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of Mr. Potter, of Manchester, as local Treasurers of the Association, was drank with great applause.

The CHAIRMAN next proposed "The health of Lord Holland, and the Members of both Houses of Parliament who have supported the cause of Civil and Religious Liberty."

In introducing this toast the Chairman took occasion to pronounce a high eulogium on the Rev. W. J. Fox, who, on its being drank, was loudly called for from different parts of the room.

The Rev. W. J. Fox rose amid the cheers of the company, which continued for some minutes; when they had partially subsided, the reverend gentleman adverted to the state of his health, and said, that nothing but the direct and irresistible appeal which had just been made to him by the chairman and the meeting, would have induced him to address them. He had been involuntarily absent two successive anniversaries of the Association. He had been in a state which one of his worthy friends had called "being buried alive," but he had been called upon in a trumpet voice to rise from it, and to the utmost of his power he would obey the call. With regard to the subject of the last toast, he should confine himself to that portion of it which shewed its connexion with the proceedings of the present meeting, and the objects of the Institution. He regarded the recent change in our legislation not merely as a political triumph; not merely as the triumph of religious liberty; but, in his judgment, and in his conscience, he considered it as an Unitariau triumph. It had been said that Unitarians were doing little. Whether this were true or not, their principles were doing much. He considered the passing of the Catholic Relief Bill a Unitarian triumph, because it appeared to him that universal and unqualified religious liberty was one of the distinguishing and most glorious tenets and principles of Unitarians. He would appeal to facts in proof of his statement. Who were they that advocated the measure most consistently, that advocated the measure universally? Who were the foremost in the field? Who fired the first shot? And who remained most active in the field till the fight was won? He would reply, without fear of contradiction, the Unitarians of this country. Taking any statement which he had seen of the number of petitions from Protestant Dissenters for Catholic Emancipation, it was an undeniable fact that the great majority were the petitions of Unitariaus. Indeed, to decide whose prin.

ciples were those of religious liberty, we had only to look to the state of religious societies. See spiritual despotism pervading them, from the followers of the Pontiff, who thunders forth his anathemas in the Vatican, to the village Diotrephes, who excommunicates his fellow-worshipers in a barn. It is with us, that every man may be fully persuaded in his own mind, and speak his conviction. Here then he saw Unitarian principles advancing in the advance of religious freedom. Looking in another direction he saw that if Unitarians were doing but little, their principles were doing much. He looked to the laws, and he watched, and watched with delight, as every friend to human kind in this country must, the progress which was making towards the simplification of the modes of legal procedure, towards the prevention of crime, and the reformation of criminals; and what was that but the application of the great Unitarian principle, that the proper end of punishment was not revenge but correction? As the state of society advanced, the theological opinions which corresponded with it must advance also. When laws became more righteous and more merciful-when the courts of law admitted of procedures more consistent with common sense-then must men be weaned from a theology which by the imputation of righteousness and guilt held out a more monstrous absurdity than the worst legal fictions of our law courts in the worst of times;-then would men be weaned from a belief that the wise and merciful God punished vindictively as to the principle, and eternally as to the duration. He would say again, that if Unitarians were doing little, their principles were doing much. He now particularly alluded to the spread of knowledge and education. When he heard of the "march of intellect" he rejoiced therein, for what was intellect but a herald to prepare the way and to make a straight and broad path for the triumphal chariot of pure religion? (Cheers.) It had been said that the schoolmaster was abroad-he rejoiced therein, for the schoolmaster was neither more or less than a Unitarian Missionary. As he communicated facts, and exercised the faculties of his pupils, he was providing for the future detection of error and reception of truth. When he found rival colleges about to rear their heads in this metropolis he rejoiced therein. them rear their heads ever so proudly, if men were there taught scientific truths, and the principles of sound logic, those two rising Institutions would but be

Let

concluded by a short address. It is gratifying to witness the progressive increase of the attendance at these local meetings, 209 having taken tea, being a greater number than at any previous time.

pillars of the porch of a Unitarian temple. Let Bible Societies send forth the Bible; let Missionary Societies send forth their Missionaries to the ends of the earth; he rejoiced in their success; for what led men to the knowledge of the Bible and to its study, must ultimately make known the principles of the word of God, which were Unitarian principles. He felt from his heart the kindness with which the company had wel- (See Monthly Repository, Old Series,

comed him after his absence. He looked upon that absence as presenting to him an additional stimulus to propagate the true principles of Christianity; those principles which not only seemed powerful and glorious in the season of social communication and excitement, but preserved all their lustre in the time of sickness and solitude; which were not only a panoply of proof for the conflicts of controversy, but a staff of support for the tottering steps of sickness and age; which, when our way of life was in the night and through the wilderness, were a pillar of fire for our guidance; and which took their stand, like the angel at the tomb, pointing from the dust to heaven, and declaring a resurrection. "The health of Mr. Richard Wright, and our Missionaries," was next pro posed.

