and contradictory things at once, to unite knowledge and ignorance, re ality and unreality, in one conception. But in order to do this successfully it is necessary to carry out the conception still farther, so as to see them no longer as contradictories, but as different factors in the same truth.
Mr. Kroeger's declared purpose in undertaking a task so arduous and so conscientiously performed, namely, to put an end to metaphysics, is one in the very nature of it incapable of accomplishment. The better Fichte's metaphysics, the more impossible to arrest speculation at the point where he left it. We are very far from thinking the translator's labor ill-bestowed, but this is because we think Fichte's principles lead to something better than his (theoretical) conclusions. There is an inner sense that occasionally shines through the somewhat turbid medium of a statement inadequate to the greatness of the thought which it covers: as, for example, where he speaks of a mode of thought wherein freedom and necessity are united, or, in his conception of the moral law as the highest representative of intuition, of the absolute datum, -the datum on the other hand being the I itself. In these somewhat turbid waters many have fished, among others Schopenhauer, and they are far from being fished out.
As above remarked, Fichte made various attempts at a statement of his principles, none of them finally satisfactory to himself. Seven or eight distinct "foundations," "outlines," "introductions," &c., are printed in his collected works. Mr. Kroeger has not selected the latest, and, as the philosopher's son and editor considers, the most mature of these attempts, perhaps because, although written in 1801, or thirteen years before Fichte's death, he never published it,—or perhaps because it is less systematic in form, and less clearly defined and characteristic in its views. The one selected is that usually known as the Wissenschaftslehre, and repeatedly printed during Fichte's life. We notice that Mr. Kroeger has here and there condensed the original, but, as far as we have observed, without injury to the sense. We have not compared his translation throughout, but, so far as we have looked, it seems accurate, and in general as satisfactory as so literal a version can be. A few expressions, such as "deed-act," " the in itself certainty," "to ground each other," "thinkability," &c., would be better paraphrased, but on the whole there is far less of this sort to find fault with in Mr. Kroeger than in Mr. Stirling's "Secret of Hegel," or even in some of the writings of Mr. Kroeger's fellow-laborers in the "Journal of Speculative Philosophy," published in St. Louis, an undertaking which, like the one before us, does honor to their city. Besides the Wissenschaftslehre, the volume contains a speech on the Dignity of Man, delivered
at the close of the philosophical lectures, in which may be found in more attractive form something of Fichte's more advanced doctrine, and a fragment on the religious bearings of his philosophy, published after his death, which seems to us less happily chosen.
LIST OF SOME RECENT PUBLICATIONS.
1. Military History of Ulysses S. Grant, from April, 1861, to April, 1865. By Adam Badeau. Vol. I. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1868. 8vo. pp. xiii., 683.
2. Annals of the United States Christian Commission. By Lemuel Moss, Home Secretary to the Commission. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1868. 8vo. pp. 752.
3. Brown University in the Civil War. A Memorial. Providence. 1868. Sm. 4to. pp. xii., 380.
4. Ohio in the War: her Statesmen, her Generals, and Soldiers. By Whitelaw Reid. In Two Volumes. Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, and Baldwin. 1868. 8vo. Vol. I. pp. 1050. Vol. II. pp. 949.
5. Beyond the Mississippi: from the Great River to the Great Ocean. Life and Adventure on the Prairies, Mountains, and Pacific Coast. With more than Two Hundred Illustrations from Photographs and Original Sketches. 1857-1867. By Albert D. Richardson. Hartford, Conn.: American Publishing Company. 1867. 8vo. pp. 572.
6. Origin, Rise, and Progress of Mormonism, Biography of its Founders, and History of its Church. Personal Remembrances and Historical Collections hitherto unwritten. By Pomeroy Tucker. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1867. 12mo. pp. 302.
7. History of the Methodist Episcopal Church in the United States of America. By Abel Stevens, LL. D. New York: Carleton and Porter. 1867. 12mo. Vol. III. pp. 510. Vol. IV. pp. 522.
8. Christendom's Divisions. Part II., Greeks and Latins. Being a Full and Connected History of their Dissensions and Overtures for Peace down to the Reformation. By Edward S. Ffoulkes, formerly Fellow and Tutor of Jesus College, Oxford. London: Longmans, Green, & Co. 1867. Post 8vo. pp. xii., 601.
9. Origin and History of the Books of the Bible, both the Canonical and the Apocryphal, designed to show what the Bible is not, what it is, and how to use it. By Prof. C. E. Stowe, D. D. The New Testament. Illustrated. Hartford Publishing Company. 1867. 8vo. pp. 583.
