LIST OF WRITERS

EUGENE STOCK, late Editorial Sec. Church Missionary Society.
Author of History of the Church Missionary Society, in
3 vols., &c.

Rev. G. W. THATCHER, M.A., B.D., Mansfield College, Oxford.
J. T. TOMLINSON, Author of The Prayer Book; Articles and
Homilies, and other works.

Rev. T. VINCENT TYMMS, D.D., Principal of Rawdon College,
Leeds. Author of The Mystery of God.

Very Rev. HENRY WACE, D.D., Dean of Canterbury, Bampton
Lecturer, 1879, Boyle Lecturer, 1874-75, sometime Prof. of Eccl.
Hist., Principal of King's Coll., London, Hon. Chaplain to the
King, Preb. of St. Paul's, London, and Preacher of Lincoln's Inu.
Author of Christianity and Morality (Boyle Lect. 1874-75);
Foundations of Faith (Bampton Lect. 1879); Christianity and
Agnosticism; Editor of Speaker's Comm. on the Apocrypha ;
Joint-Editor of Dict. of Christian Biography, &c.

WALTER WALSH, F.R.Hist.S. Author of the Secret History of
the Oxford Movement; Romeward Movement in the Church of
England; The Jesuits in Great Britain, &c.

Rev. H. W. WEBB-PEPLOE, M.A., Pembroke Coll., Cambridge,
Vicar of St. Paul's, Onslow Square, Preb. of St. Paul's
Cathedral, Select Preacher at Cambridge, 1896.

Rev. A. R. WHATELY, M.A., late Schol. of Corpus Christi College,
Cambridge, sometime Vice-Principal of St. John's Hall, High-
bury.

BENJAMIN WHITEHEAD, B.A., of the Middle Temple, Barrister-
at-Law. Author of Church Law, and other works.

Rev. C. H. H. WRIGHT, D.D., M.A., Ph.D. (Leipzig), Donnellan
Lecturer, Univ. of Dublin (1880), Bampton Lecturer (1878),
Public Examiner in Semitic Lang. (1894-95), and Grinfield
Lecturer in the Univ. of Oxford (1893-97), &c., Clerical and
General Superintendent of the Protestant Reformation Society.
Rev. ERNEST ALEXANDERSON WRIGHT, M.A., of Trinity College,
Dublin, Vicar of St. John's, Hull.

E. BLACKWOOD WRIGHT, B.A., LL.B., of the Middle Temple,
Barrister-at-Law. Author of Saunders' Law of Negligence, 2nd
edit. (1898); The Law of Principal and Agent, 2nd edit. (1901).
Rev. W. HEBER WRIGHT, M.A., of Trinity College, Dublin, Vicar
of St. George's, Worthing.

I. CRYPT OF THE EPISCOPOI IN CALLISTUS' CATACOMB To face page 93

IV. TWO COINS OF CHARLES IX. AND ONE OF LOUIS XIV., commemorating Persecutions of the Huguenots

V. COINS OF LOUIS XIV., commemorating Persecutions of the Huguenots .

VI. THE TETZEL INDULGENCE

1. CHANCEL, LANGLEY.

2. CHANCEL, LYDDINGTON.

VIII. PRE-LAUDIAN TABLES

2. STOTTESDON, SHROPSHIRE.

X. THREE PAPAL COINS, illustrating the Papal Claims to
worship and power

. XI. THREE PAPAL COINS, illustrating Papal Persecutions.

XII. CRYPT OF ST. CECILIA IN CALLISTUS' CATACOMB

✔ XIII. CRYPT OF ST. CORNELIUS IN THE LUCINA CATACOMB XIV. THREE PAPAL COINS, illustrating the Papal Suppression of Heresy by the aid of Michael the Archangel, 1721, the Expulsion of the Jesuits, 1773, and the Proclamation of the Immaculate Conception, 1854

xii

To the Frontispiece of the Age of the Reformation, from a Photograph of the Fresco of Wilhelm von Kaulbach, born Oct. 15, 1805, died April 7, 1874. The Fresco with the five others by the same Painter is in the Vestibule of the Neue Museum, Berlin.

