Philip II. (of Spain, 1526-1598), light thrown on his private cha- racter by the Simancas Papers, cxxiv. 477; his merriment at the massacre of St. Bartholomew, 507
his marriage with Doña Maria, cxxvii. 2; his education of Don Carlos, 3; his atrocious spirit of persecution, 6; his return to Spain, 7; marriage with Eliza- beth of Valois, 8; compared with Charles V., 16; withdraws his troops from Flanders, 19; his Flemish policy, 20; conduct to the Flemish deputies, 22; convokes the Cortes, 24; rebellious con- duct of his son, 27 (see Carlos, Don); his imperturbable de- meanour, 33; acquitted of the murder of his son, 36; his inhu- manity to him, 38; his wives, 42
his discouragement of indus- try and commerce, cxxix. 10
his despondency after the defeat of the Armada, cxxxi. 38; cxxxii. 316
invested with the direction of the League, cxxxii. 308; his negotiations with Sixtus V., 309-
Philip III. (of Spain, d. 1621), his debasement of the coinage, cxxix. 8; his monastic sympathies, 36
Philip IV. (of Spain, 1605-1665), his oriental habits of torpor, cxxix. 33, 34
Philip V. (of Spain, 1683-1746), his taciturn habits described by St. Simon, cxxix. 33 Philip (husband of 'Juana la Loca,' 'the Fair'), his meeting with Fer- dinand, cxxxi. 350; his death, 351 Philip the Bold, Duke of Burgundy,
cxix. 534. See Burgundy, Dukes of Philip de Rouvres, first Duchy of Burgundy extinct at his death, cxix. 534
Phillimore (Sir Robert, b. 1810),
his Commentaries upon Inter- national Law, exii. 386; retro- grade nature of his definition, 415; draws too implicitly from German sources, 416; his illogical arrangement, 417; his valuable application of legal principles,
419 Phillimore (J. G.), his 'Reign of George III.,' cxviii. 523; his inca- pacity as an historian, ib.; his absurd depreciation of the national character, 524; ascribes British greatness to an eminent few,' 525; rails at the monarchy, 526; on recent literature, 531; his super- ficial and extravagant views, ib.; his invectives against Stanhope, 532; denounces the reign of George III., 534; his abuse of the King, 537; his tirade on Wilke's trials, 539; his notions of Irish and Indian policy, ib.; his flashy style, 541; his work devoid of any merit, ib.
Philo (Judæus, first century), his views of Inspiration, cxxi. 559 Philobiblon Society, their splendid edition of Heemskerck's 'Charles V.,' cxxxii. 67
Philodemus, fragments of, found at Herculaneum, cxvi. 325; his treatises on Rhetoric and Music purely ethical, 332; his value as an exponent of Epicurus, 336; his fragment on Economics, 338; his familiarity with the Homeric writings, 340; on the nature of the gods, 341; his denunciation of the Sophists, 346
Philological Museum, origin of, cxviii. 163; Sir G. C. Lewis's con- tributions to, ib. Philology, distinguished from the science of language, cxv. 71 Philosophy, its relations to language in ancient Greece, cxv. 72
Plato's rules for the study of, cxxxiv. 331
Philpotts (Henry, Bishop of Exeter, 1777-1869), his letter to Macau- lay on the spiritual supremacy of the Crown, cxxi. 153; his prosecu- tion of Mr. Shore, 173
his speech on the Reform Bill of 1832, cxxv. 541 Phlipon (Marie-Jeanne). See Roland, Madame
Phoenicians, their political character, cxv. 458
discovery of America ascribed
their alleged introduction of bronze, cxxxii. 472
Phoroneus, date ascribed to, by Mr.