Mr. WRIGHT acknowledged the compliment, and declared that he considered it one of the happiest circumstances of his life that he became connected with

this Institution.

The concluding toast was "The Rev. James Yates, and the Stewards," which was drank with a burst of applause that testified the obligation the company felt to those gentlemen, who, by their excellent arrangement, had so much contributed to the harmony and conviviality of the evening.

The Rev. Mr. YATES having suitably acknowledged the cordial manner in which the toast was received, the Chairman vacated his seat, and retired amid continued cheering. The company then separated.

Annual Meeting of the General Bup

tists of Ditchling.

THE Annual Meeting of the General Baptists of Ditchling and its neighbourhood was held on May 31, 1829. The services of the day were conducted by the Rev. S. Martin, of Trowbridge. The chapel was much crowded, and at the afternoon service upwards of forty were obliged to remain without. After service the friends drank tea together in the chapel as usual, and the meeting was

Unitarian Baptist Chapel, at Dover, erected A. D. 1820.

SIR,

Vol. XV. p. 318.)

THE Congregation of Unitarian Baptists at Dover beg leave respectfully to lay before the readers of the Repository having made great exertions at the time the state of their chapel debt. After pressed with a mortgage of £500, of the chapel was built, they are still opwhich they regularly pay the interest. Besides which, they have recently formed 251. per annum towards the liquidation a plan, from which they expect to raise of the principal; but they will feel very grateful to the gentlemen who have the management of Fellowship or other funds, if by their contributions they will enable them to relieve themselves more

promptly. They have ventured already

to send circulars to some ministers and zealous laymen; and they intend to transmit circulars to others as soon as They are happy in being able to speak they can procure the proper addresses. favourably of the number composing the congregation, and of the probability of efforts, proportionate to their means, increase; and they can safely affirm that guish a great part of the original debt. have been made by themselves to extinSigned on behalf of the Society,

G. CHAPMAN, Secretary. ceived by Mr. Horwood, No. 2, WalSubscriptions will be thankfully rebrook Buildings, Walbrook ; Mr. G. Smallfield, Homerton; or by the Secretary, G. Chapman, Printer, Dover.

testation of a Unitarian minister, who The Society beg leave to add the athas lately been among them:

"Having recently been present at au Association held at Dover, and having had ample opportunities of observing the state of the Society there, I have complete satisfaction in bearing testimony to the importance of the above case, and hope that the zealous friends to Unitarianism throughout the country, and especially the conductors of the Fellowship Funds, will bestow upon it their particular attention.

"BENJAMIN MARDON. "6, Goulden Terrace, Pentonville."

Removal of Ministers.

THE Rev. J. P. MALLESON, A. B., late chaplain to Mrs. Milnes, of Frystone Hall, Yorkshire, formerly minister of Hanover-street Chapel, London, has accepted an invitation to become the minister of the Unitarian congregation at Brighton.

Debate between the Rev. Mr. Camp

bell and Mr. Owen.

THE debate between the Rev. Mr. Campbell and Mr. Owen, on the doctrines of Christianity, began at Cincinnati, on the 13th of April, and was continued nine days successively, neither party having recourse to acrimonious recrimination. Mr. Campbell, throughout the discussion, evinced the spirit which ought to characterize a Christian preacher, and Mr. Owen a truly philosophic calmness. At the close of the discussion Mr. Campbell, after alluding to the absence of any expressions of disapprobation of the insulting and indignant reflections cast upon the Christian religion, desired that those who had suppressed their feelings on account of Christian charity and forbearance, would stand up in order that it might be shewn whether

the audience consisted of infidels and persons opposed to the dissemination of Christianity. On this almost the whole audience, consisting of about 2,000 persons, stood up. He then requested those who had been actuated by the other motives to stand up, and not more than four complied with the request. The whole discussion has been taken down, and will be published.—Liverpool Mer

cury.

NOTICES.

Sussex Unitarian Association. THE Annual Meeting will be held at the Baptist Chapel, Horsham, on Wednesday, July the 8th. The Rev. J. S.

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CORRESPONDENCE.

The notice of the Devon and Cornwall Association Anniversary, and of the opening of Devonport Chapel, was not received till insertion in our last number was impossible.

Tertia in our next; also the Reply to T. F. B., on the Proem of St. John's Gospel. The length of the Report of the Association Anniversary has compelled us to postpone several articles, including two or three of Obituary and Intelligence, which will certainly appear next month.

ERRATA.

Page 400, line 17 from the top, for "at most," read almost.

Page 404, line 4 from the bottom, for "edition," read volume.

Page 406, line 23 from the top, place inverted commas before the words “was not," &c.