Commence on the left-hand side, at the edge of the picture. Behind the bending figure, we see Harvey (discoverer of the circulation of the blood, 1578-1657), with white hair and collar, and beside him Vesalius (anatomist, 1514-1564).

In front of them Behaim (navigator, 1430-1506) leans forward; a seal hangs from his finger. Erect and tall of stature, Columbus (the great discoverer, 1447-1506), one hand on the globe. Kneeling, compass in hand, Sebastian Münster (Orientalist, author of a Latin version of the Old Testament, 1489-1544). Beside him, holding a book, Bacon (Lord Verulam) (philosopher and statesman, 1561-1626). This group is completed by three other figures-Leonard Fuchs (physician and botanist, 1501-1566) is on the right, next to Columbus, a spray of fuchsia in his cap; with shaven head and uplifted hands, Paracelsus (professor of medicine and natural philosophy, 1493-1541); the conspicuous figure with cap, figured robe, and white sleeves, is Sebastian Frank (a man of letters, 1500-1545), one hand seems to point to the robed figure of Eberhardt von der Tann (1st Duke of Wurtemberg, Founder of the University of Tübingen, 1445-1496), whose hands are clasped by Ulrich Zasius (6th Duke of Wurtemberg, 1487-1550), whilst Melanchthon (reformer, 1497-1560), stands behind.

Immediately in front, seated on the ground writing, is Hans Sachs (poet, 1494–1576); behind him, the first of a group on the right hand, with folded arms and crossed legs, is Shakespeare (poet, 1564-1616). Next him is Cervantes (Spanish writer, 1549–1617), with pointed beard. The man with a white head-dress, which almost looks like flow. ing hair, is Molinæus (Dumoulin, jurist, 1500-1566); immediately above him peers the head of Cusanus (Nicolaus von Cusa, a cardinal, 1401-1464), wearing a dark cap. That somewhat sinister face almost lost under the arm of the standing figure, is Celtes (poet, 1459-1508); above the arm we can see Ulrich von Hutten (writer and Poet Laureate, 1488-1522), wearing the laurel crown given him by the Emperor Maximilian. Bucer (reformer of Strassburg, 1491-1551), leans his head on his shoulder.

The first of the two dark-robed figures occupying the centre of the right-hand group is Erasmus of Rotterdam, who made the earliest edition of the Greek New Testament (1467-1536), with smiling face and uplifted hand. The more portly figure is the great Hebrew scholar, Reuchlin (1455-1522). Carry the eye down, that kneeling figure, whose finely cut face stands out in such bold relief, is Petrarch, the Italian poet, the first "humanist" (1304-1374). The youthful face above his shoulder is that of Vives (tutor to Princess Mary of England, 1492-1540), and look closely, or you will almost fail to find just above it the upturned head of Ficinus (a physician and reformer of philosophy, 1433-1499). In front of these two you cannot but see the bent figure of Pico von Mirandola (a poet and great classical scholar, 1463-1494);

above his shoulder the hooded Campanella (Italian philosopher, 1568-1639); to the extreme right, Machiavelli (the great Florentine statesman, born 1469, died 1527). In the near foreground, touching the lyre, almost lost in the shadow, is Jacobus Balde (poet, 1603-1668).

Now we must turn to the figures in the background. Immediately behind Columbus is the side face of Morus (Sir Thomas More) (Chancellor of England, 1480-1535); he wears a cap, and is looking towards Queen Elizabeth, the central figure under the pillar. Go up a step; just over Morus at the extreme left there is an old man wearing a ruff, being helped forward by a younger one who bends over him; they are typical English people of the time. In front of Morus, in bishop's robes, carrying a book, and next to the white-robed English nun, is Archbishop Cranmer (1489-1555). Just above these, and looking from left to right, are The Earl of Essex (Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 1567-1601), Lord Burleigh (English Secretary of State, 1520–1598), Sir Francis Drake (the great commander, 1545-1598). Almost unseen, behind the three last mentioned, with head resting on his hand, Cardanus (physician, 1501-1576). Immediately behind the heads of Cranmer and the nun, the head of an English gentleman.