Rawlinson, cxxv. 120 Photography, recent works on, cxxxiii. 338; its stimulating effect on art, ib.; Fox Talbot and Daguerre, ib., 339; the Woodbury type, 340; specimens of its work, 342; the Autotype, 343; the Heliotype, 347; use of, by the Ordnance Department, 349; pho- tozincography, 351; application of, to the microscope, 352; use of, at the late siege of Paris, 353; applied to astronomy, 354; to medicine, ib.; to psychology, 355; types of insanity explained by, ib.; portraits of criminals, ib. ; anecdotes, 356; military services of, ib.; assistance to artists, 357; introduction of colour in, ib.
use of, in astronomical obser- vation, cxxxviii. 153, 155 Photographs, M. de Conche's amus- ing objections to, cxxiv. 382 Photozincography, cxviii. 396 Phrenology, Sir W. Hamilton on, cxxxi. 199 Physical Science, German labours
in, cxvi. 297. See Science; Life Physiognomy, peculiarities of, in idiots, cxxii. 46, 71
its relations with art, cxl. 171; definition of, 172
Physiology, Comte on its place in science, cxxvii. 328
modern definition of, cxxx. 148; exact method of investiga- tion applied to, ib.; researches of Pettenkofer and Voit, ib. ; pheno- mena of vital force, 150
discoveries of the nervous system, cxxxv. 414
rival theories as to life, cxxxvi. 216 (see Life); its recent services in the detection of dis- ease, 230 Piccadilly, origin of the name, cxxxi. 180 and note; state of, in the seven- teenth century, 185; names of ad- jacent streets, ib.
Pico di Mirandola (Giovanni, 1463- 1496), character of his philosophy, cxxxvi. 144, 145 Piddington (Mr.), his 'Sailors' Horn- book of the Law of Storms,' cxxiv. 78
Piedmont, invasion of, by Spinola, cxxiii. 47
Pierre (St.), his private conduct, cxxiv. 343
'Piers Plowman, Vision of,' early MSS. of, cxxv. 244
Pilgrimages, different opinions among Roman Catholics concerning, cxxx. 324
Pillnitz, meeting at (1791), cxxiv. 564
Pine (Sir Benjamin, b. 1813), his able administration on the Gold Coast, cxxxviii. 580, 586 Pine-trees, ancient symbolical use of, cxxxi. 244. See also Coniferous Trees
Pinel (M.), his humane treatment of the insane, cxxxi. 426; anecdote of, at Bicêtre, 427; seized by the Paris mob, ib.
Piozzi, his birth and character, cxiii. 518; his marriage with Mrs. Thrale, ib.
Piozzi (Mrs.), autobiography of, cxiii. 501; dramatic character of
her writings, ib.; her versatility of tastes, 503; the household at Streatham, 505; her quarrel with Dr. Johnson, 507; his romantic admiration of her, 512; correspond- ence on marriage with Piozzi, 516; inequality of the match, 518; scandals in the preliminaries and manner of the marriage, 519; at- tacked by magazines, 522; retires to Italy, ib.; her character, 523 Piozzi (Mrs.), her so-called love- letters to Conway, the actor, cxvi.
Pisa, architectural works of art in, cxxi. 523; the Pisan school of sculpture, ib. 530
Pisano (Andrea, 1270-1345), his bronze castings at Florence, cxxi. 528; his sons, ib.
