Mary's firm adherence to the Roman faith finally induced Edward, under the interested advice of his minister Northumberland, to attempt at the close of his life to exclude her from the succession, and to make over the crown by will to the Lady Jane Grey, an act which was certainly without any shadow of legal force. [EDWARD VI.] Although Lady Jane however was actually proclaimed, scarcely any resistance was made to the accession of Mary, the commencement of whose reign accordingly is dated from the 6th of July, 1553, the day of her brother's death. [GREY, LADY JANE.] Charles V. On Charles declining to fulfil this bargain, | It was said, I constrained not her faith, but wished her not some overtures of a Scottish marriage followed in Septem- as a king to rule, but as a subject to obey; and that her ber, 1524. Finally, in April, 1527, it was agreed that the example might breed too much inconvenience.' In fact princess should be given in marriage either to the French throughout this reign the princess Mary was the centre of king Francis, or to his second son, the duke of Orleans; the intrigues of the Catholic party, and the hope of her sucbut before it was determined whether she should be married cession their main strength and support. In the summer of to the father or the son, the affair of her mother's divorce, this same year a project was entered into by her friends at implying her own illegitimacy, came to be agitated, and home and abroad for removing her from England, where stopped all match-making for some years. her faith at least, if not her person, was probably supposed Mary was brought up from her infancy in a strong at- to be in some danger. On the 29th of August, her brother tachment to the antient religion, under the care of her writes: 'Certain pinnaces were prepared to see that there mother, and Margaret, countess of Salisbury, the effect of should be no conveyance over sea of the Lady Mary secretly whose instructions was not impaired by the subsequent done. Also appointed that the lord chancellor, lord chamlessons of the learned Ludovicus Vives, who, though some-berlain, the vice-chamberlain, and the secretary Petre what inclined to the reformed opinions, was appointed by should see by all means they could whether she used the Henry to be her Latin tutor. After her mother's divorce, mass; and if she did, that the laws should be executed on Mary was deprived of her title of princess of Wales, which her chaplains.' was transferred to the Princess Elizabeth soon after she came into the world; and during all the time that Anne Boleyn lived, Mary, who clung to her mother's cause and her own, remained in a state of estrangement from her father. In the mean time, according to Lord Herbert, negotiations for disposing of her in marriage were twice entered into by her near relation the emperor, without her father's consent having been asked; in 1533 he offered her to James V. of Scotland, and in 1535 to her old suitor the dauphin. But immediately after the execution of Queen Anne in 1536, a reconcilement took place between Henry and his eldest daughter, who, with great reluctance, was now prevailed upon to make a formal acknowledgement both of Henry's ecclesiastical supremacy-utterly refusing the bishop of Rome's pretended authority, power, and jurisdiction within this realm heretofore usurped'—and of the nullity of the marriage of her father and mother, which she declared was 'by God's law and man's law incestuous and unlawful.' (See the 'Confession of me, the Lady Mary,' as printed by Burnet, 'Hist. Ref.,' from the original, all written with her own hand.') By the new act of succession however, passed this year, she was again, as well as her sister Elizabeth, declared illegitimate, and for ever excluded from claiming the inheritance of the crown as the king's lawful heir by lineal descent. While she was thus circuinstanced, excluded,' as Lord Herbert expresses it, by act of parliament from all claim to the succession except such as the king shall give her' by the powers reserved to him of nominating his own successor after failure of the issue of Queen Jane, or of any other queen whom he might afterwards marry, she was in 1538 offered to Don Louis, prince of Portugal, and the next year to William, son of the duke of Cleves. Meanwhile continuing to yield an outward conformity to all her father's capricious movements in the matter of religion, she so far succeeded in regaining his favour, that in the new act of succession, passed in 1544, the inheritance to the crown was expressly secured to her next after her brother Edward and his heirs, and any issue the king might have by his then wife Catherine Parr. Mary's compliance with the innovations in religion in her father's time had been dictated merely by fear or selfinterest; and when, after the accession of her brother, his ministers proceeded to place the whole doctrine, as well as discipline, of the national church upon a new foundation, she openly refused to go along with them; nor could all