his cruelty to the conspirators,
373

Nicholas (Emperor of Russia), his
first intrigues with Dost Moham-
med, cxxxiii. 330

his visit to England when
Grand Duke, cxxxvi. 381; later
visit when Emperor, 399; conver-
sations reported by Stockmar, ib.
Nicholls (J. Gough), editor of the
'Herald and Genealogist,' cxxi.
336

Nicholson (General John), his hero-

ism during the Indian Mutiny,
cxxxiii. 115; his death, ib.; com-
pared to Byron's Marceau, ib.
Nicolaïdes (M.), his Topographie
et Plan stratégique de l'Iliade,'
cxxxix. 536 note; his spirit of lite-
ral criticism therein, ib.
Nicolas (Michel), his 'Études sur
les Évangiles Apocryphes,' cxxviii.
81, 92; his just estimate of their
origin, 104

Niebuhr, his immature criticism on
early Roman history, cxv. 453

his estimate of Roman chro-
nology, cxvi. 89

on the Athenian archons,
cxxxii. 172

Nihilism, theories of, cxv. 407; Bud-

dhist views of, 408
Nika sedition, the, cxxi. 462
Nile, the, physical peculiarities of,
cxii. 322; the confluence at Khar-
toun, 323; its probable lake-basin,
if any, is Nyanza, 324; Burton's
contrary opinion, ib. note; inunda-
tions not attributable to snow
melting, 325

the main stream traced to
Lake Nyanza by Speke and Grant,
cxviii. 207; the longest river in
the world, ib.; Bruce's exploration
of the Blue Nile to Lake Dembea,
208;
M. Linant's expedition up
the White Nile, ib.; is followed
by Egyptian expeditions, ib.; fail-
ure of travellers beyond Gonda-

koro, 209; the 'snow-mountains'
of Krapf and Rebmann, ib. ; argu-
ments of Mr. Cooley and Dr. Beke,
210; Burton and Speke's expedi-
tion, 211; its source ascribed by
Speke to the Victoria Nyanza, ib.;
his theory confirmed by the ex-
pedition of Speke and Grant, ib.;
their route, 213; difficulties from
internal warfare of tribes, 214;
the river of Karagwé, the head-
water of, 216; kingdom of Uganda,
ib.; the lake of Luta N'zigé, ib.;
the M'fumbiro plateau the key-
stone of African geography, 218;
causes of the rise of the White
Nile, 222; its snow-water derived
from the Asua river, 227; ad-
vanced state of ancient knowledge
of, 228; Strabo's account, ib.;
geological age of the Delta of,
287; alluvial deposits on the
banks of, 288

Nile, the, its periodical risings ex-

plained, cxxiv. 155; Baker's ex-
plorations on the Atbara and Blue
Nile, 156; the Victoria Nile traced
by Speke and Grant, 159; the
lake Luta N'zigé, ib.; the source
found by Baker in the Albert
Nyanza, ib.; the Victoria Nile or
Somerset River described, 177,
178 note

early Portuguese map of,

cxxviii. 226

phenomenon of its flood,

cxxxix. 454

Nimeguen, Peace of (1678), cxii. 78
Nimroud, transfer of the Assyrian

capital to, cxi. 63; sculptures from
the palace at, ib.

Nineveh, transfer of the Assyrian
capital to, cxi. 63; destroyed by
Cyaxares, 64

Mr. Rawlinson on the origin
of, cxxv. 138
Nino (Don Pedro, Comte de Buelna),
chronicle of, by his squire Gutierre
Diaz de Gamez, entitled the 'Vic-

torial,' cxxx. 556; its fanciful con-
tents, ib.; translation of M. de Cir-
court, ib.; origin of the title, 558;
his family, ib.; sea-fights with the
Moors, 559; his descent on the
English coast, 560; the chroni-
cler's so-called account of London,
561; sojourn in France, 562; his
picture of French manorial life, ib. ;
romantic adventures, 565; mis-
takes of his chronicler, 566, 567;
legends of Eleanor of Guienne, ib. ;
mythical attack on Jersey, 568;
inventiveness of Gamez, ib. 570;
character of Pedro Nino, 571; and
of Gamez, 572