Pisano (Giovanni, 1240-1320), son
of Niccolà, cxxi. 525; his church of Sta. Maria della Spina at Pisa, ib.; his Campo Santo, ib. Pisano (Niccolà, about 1205–1274),
his Basilica of St. Antonio, cxxi. 522; his alto-relievo at Lucca, 523; his pulpit at Pisa, ib.; Arca di San Domenico at Bologna, ib. ; pulpit at Siena, ib.; carved foun- tain at Perugia, 524
his education as an artist,
cxxii. 84 Pisany (Jean de Vivonne, Marquis of), his negotiations with Sixtus V., cxxxii. 310
Pistrucci, his mock-antique cameo, cxxiv. 519; his skill in gem-cut- ting, ib. Pitcairn's Island, Mr. Dilke's visit to, cxxix. 461
Pitt (William, Earl of Chatham,
1708-1778). See Chatham, Earl of Pitt (William, 1759-1806), his let- ter to the King, proposing Catholic Emancipation, cxii. 38; his debts, 42; his last words, 50; his charac- ter, by Mr. Rose, 51; his intended overtures to Canning, 53
Pitt, William (1759-1806), scanty knowledge of his private life, cxiii. 361; triumph of his Dutch policy, 374
his views on Eastern com-
merce, cxv. 13
difficulties in writing his biography, cxvi. 115; his concen- tration of character the secret of his success, 116; his aversion to society, 118; his attachment to Miss Eden, ib.; his talents not purely parliamentary, 121; prac- tical inertness of his administra- tion, 122; his attempts to disfran- chise rotten boroughs, 123; change in his opinions on Reform, 124; on the Irish Resolutions,' 125; on Tithe Commutation, 128; his commercial treaty with France, 130; his Free-trade principles, 131; his consistent opposition to slavery, 135; his scheme to re- duce the National Debt, 136; fallacies of his Sinking Fund, 137; as a War Minister, 140; his want of strategical science, 143; the campaign of 1799, 144; his relations with the King, 146; his indomitable courage, 149; his Irish policy, 150
his scheme of Indian govern- ment, cxvii. 23; creates the Board of Control, 24
his French policy during the Revolution criticised, cxviii. 111; prophecy of, after his first speech, 411
Miss Wynn's impressions of, cxix. 306
his acceptance of office in 1783 described by Lord Minto, cxxxix. 189; interview with the Duke of Portland on the Associa- tion of the Friends, of the People, 198
Pittilloch, the family of, cxviii.
Pittsburg (U.S.), battle of (1862);
Grant's conduct at, cxxix. 244, 247; losses at, ib. note Pius II. (Pope, Æneas Sylvius Pic- colomini), his patronage of art, cxxi. 541
his love of classical study, cxxxvi. 133; early life, ib.; his recantation, 134; his abortive cru- sade, ib.; his death, 135; his ob- solete spirit of enthusiasm, ib.; letter to Mahomet II., 136; rela- tions with literature, ib. 138; his works, 139
Pius V. (Pope, d. 1572), his patron- age of the future Sixtus V., cxxxii. 295
Pius VII. (1740-1823), his election, cxxviii. 452; his exemplary moral character, ib.; his homily of 1799, 453; his admiration of Napoleon's genius, ib.; detention of, by the Austrian envoy, 454; his corona- tion of Napoleon, 468; on Jerome Buonaparte's marriage, 470; de- nounced by Napoleon, ib.; he de- mands the evacuation of Ancona, 473; Napoleon's reply thereto, 474; his demand for the restitu- tion of the Legations, 475; his resistance to Napoleon's preten- sions, 477; claims the suzerainty of Naples, 479; his reply to Napo- leon's threats in 1806, 481, 482; French occupation of Rome, 485
restoration of, cxxxix. 361; his re-establishment of the Jesuits, ib. Pius IX. (Pope, b. 1792), his con- duct to Rosmini, cxiv. 245; rejects Passaglia's overtures, 258; his Al- locution of 1861, 266
his unsuccessful attempts to reform the Papal government, cxvi. 270
convokes the Ecumenical Council, cxxx. 297; his pastoral letter to the Catholic bishops of America during the Civil War, 326; cn the Syllabus, 329; his
letter to Dr. Manning on the Ecumenical Council, 602 note Pius IX. (Pope, b. 1792), his dogma
of Papal Infallibility, cxxxiv. 141, 156; his conduct examined, 158
his resistance to modern civilisation, cxxxviii. 537
his Papal Constitutions of 1864 and 1870 in Germany, cxxxix. 370
Plagiarism, literary, instances of, from Roman authors, cxxiv. 356, 357 Shelley's habit of, explained, cxxxiii. 440, 445 Planché (J. R. Rougecroix), his 'Pursuivant of Arms,' cxxi. 333; on legendary bearings in heraldry,
Planets, aqueous vapour contained in, cxxxi. 54; modern discoveries of, ib.; chemical analysis of, 55; gravitation to the sun, 63
their relations with meteors, cxl. 420
Plangé (M.), his mission to Coomas- sie, cxxxviii. 577
Plantagenets, uncertainty of dynastic succession under, cxv. 295 Planters, their prosperity in the West Indies, cxv. 49; indispens- able for improvement of coloured races, 60
Platen (Countess of), her plot against Königsmark, cxvi. 196 Plato, his astronomical opinions, cxvi. 93
Mr. Grote's account of, cxxiii. 304; his method of dia- logue, 305; treatment by German editors, 306; his theories inferred from his works, 307, 308; dis- course of Protagoras on the moral virtues, 310; Prodikus and Hip- pias, 312-314; purpose of their dialogue, ib.; his types of Rhetori- cians, 315; dialogue of Gorgias, ib.; his 'Thrasymachus,' 318; un- just invective in the 'Leges,' ib.