their persuasions and threats, aided by those of her brother himself, move her from her ground. Full details of the various attempts that were made to prevail upon her may be found in Burnet's History,' and in King Edward's 'Journal.' Mention is made in the latter, under date of April, 1549, of a demand for the hand of the Lady Mary by the duke of Brunswick, who was informed by the council that there was talk for her marriage with the infant of Portugal, which being determined, he should have answer.' About the same time it is noted that whereas the emperor's ambassador desired leave, by letters patents, that my Lady Mary might have mass, it was denied him.' On the 18th of March of the following year, the king writes: The Lady Mary, my sister, came to me at Westminster, where, after salutations, she was called, with my council, into a chamber; where was declared how long I had suffered her mass, in hope of her reconciliation, and how now being no hope, which I perceived by her letters, except I saw some short amendment, I could not bear it. She answered, that her soul was God's, and her faith she would not change, nor dissemble her opinion with contrary doings. Mary was scarcely seated on the throne when she proceeded to re-establish the antient religion. In the course of the month of August, Bonner, Gardiner, and three other bishops, who had been deposed for nonconformity in the late reign, were restored to their sees, and the mass began again to be celebrated in many churches. In the following month archbishop Cranmer and bishop Latimer were committed to the Tower; and in November the parliament passed an act repealing all the acts, nine in number, relating to religion, that had been passed in the late reign, and replacing the church in the same position in which it had stood at the death of Henry VIII. These measures, and the other indications given by the court of a determination to be completely reconciled with Rome, were followed by the insurrection, commonly known as that of Sir Thomas Wyatt, its principal leader, which broke out in the end of January, 1554, but was in a few days effectually put down; its suppression being signalised by the executions of the unfortunate Lady Jane Grey and her husband the Lord Guildford Dudley, of her father the duke of Suffolk, and finally, of Wyatt himself. On the 25th of July, Mary was married in the cathedral church of Winchester to the prince of Spain, afterwards Philip II., the son of the emperor Charles V.; and the reunion with Rome was speedily completed by a parliament which assembled in the beginning of November, and which passed acts repealing the attainder of cardinal Pole, who immediately after arrived in England with the dignity of papal legate, restoring the authority of the pope, repealing all laws made against the see of Rome since the 20th of Henry VIII., reviving the antient statutes against heresy, and in short re-establishing the whole national system of religious policy as it had existed previous to the first innovations made by Henry VIII. By one of the acts of this session of parliament also Philip was authorised to take the title of king of England during the queen's life. All these acts appear to have been passed with scarcely any debate or opposition in either house, except occasionally upon mere points of detail and form. The remainder of the history of the reign of Mary is occupied chiefly with the sanguinary persecutions of the adherents to the reformed doctrines. The Protestant writers reckon that about two hundred and eighty victims perished at the stake, from the 4th of February, 1555, on which day John Rogers was burnt at Smithfield, to the 10th of November, 1558, when the last auto-du-fé of the reign took place by the execution in the same manner of three men and two women at Colchester. Dr. Lingard admits that after expunging from the Protestant lists the names of all who were condemned as felons or traitors, or who died peaceably in their beds, or who survived the publication of their martyrdom, or who would for their heterodoxy have been sent to the stake by the reformed prelates themselves, had they been in possession of the power,' and making every other reasonable allowance, it will still be found that in the space of four years almost two hundred persons perished in the flames for religious opinion. Among the most distinguished sufferers were Hooper bishop of Gloucester, Ferrar of St. David's, Latimer of Worcester, Ridley of London, and Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury. Gardiner, bishop of Winchester and lord chancellor, was Mary's chief minister till his death in November, 1555, after which the direction of affairs fell mostly into the hands of cardinal Pole, who after Cranmer's deposition was made archbishop of Canterbury; but the notorious Bonner, Ridley's successor in the see of London, has the credit of having been the principal instigator of these atrocities, which, it may be remarked, so far from contributing to put down the reformed doctrines, appear