Nithsdale, Earls of, Memoirs of, in
the Book of Carlaverock, cxl. 322;
the first Earl, 349; his successors,
350
Nitrogen, recent

discoveries in,

Norfolk (Thomas Howard, Duke of),

portrait of, by Holbein, cxxv. 436
Norfolk, Dukes of, early residence of,
in London, cxxxi. 177
Normanby (Constantine
(Constantine Henry
Phipps, Baron Mulgrave, Marquess
of, 1797-1863), his reforms as
Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, cxxvi.
532, 537

Normans, obliteration of, in England,
CXXX. 188

Norman Conquest, the, effect of, on
local names in England, cxi. 388
viewed as a landmark of
English history, cxii. 150

two theories of, cxxi. 7,
9; materials for its history, 10;
contemporary English historians
of, 11, 12; later prejudice against
Harold II., 12; Norman writers
on, 13; the Bayeux Tapestry,
14; the Domesday Survey, 16;
claims of William and Harold
compared, 22, 26; contradictory
statements of Norman writers
thereon, 26; dissensions after
Harold's death, 27; gradual cha-
racter of, ib., 28; tolerant policy
of William I., 29; reconciliation
with strangers after, 30, 31; loss
of nationality, 32; transfer of land
gradual and not universal, 35, 36;
Mr. Taine's view of, 297
Norreys (Sir Denham), his motion
for rejecting the vote for a cadas-
tral survey, cxviii. 391
Norris (W.), atrocious treatment of,
in Bethlehem Hospital, cxxxi. 420
Norsemen, their ravages in France

in the ninth century, cxxvii. 85
North (Frederick, Lord, Earl of
Guildford, 1732-1792), his sub-
servience to George III., cxv. 221

George III.'s letters to him,
cxxvi. 1 sqq.; personal friendship
with the King, 3; his stormy
ministry in 1770, 21; his qualifi-
cations for office, 22; physical dis-
advantages in debate, 23; em-

OBELISKS, architectural merits of,
cxv. 563; their use as public
monuments, 564; their historical
interest, 565; requisites for site
of, ib.

O'Briens, the, Memoirs of, by Mr.
O'Donoghue, cxiv. 370; his de-
sultory style of treatment, 371;
legendary pedigree of, ib.; Brian
Boroimhe, 373; chieftains of
Thomond, ib.; Donaldmore, 374;
their independence in the 16th
century, 375; Torlogh Donn, ib.,
377; submission of Thomond to

0

England, 378; family feuds, 379;
Donogh, fourth Earl of Thomond,
380; adherence to Elizabeth, 381;
religious differences under James
I., ib. ; the Rebellion, 382;
Morrogh, first Earl of Inchiquin,
383; effects of the Restoration,
384; Daniel, Earl of Clare, ib.;
fortunes under James II., 386;
the 'Clare O'Briens,' ib.; succes-
sion of the Earldoms of Thomond,
387; and Inchiquin, 388; Sir
Lucius O'Brien of Dromoland,
ib.; his enlightened Whig policy

391; his death and successors,

393

O'Brien (Mr. E.), his 'Proposal for

the Settlement of the Irish Land
Question,' cxxxi. 256; his scheme
examined, 268, 271
Observatory, Royal, at Greenwich.
See Greenwich Observatory
Ocean, the, its physical functions,
cxii. 307; theory of a circumpolar
sea, 309

forms of animal life in the
lowest depths, cxxx. 159
Oceanic Circulation, cxxxv. 430;
stream and drift currents, 435
(see Gulf Stream); Major Ren-
nell's doctrine, ib.. 436; agency
of winds, ib. ; phenomenon of back
water, 437; horizontal circulation
caused by drift and in-draught,
438; Atlantic trade-winds and
equatorial currents, ib., 439; ef-
fects of, on climate, 450; bottom-
temperature, 452; doctrine of
Humboldt and Pouillet, 452;
opposite conclusions of Ross and
Herschel, ib.; thermometric ob-
servations of the 'Lightning,' 453;
views of Dr. Carpenter, 454; the
'Porcupine expedition, ib.; test-
ing of thermometers, 455; the
Miller-Casella thermometer, 456;
thermal conditions of the Medi-
terranean, 457; Atlantic surface
temperature compared, 459; com-
parison of their deep-sea tempera-
ture, 460; glacial coldness over
deep-sea beds, 461; ascribed to
outflow of Polar water, ib.; theory
of lateral conduction, ib.; in-
fluence of Arctic stream, 462;
recent soundings, ib., 463; Dr.
Carpenter's doctrine of vertical
circulation, 465; question of Pole-
ward indraught, 467; Globige-
rina-mud,' 470; promised scienti-
fic expedition, 471
Ocean-telegraphs, early sketch of,
cxxxii. 228, 232; recovery of lost