note; on the charge of corruption against the Sophists, 321; his dialogue of Sophistes, 322; ob- jections to paid teachers, ib. 324; hatred of commonplace opinions, 325; his dialectic process of defi- nition, 327; his own opinions, 334; homage paid to him as a moralist, 338; arguments in his Republic,' 339; his criterion of virtue, 340; his later speculations thereon, 344; his doctrine of Ideas, ib., and of Reminiscence, 345; on Pre-exist- ence and Immortality, 346; his supposed warfare on sceptical phi- losophy, 348; his attack on Homo Mensura, 351; his 'Theætetus,' ib.; distinction between Opinion and Knowledge, 353; his personal views on speculation, 354; ethical doctrines, 355; his ideal form of government, 356, 358; plan of his 'Leges,' ib.; his view of old le- gends, 361; his peculiar theories of property and marriage, 362; on the division of labour, 363 Plato, the best bust of, is apocry- phal, cxxiv. 353
influence of, on English wri- ters, cxxxiv. 303; English trans- lations of, 304 (see Jowett); no preconceived system in his Dia- logues,' 319; that style of writing probably due to accident, 320; its value as a mirror of social life, 321; Hegel's ideas thereon, 322; arguments preserved by Athenian love of discussion, 323; public characters represented, 324; his 'Euthyphro,' 326; the character of Socrates, 328; his programme of dialectical studies, 331; his Eschatology, 333; belief in the immortality of the soul, ib.; as moralist and metaphysician, 335; state of Greek thought at his ap- pearance, ib.; his works condensed by Aristotle, 336; his logic, ib.; psychology, 337; metaphysics,
338; politics, 339; value of his 'Laws,' 340
Plautus (M. Accius, d. B.c. 184), MSS. of, discovered by Orsini, cxxxvi. 124
corruptions in the early Mi- lan palimpsest of, cxxxvii. 67; in- equalities in MSS. of, explained, 84; the editio princeps of, 87 note 'Player's Petition,' the, to Queen Elizabeth, unfairness of the offi- cial inquiry' respecting its genu- ineness, cxi. 482, 484 Playfair (Professor John, 1748- 1819), his celebrity at Edinburgh, CXXXV. 407; services to the Edin- burgh Review, ib.; anecdotes, ib. Pliny (Secundus Caius, the Elder, 23-79), on the use of iron among the Romans, cxvi. 204; his recipe for preserving iron from oxydation, 220; his description of the Mau- soleum at Halicarnassus, 474; in- consistencies of his account, ib.; his probable authorities, 476
his notice of the Druids,
on precious stones, cxxiv. 236; his carbunculus and lychnis, 254; difficulty of naming his green. stones, 257
his account of oyster culture, cxxvii. 46, 49
on the parasitic nourishment of fungi, cxxix. 341
his text peculiarly liable to early corruptions, cxxxvii. 61, 80; the Codex Bambergensis of, 92 Pliny (Cæcilius Secundus Caius, the younger, 62-103), his panegyric on Trajan, cxxix. 88, 89; his pro- consular letter from Bithynia, 97 Plunket (William Conyngham, Lord, 1764-1854), his life, letters, and speeches, by his grandson, cxxvi. 151; qualifications of the editor, ib. 152; able preface by Lord Brougham, ib.; his family, 153; joins the Historical Society,
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