10. Bacon's Essays. With Annotations by Richard Whately, D. D., and Notes and a Glossarial Index by Franklin Fiske Heard. Boston: Lee and Shepard. 1868. 8vo. pp. xlix., 641.
11. The Friendships of Women. By William Rounseville Alger. Boston: Roberts Brothers. 1868. 16mo. pp. xvi., 416.
Agassiz, Prof. and Mrs. Louis, their Jour-
ney in Brazil, critical notice of, 736, 737.
Andrew, Governor, article on, 249-276-
his ancestry, 249-moderate scholar-
ship, 250-important trials in which he
was engaged, 250-elected Governor, 251
- his foresight of the War of Secession,
and the spirit in which he welcomed
it, 252 arrangement of the Executive
rooms during his administration, 253-
his accessibility and freedom from formal-
ism, 254, 255-unremitting industry,
256-habit of holding others to the full
measure of their duty, 257- of investi-
gating all applications for pardon, 258—
advantages of submitting all matters of
administration to the Council, 258 - his
principles and habits respecting temper-
ance, 259-determination and efforts to
keep Massachusetts united in support of
the war, 260-opinion of the feasibility
of union with the British Provinces in
case New England should be "left out in
the cold," 260-his strong hostility to
those who obstructed justice in the pol-
icy of the government, 261-speech at
Martha's Vineyard, August 10, 1862,
262-efforts to induce President Lincoln
to issue the Proclamation of Emancipa-
tion, 263- letter from Philadelphia
urging Massachusetts men at home to
immediate and emphatic expression of
opinion, 263 -causes of the alienation
of the old party leaders from him, 264 --
his rule in military appointments, 265-
agency in procuring employment of
colored troops, 266-reverence for old
associations, 267-for the traditional
ceremonies of his office, 268 for the
history and traditions of Harvard Col-
lege, 268
strong sympathies and mirth-
fulness, 269-love of music, 270- his
favorite amusement, 271-visits to col-
leges and State institutions, 271-suc-
cess as an impromptu speaker, 272-
elaborate preparation for public com-
munications, 272, 273 - reason for his
declining the office of Collector at Boston,
274-catholicity in religion, 274-po-
sition in national politics at the time of
his death, 275.
Army Laboratory, note concerning, 350.
Arnold, Matthew, his description of French
system of inspection of schools, 136.
Bacon, Delia, her theory that Shake-
speare's plays were written by a society
of wits, 553.
Beethoven, his assurance of the immortality
of his music, 556.
Biddle, Horace P., his Musical Scale, criti-
cal notices of, 734-736.
Boston, first article on, 1-25- - condition
and interests of Boston in 1837, 1-4-
comparative decrease in her tonnage,
and great increase in that of New York,
within the last thirty years, 4, 5-rail-
road system of Boston in 1837, 6-trans-
fer of business energies by Boston men
to New York and the West, 7-growth
of Chicago since 1837, and its causes,
8-10 spasmodic efforts made to se-
cure trade to Boston, 11, 12 - channels
of trade not wholly natural channels,
illustrated by New Orleans, Norfolk, and
Chicago, 13, 14- Boston needs system
to make her a cheaper and more con-
venient centre of trade than her rivals,
14, 15 history of the curtailment of
her harbor, 15, 16- need of permanent
commissions to secure well-developed
system in democratic governments, 17—
good results of those already existing in
Massachusetts, 18-diversion of Boston
capital to the West, 19, 20- need of
developing the Boston system of rail-
roads, 21, 22-History of the Boston,
Hartford, and Erie Railroad, 23-de-
fective railroad legislation of Massachu-
setts, 24.
second article on, 557-591-
causes of failure of schemes adopted
within last twenty years to build up
Boston trade, 559, 560 geographical
position of Boston with respect to Eu-
rope, 561- - folly of striving to secure to
Boston the trade of the Gulf Zone of the
United States, 561, 562-of competing
with New York for trade of the Central
Zone, 562-564-equality or superiority
of Boston to New York in facilities for
securing the trade of the Lake Zone,
with eastern terminus of navigation at
Ogdensburg, 565-567-two new princi-
ples of cheap transportation becoming
established, that freight railroads and
travel roads should be separate, 568-
that the same corporation shall not
necessarily own both the road and the
rolling-stock, 569 inefficiency of the
two railroads between Boston and Og-
densburg, on account of the several con-
flicting corporations owning each, 570-
need of consolidation, 571, 572-develop-
ment of Lake steam navigation by Bos-
ton, 573-feasibility of connecting Boston
and Sackett's Harbor by railroad, 574-
its relative advantages to Boston and
New York, 575, 576-superior location
of Boston for freight handling, 578-
present lack of facilities in New York,
579-practicable mode of reducing the
cost of freight on wheat to Boston five
cents a bushel lower than to New York,
580-582- - local and official hindrances
to importing through New York, 583,
584-unwise railroad legislation in Mas-
sachusetts, 586 - wharf legislation, 587
oppressive system of taxation, 587-
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Bullock, Governor, his opinion of the op-
pressiveness of the Massachusetts settle-
ment laws to the poorer classes, 498.