Queen Elizabeth appears to point with one hand to the little group who seem to be receiving the Sacramental bread from the hands of Calvin (reformer, 1509-1564), who turns so as to face them. Let us commence with the old man with white beard just above the Queen's arm. He is Coligny (the French Admiral, one of the first who was massacred on St. Bartholomew's day, 1516-1572); Maurice of Saxony (the Elector, d. 1553) wears a winged helmet; a Huguenot gentleman stands next to a peasant of the south of France (Sud französischer Bauer). There are four figures facing Calvin, Swiss and Alsatian natives; a peasant Rathsherr receives the bread, whilst the head of another peasant is almost undistinguishable just beneath the hand of Calvin. Carry the eye downward: the two men with backs towards the spectator are William of Orange (the Silent, 1533-1584), and Olden Barneveldt (a Dutch statesman, d. 1619), who looks sideways towards the spectator.

Luther (the great Reformer, 1483-1546) stands with uplifted Bible, the central figure of the picture. To the left of him is Zwinglius (the Swiss reformer, 1487-1531), to the right Justus Jonas (principal of the College of Wittenberg, 1493-1555). Bending forward, in the act of passing the cup to another little group is Bugenhagen (the German theologian, 1485-1558). The two kneeling figures in the group are John the Constant (Elector of Saxony, 1467-1534), in front, with flowing robe and ermine cape; next to him, the head of John Frederick (the Magnanimous) (Elector of Saxony, 1503-1554). Just under the pillar, occupying the same position to the right of the picture as Queen Elizabeth does on the left, a tall commanding figure with hat in one hand, sword in the other, stands Gustavus Adolphus (King of Sweden, 1594-1632), to the left, a little behind him, Albrecht of Brandenburg (Duke of Prussia, 1490-1568). The three figures side by side are representative men of the upper and lower classes-and Hansestädte = senators, common councillors, or aldermen.

Now look on the same level, the other side of the pillar.

Guttenberg (inventor

of printing, 1400-1467) is about to nail up a notice on the wall; Lorenz Coster, (printer, d. 1440), Peter Vischer (sculptor, 1455-1529), are on a line with his shoulder. The two painters in shadow, apparently conversing, are Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519), with flowing beard; Raffael (painter, 1483-1520), folio in hand, looks up at him, whilst the great Michael Angelo (painter and sculptor, 1474-1564), with folded arms, appears quietly to be looking on at the scene before him.

On the left-hand side of the picture, half hidden behind the pillar, a dark figure, one hand on the balustrade, is Giordano Bruno (philosopher, 1550-1600). Galileo (the Florentine astronomer, 1564-1642) carries a telescope; Copernicus (who overthrew the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, 1472-1543) is the most prominent figure, with back towards the spectator, inscribing something on the wall; there is Tycho Brahé (astronomer of Denmark, 1546-1601) talking to Kepler (astronomer and mathematician to the Emperor Rudolphus of Bohemia, 1571-1630); an unknown figure stands between them. Passing the pillar, seated side by side are Wycliffe (called "the Morning Star of the Reformation," 1324-1384), with heads together, Geiler von Kaisersberg (reformer and German pulpit orator, 1445-1509), John Wessel (Dutch theologian, 1430-1489), John Huss (of Bohemia, professor of theology, 1369-1415). On the same line, the other side of Luther, are Peter Waldo (merchant of Lyons, founder of the sect called Waldenses, d. 1179), Arnold von Brescia (religious and political reformer, 1105-1155); in monk's cap, Abalarde (teacher of philosophy, 1079-1142); Savonarola (a Dominican Florentine preacher and reformer, 1452-1498), points upwards; Tauler (theologian, 1290-1361). Pass the pillar and we see the colour-grinder passing up some paint to Albert Dürer (painter and engraver of Nuremberg, 1471-1528), who is busily at work on the platform. Above all these we see another row of people; perhaps they stand for the numbers unknown to fame, but none the less helpers in the work of the Reformation.

FRANCES H. NEWTON.