THE MONTHLY REPOSITORY

AND

REVIEW.

NEW SERIES, No. XXXII.

AUGUST, 1829.

ESSAYS ON THE ART OF THINKING.

By Harries Martinaan (see the Miller's life rflor, p. bul

So much has been written and said on the importance of habits of accurate thought, that scholars and wise men have had enough of the subject. But it is not for them that we write. It is possible that we may be aware of errors of judgment to which they are liable, and into which we apprehend they frequently fall. We may occasionally take notice of the perverted ingenuity of the acute theorist, or smile at the difficulties which the sceptic labours to accumulate, or wonder at the strange interpretations which the biblical critic puts upon motives and actions, or sigh over the partial delusions to which the moral philosopher is himself subject. But our wonder and regret we keep to ourselves, and are far from the thought of offering any observations worthy to occupy intellects of a rank so much higher than our own. They have Bacon, Newton, Locke, and a host of advisers besides. We take up the pen in the service of those who have never studied or are likely to study under these masters in the art of thinking. Of all the multitudes who have never been taught to think, or who have learned the art but imperfectly, there may be some who, labouring under a fellow-feeling of infirmity with ourselves, may turn to these pages with a hope of assistance and consolation. To such we address ourselves; and, taught by our own difficulties to appreciate theirs, we assure them that we feel deep compassion for that painful consciousness of deficient observation, perverted judgment, unchastened imagination, indolent attention, treacherous memory, and all intellectual faults and deficiencies whatever, which is a daily subject of regret and shame to a reflecting mind. We invite them to accompany us in a brief inquiry into some of the causes of these evils, and the best modes of cure for ourselves, and of prevention for those over whose intellectual discipline we may have any control.

Every one allows that habits of accurate thought are of great importance; but the philosophical observer alone is aware of how much. Whether he looks back upon the history of the world, or watches the events which pass

VOL. III.

20

before his eyes, or anticipates the results of causes now in operation, and speculates on the future condition of the human race, he is more and more impressed with the importance of employing the intellectual powers on legitimate objects, and directing them diligently to attainable ends. If all men could see with his eyes, and follow the convictions of his understanding, there would be an end at once to half the evils that afflict humanity. Let no one accuse us of exaggeration; but if surprised at our statement, let him pause and consider the illimitable influence which the intellectual and moral powers have on one another; let him reflect on the tendency of difference of opinion to excite bad passions, and the reciprocal influence of bad passions in perverting the judgment and clouding the understanding. If he objects that we disregard the large class of natural evils, we reply, that natural and moral evil produce and reproduce each other perpetually. Moreover, natural evils might be neutralized or destroyed to an extent which we can yet scarcely conceive, if men's minds were directed to an efficacious inquiry into their origin and results. If natural philosophers had always known what they were about, if they had determined what end they meant to attain, and had early discovered the right road to their object, there is no saying how far our race might by this time have triumphed over the ills that flesh is heir to. If all the time, thought, and labour, which have been spent on the study of alchemy, had been devoted to chemical science worthy the name, who can say how far the kindred sciences would have advanced, or what splendid results would have appeared by this time? If there had been no empiricism in medical practice, if physicians had known how to study, and their patients what to expect from them and how far to believe them, who can say how often the plague might have been staid, how many dreadful diseases might have been extirpated, how many victims to quackery and credulity might have been spared? If legislators had, some ages ago, hit upon the right mode of ascertaining the proper objects and best modes of civil government, and if the nations had urged them on, and supported them in the inquiry, and exercised a due check on the power they conferred, they might have been saved the inflictions of famine, fire, and sword, and all the countless evils which follow in the train of war. If, again, our objector insists that all this is mere speculation, we request him to listen to a very few facts, which may shew what a host of evils has arisen from infirmities of the understanding, and for one century after another spread its desolating march over the most civilized portion of mankind. Among so great a variety of instances as history lays before us, it is difficult to say what facts are the most striking; and we will, therefore, confine ourselves to those which approach the nearest, and detail a few of the mistakes of civilized, enlightened, and Christian Europe. Passing over the destructive wars among savage nations, arising from trivial causes, but perpetuated from generation to generation-passing over the cases of the innumerable victims to superstition in India, to etiquette in China, to bigotry among the Mahometans, and to brute force uncontrolled by intellectual power in all regions of the globe, let us see what was done in neighbouring countries, in times not very far distant from our own. The Emperor Constantine laboured for a long series of years, with the best intentions, to establish a perfect uniformity of faith in the Christian world. For want of understanding the plain truth that the minds of men are differently constituted, and can never be assimilated by human authority, he encouraged heart-burnings and dissensions more hostile to the spirit of religion than the despised institutions of barbarous states. To what condition his own mind was brought by mistaken zeal, we learn from

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