac. श्वेतवाहं, श्वेतवाहौ श्वेतौहस् or श्वेतवाहस्; I. श्वेतौहा or श्वेतवाहा, श्वेतवोभ्यां श्वेतवोभिस्, &c.

,

,

e. In तुरासाह्, ‘a name of Indra, the स् is changed to घ् wherever ह् becomes ड् or ट् ; N. तुराषाट्, तुरासाही, तुरासाहस्; Ac. तुरासाहं, &c.; I. तुरासाहा, तुरामाभ्यां, &c.

f. अनडुह् m., ‘an ox' (for अनोवाह्, from अनस् 'a cart' and वाह 'bearing'), forms the N.V. sing. from अनवत् ; the other strong cases from अनड्वाह्, and the middle cases from अनडुत्: thus, N. अनड्डान्, अनड्डाहौ, अनड्डाहस्; Ac. अनाहं, अनड्डाहौ, अनडुहस्; I. अनडुहा, अनडुयां, अनडुद्भिस्, &c.; L. pl. अनडुत्सु; v. अनडुन्. There is a feminine form सनडाही, but at the end of compounds this word makes fem. N. sing. अनडुही ; neut. N. V. अनडुत्, अनडुही, अनांहि.

183. नह्, ‘binding,' ‘tying,' at the end of compounds, changes the final to त or द्, instead of ट् or ड् : thus, उपानह् f., ' a shoe, ' makes N. V. उपानत्, उपानहौ, उपानहम्; Ac. उपानहं, &c.; I. उपानहा, उपानयां, &c.; L. pl. उपानत्सु. See 306. b.

SECTION III.
ADJECTIVES.

184. The declension of substantives includes that of adjectives ; and, as already seen, the three examples of substantives, given under

each class, serve as the model for the three genders of adjectives falling under the same class. Simple adjectives, coming immediately from roots, and not derived from substantives, are not very common. Such as do occur belong chiefly to the first, second, and third classes of nouns ; 80, 81, 82.

185. Adjectives formed from substantives (i. e. secondary derivatives, called taddhita) are numerous, as may be seen at 80, 84, 85. They belong chiefly to the first, fifth, and sixth classes of nouns.

186. Compound adjectives, whether formed by using roots or substantives at the end of compounds, are most abundant under every one of the eight classes.

The following table exhibits examples of the most common kind of adjectives in the nom. case masc., fem., and neut., and indicates the class to which their declension is to be referred.

* When it is remembered that a is equivalent in pronunciation to u, the three genders of this adjective might be written priyus, priyá, priyum; thus offering a perfect similarity to Latin adjectives in us.

दिव्यमातृ ‘having a divine mother' (130.) दिव्यमाता दिव्यमाता दिव्यमातृ

191. The degrees of comparison are formed in two ways; Ist, by adding to the base तर tara ( nom. - taras, - tará, -taram, cf. Greek repos) for the comparative; and तम tama ( nom. - tamas, -tamá, -tamam, cf. Latin timus, Greek Taros ) for the superlative : thus, पुण्य punya, ‘holy,' पुण्यतर punyatara, ' more holy,' पुण्यतम punyatama, • most holy,’ declined like nouns of the first class at 103. So also, dhanavat, ‘wealthy,' Thanavattara, ‘more wealthy,' dhanavattama, ‘most wealthy. A final n is rejected ; as, dhanin, ' rich, dhanitara,

more rich,' dhanitama, most rich; but these adjectives generally take the affixes at 192 (see the examples at 193).

a. विद्वस्, ‘wise,' makes विद्वत्तर, विद्वत्तम. Compare 168. a.

192. 2dly, by adding 4 íyas (nom. -íyán, -íyasí, -íyas, Greek iv, see declension below) for the comparative; and -ishṭhas, -ishṭhá, -ishṭham, declined at 103, cf. Greek superlative.

ishtha (nom. σTOS) for the

a. Note, that while the base of the Sanskrit comparative affix strictly appears to end in n and s (iyans), the Greek has adhered to the n throughout (N. íyán = ιων, voc. íyan =0v); and the Latin has taken the s for its neuter (íyas ius, neuter of ior; s being changed to r, in the masc. and oblique cases). Compare Sanskrit gariyas with gravius.

=

193. In general, before íyas and ishtha, the base disburdens itself of a final vowel, or of the more weighty affixes in, vin, vat, mat, and tri: thus, for 'strong,' at 'more strong,' af'strongest' (declined at 103) ; पापिन् ' wicked,' पापीयस् ' more wicked,' पापिष्ठ 'most wicked;' ‘light,' ftu‘lighter,' f 'lightest;' àfa 'intelligent,' 'more intelligent,' fg most intelligent.' Simi

larly, ■■■ ‘great,' ■■■ 'greater,' f 'greatest.'

a. Compare

417 (N. of svádíyas) from svádu, 'sweet,' with diwv from

The declension of the neut. and fem. is explained at 167.

194. And besides the rejection of the final, the base often undergoes considerable change, as in Greek (compare exoiwv, exeiσTos, from exepós); and its place is sometimes supplied by a substitute (compare βελτίων, βέλτιστος, from ἀγαθός). The following is a

list of the substitutes :

P

195. Tara and tama may be added to nouns substantive; as, from राजन्, 'a king,' राजतर, &c. ; from दुःख, 'pain,' दुःखतर, &c. If added to a word like सर्पिस, ‘clarified butter,' the usual euphonic changes must take place : thus,

* अल्प may be also regularly अल्पीयस्, अल्पिष्ट ; and ऋजु may be रजीयस्, &c. In the case of and the final vowel is not rejected, but combines with iyas and ishtha agreeably to Sandhi. In and, yas is affixed in place of iyas.