Chandler, P. W., statement respecting
Governor Andrew's college course, 250.
China, Western Policy in, article on, 592-
612 traditional exclusive policy of
China, 592- the Opium War and treaties
following it, 592, 593-taking of Canton
by English and French, 593-investing
of Pekin, abdication of Emperor Hien-
fung, 595
wise policy towards the
Chinese people by Sir Frederick Bruce,
596 lawless and unprotected condition
of foreigners before the war, 597 - the
co-operative policy adopted by foreign
ministers, 599
guaranty of the terri-
torial integrity of China, 600, 601-
change in the discipline and arming of
Chinese soldiers, 602- the foreign cus-
toms organization, 603, 604 - change in
language and tone of imperial decrees
after late war, 605- translation and
circulation of Wheaton's International
Law, 605- weakness of the Regency, -
case of Captain Sherard Osborne, 606-
power of public influence in China, 607,
608 attitude of the people toward
improvements, 609-how missionaries
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are regarded, 610- the ministers who
worked together in inaugurating the
co-operative policy, 611, 612.
Church, The, and Religion, article on, 376-
396 the conflict between authority and
liberty in religion, 376- Papal encycli-
cal letter of 1864 against science and re-
ligious freedom, 377-Roman Catholic
theory of the infallibility of the Church,
377, 378-causes of the decline in the
power of creeds and churches, 378-
freedom of opinion and expression now
safe, 379- promotive of charity, and
not indifference, 380 of genuine re-
ligion, 381-discrepancy between the ac-
tual and the ideal value of the Church,
382, 383 reasons given by a writer in
the "London Spectator" for not going
to church, 384-386- nature of true
worship, 387
character of ordinary ser-
mons, 388 defective education of cler-
gymen, 389-slight value of clerical con-
tributions to literature, 390-ministers
not in harmony with the times, 390-
why young men of ability do not seek
the ministry as a profession, 391 - the
Church of the future must rest on liberty
instead of authority, 392 - universal and
beneficent character of such a church,
393-396.
Common-School System, Fraser's Report
on, 128-149.
Conventions, nominating, 233-249.
Co-operation, article on, 150-175-extent
of the co-operative system in England,
Germany, and France, 150, 151 - prev-
alent ignorance about it, 152-origin and
development of the notion that the capi-
talist is morally superior to the laborer,
152, 153- condition and claims of the
working classes brought to the attention
of the higher classes and government, at
the time of application of steam to manu-
facturing and locomotion, 154 - the in-
terests of labor and capital not always
identical, 155, 156-origin and benefits
of Trades Unions, 157 the employee's
objection to the system of wages, that it
is a mark of dependence and of social
and moral inferiority, 158 - social econ-
omist's objections, that the impossibility
of saving much tends to render laborers
extravagant, 159 that the system tends
to make them study to give the least pos-
sible amount of work for the largest pos-
sible amount of money, 160 - that it
does not train them in business habits of
thought, 161-163-labors of Schultze-
Delitsch in establishing co-operative
banks in Germany, 164-the features
and success of his system, 165, 166
sketch of the co-operative movement in
France, 166, 167 -success of co-opera-
tive stores in England, 168-the New-
ark hatters, 169, 171-first effort of dis-
contented workmen to secure govern-
mental interference, shortening hours of
labor, or fixing minimum of wages, 169
second stage, Trades Unions, 170-
cause of indifference to co-operation in
United States, 170-remedy for it, 171
-answer to objection that co-operation
strikes at the principle of competition,
172, 173 objection that it is not suited
to America, 174, 175.
Cullum, Major-General George W., his Bio-
graphical Register of the Officers and
Graduates of Military Academy at West
Point, critical notices of, 695-698.
Curtis, T. F., his Human Element in the
Inspiration of the Sacred Scriptures, crit-
ical notice of, 296-299.