cxx. 54
Octroi, the, its burdensome character
in France, cxi. 240
Odilon-Barrot (M.), his administra-
tion of 1839, cxiii. 453

on centralisation and its
effects, cxv. 324
Ecumenical Councils, character of,
in early times, cxxx. 298, 299; the
proposed Council miscalled, 311.
See Vatican Council
O'Flanagan (J. R.), his 'Lives of
the Irish Chancellors,' cxxxiv. 44;
the subject laboriously treated, ib.,
45; defects and inaccuracies, 46;
his attempt to vindicate Fitton,
58; his work ends with Lord
Plunket, 69

Ogilby (John, b. 1600), his English
Road-book, cxxxviii. 493; his
career and writings, ib.
O'Hara (General), sketch of, in
'Cyril Thornton,' cxxii. 308; his
engagement to Miss Berry, 309,
310

his operations in 1793 at
Toulon, cxxxix. 202, 203
Oldcastle (Sir John, Lord Cobham,
d. 1417), Bale's chronicle of his
trial, cxxiii. 173, 174; his intro-
duction by Shakspeare, ib.

O'Leary (Father), Froude's exposure
of his perfidy, cxxxix. 492, 493
Oliphant (Mrs.), her 'Memoir of
Edward Irving,' cxvi. 426; merits
of her work, 427; her ideal con-
ception of her hero, 428
Olivares (Don Juan Enrique de
Guzman, Conde de), Ambassador
of Philip II., cxxxii. 309; his dis-
putes with Sixtus V., ib. 325
Ollivant (Alfred, Bishop of Llandaff),
his objections to liturgical revi-
sion, cxiii. 31

Olympia (Greece), excavations at,

Omens, former belief in, in England,
cxv. 316

'Omichund v. Barker,' Hindoo oath

admitted in the case, cxxi. 447
'Oupaλovixo, the, Barlaam's de-
nunciation of, cxxi. 490
O'Neil (Miss, the Actress), Miss
Wynn's criticism of her acting,
cxix. 314, 317

Onyx, ancient determination of the
name, cxxiv. 252

Opal, varieties of, cxxiv. 250

Opera, German and Italian, contest
between, cxxii. 403

Oporto, the Wine Company,' es-
tablished, cxxxvi. 197; riots at,
198

Orange River Territory, suggestion for
replanting woods in, cxx. 479 note

abandonment of, by the

British, cxxxiv. 416, 420
Orata (Sergius), his artificial oyster-
beds, cxxvii. 46; his litigation
thereon, 47
Orcagna (Andrea), his works in
sculpture, cxxi. 529

Orchids, indoor cultivation of, cxxx.
476

Ordericus Vitalis (b. 1075), his
value as an historian of the Con-
quest, cxxi. 14; his parentage, 15
and note; conflict of his political
feelings, 34; his use of the word
'Saxon,' 37 note
Ordination Service, objectionable
passage in, cxiii. 18
Ordnance Department, its defects in
the Peninsular War, cxvi. 72

Map, the, marvellous accu-

racy of, cxii. 305
Ordnance Survey of Great Britain,
inaccuracies of the one-inch map,
cxviii. 378; dispute as to the
scale, ib. (see Cadastral Survey);
unpopularity of the Ordnance De-
partment, 379; piecemeal nature
of the surveys, 380; the Survey
Department organised by Colonel
Colby, 388; his survey of Ireland,
389; the six-inch survey, 390;
Report of the Royal Commission,
392; requisites of public maps,
401; their value respecting trans-
fer of property, ib.; six-inch scale
necessary for military purposes,
403

Oregon, claims of Hudson's Bay
Company in, cxix. 449; annexed
to the United States, ib.; the
Oregon Treaty of 1846, 459
Oresme (Nicole, fourteenth century),
his Treatise on Money, edited by
M. Wolowski, cxxiii. 83; his per-
ception of Locke's theory, 84;
discovery of his MSS., ib.; his
advanced principles of economy,
85; his personal history, ib.; sound
views on depreciation, 90; ex-
posure of theological fallacy of
tribute-money, 91; refutes claims
of royalty, 92; his fresh and vi-
gorous sentiments, 93

Oxford, Earl of. See Walpole, Sir
Robert

Organisation, effect of, on human