Dall' Ongaro's (Francesco) Stornelli, article
on, 26-42- his parentage, 26-educa-
tion, 27- life at Trieste, 28-specimens
from his volume entitled Fantasie, 29-31
-political opinions and experiences, 31
-33, 38, 39- Arnaud's estimate of his
Stornelli, 33— translations of some of
them, 34-42.
De Tocqueville's explanation of the superi-
ority of the United States Senate over
the House of Representatives, 244.
Dickens, Charles, short article on his visit
to United States, 671, 672.
Elliot, Sir H. M., his History of India, ed-
ited by Professor John Dawson, critical
notice of, 340-342.
Ellis, John Harvard, his edition of the Works
of Ann Bradstreet, in Prose and Verse,
critical notice of, 330-334.
Ewald, Heinrich, his History of Israel to
the Death of Moses, translated by Rus-
sell Martineau, critical notice of, 712-
715.
Expatriation and Naturalization, article on,
612-629-importance of this subject of
discussion between the Old World and
the New, 613- English position on it,
614, 615 change in American opinion
from 1790 to the present, 615-618
opinion of Attorney-General Black, 618
of Mr. Wheaton, Daniel Webster, Ed-
ward Everett, and Lewis Cass, 619-
sition of France, 620-position of the
United States, that there is no such thing
as indefeasible allegiance, 621, 622-rea-
sonable limitations to this doctrine, 622
the theory that as soon as a man is
born he owes a debt of military service
to the state, 622-624-what properly
constitutes denationalization, 624-627
-relations of Fenians to England and
America, 627, 628.
Farrar, Timothy, his Manual of the Con-
stitution of the United States, critical
notice of, 334, 335.
Fichte, his Science of Knowledge, translated
by A. E. Kroeger, critical notice of, 737-
742.
Fraser's Report on the Common-School
System, article on, 128-149-the po-
tent influence of education in forming
and freeing the Colonies; the main de-
fence against the natural evils of immi-
gration and emancipation, 129 - the fair
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and earnest character of Fraser's Report,
131-his high estimate of the average
intelligence of the American people, and
of the efficiency of American teachers,
131, 132 of the English High School at
Boston, 133- the defects of the Ameri-
can school system; want of high cul-
ture, 133 want of local interest, 134-
imperfectly trained teachers, 134- in-
adequate wages of teachers, 135-want
of thorough and systematic inspection,
136 bad text-books, 137-high pres-
sure and "speechification," 138-too
mechanical discipline, smothering indi-
viduality, 139 lack of religious instruc-
tion, 140, 141-truancy and absentee-
ism, their causes and remedies, 142, 143
- compulsory education in Massachu-
setts, 144- in Boston extended to news-
boys, bootblacks, etc., 145- Massachu-
setts and German modes of dealing with
truancy, 146-suggested improvements
in Massachusetts system, 147
argu-
ments for and against compulsory edu-
cation, 148, 149.
Froude, J. A., his Short Studies on Great
Subjects, critical notice of, 305-306.
Goethe, his mode of acquiring classical
knowledge, 640.
Greene, George W., his Life of Nathanael
Greene, critical notice of, 689-694.
Hamerton, P. G., his Contemporary French
Painters, critical notice of, 716-723.
Health, The Metropolitan Board of, in New
York, 351-375.
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Hegel, article on, 447-483-the prevalent
idea that metaphysics are exploded, 447
-everybody metaphysical, 447-defi-
nition of metaphysics, 448- office of In-
duction, 450-facts "stubborn only
to ignorance, 450, 451 - consciousness,
what it is and what it is not, 452, 453-
Philosophy, idealism, 454-current mis-
conceptions of Hegel's philosophy, 455-
the essence of his method, 456-his par
adox that Being and Nothing are the
same, 457, 458- what is meant by
"force" and "matter," 460-by "the
finite," 461-the universality of individ-
ual finite things, 461, 462-inadequacy
of Mill's "law of causation," 462, 463-
of existing science generally, 463-466
-"identity of contradictories," 466-471
-synthetic judgments, 471-life the
necessary synthesis, 473, 474-the truth
concerning causation, 475, 476-freedom
and necessity, 477, 478-relation of soul
to body, 479-the end attained in ani-
mal life, 480-only ground of individual
human rights, 481- the foundation of
Society, 482, 483.
Hillard, G. S., his testimony to Governor
Andrew's Christian character, 256.
Howells, W. D., his Italian Journeys, criti-
cal notice of, 336-339.
Hume's statement concerning parties in re-
ligion, 379.
Johnson, Captain Edward, his Wonder-
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