to have had a greater effect in disgusting the nation with the restored church than all other causes together. At the same time that the new opinions in religion were thus attempted to be extinguished by committing the bodies of those who believed in them to the flames, the queen gave a further proof of the sincerity of her own faith by restoring to the church the tenths and first-fruits, with all the rectories, glebe-lands, and tithes that had been annexed to the crown in the times of her father and brother. She also re established several of the old religious houses, and endowed them as liberally as her means enabled her. Tired both of the country and of his wife, Philip left England, in the beginning of September, 1555, and continued absent for about a year and a half. The bond however by which this marriage attached the English court to Spain and the Empire remained the same as ever; and when, after a short cessation of hostilities, war recommenced in the spring of 1557 between Spain and France, Mary was prevailed upon to join the former against the latter power. The principal consequence of this step, in so far as this country was concerned, was the loss of the only remaining English continental possession, the town and territory of Calais, which surrendered to the duke of Guise, in January, 1558, after a siege of a few days. This event, which was regarded as a national disgrace worse than any mere loss, excited the bitterest feelings of dissatisfaction with the policy of the court; and Mary herself is said never to have recovered from the blow. Some ineffectual efforts were made to retaliate upon France by force of arms; but at last negotiations for a peace between the three belligerent powers were opened at Cambray, in the midst of which queen Mary died, worn out with bodily and mental suffering, on the 17th of November, 1558, in the forty-third year of her age and the sixth of her reign. She is affirmed to have said on her deathbed, that if her breast should be opened after her decease, Calais would be found to be written on her heart. Mary left no issue, and was succeeded on the throne by her half-sister Elizabeth. [ELIZABETH.] MARY STUART, queen of Scotland, was born on the 7th of December, 1542. She was the third child of king James V. of Scotland, by his wife Mary of Lorraine, daughter of the duke of Guise, who had previously borne her husband two sons, both of whom died in infancy. A report prevailed that Mary too was not likely to live; but being unswaddled by her nurse at the desire of her anxious mother, in presence of the English ambassador, the latter wrote to his court that she was as goodly a child as he had seen of her age. At the time of her birth her father lay sick in the palace of Falkland; and in the course of a few days after he expired, at the early age of thirty, his death being hastened by distress of mind occasioned by the defeats which his nobles had sustained at Fala and Solway Moss. James was naturally a person of considerable energy and vigour both of mind and body, but previous to his death he fell into a state of listlessness and despondency, and after his decease it was found that he had made no provision for the care of the infant princess, or for the administration of the government. The ambitious Beatoun seized this opportunity, and producing a testament which he pretended was that of the late king, immediately assumed the office and title of regent. The fraud was soon discovered; but by the haste and imprudence of the regent Arran and Henry VIII. of England, who wished a marriage agreed to between his son and the young queen, Beatoun regained his influence in the country; and on the 9th of September, 1543, Mary was crowned by the archbishop, who was also immediately afterwards appointed lord high chancellor of the kingdom. He had even the address to win over the regent Arran to his views, both political and religious; and thus the French or Roman Catholic party obtained the ascendancy. The first two years of Mary's life were spent at Linlithgow, in the royal palace of which she was born; she was then removed to Stirling castle; and when the disputes of parties in the country rendered this a somewhat dangerous residence, she was carried to Inchmahome, a sequestered island in the lake of Monteith, where she remained about two years. In the meantime a treaty of marriage had been concluded between her and the dauphin Francis; and in terms of the treaty it was resolved she should be sent into France to be educated at the French court, until the nuptials could be solemnized. Accordingly in the fifth year of her age she was taken to Dumbarton, where she was put on board the French fleet; and setting sail towards the end of July, 1548, she was, after a tempestuous voyage, landed on the 14th of August at Brest, whence she proceeded by easy stages to the palace at St. Germaine-en-Laye. At every town in her progress she was received with all the honours due to her royal rank, and as a mark of respect and joy the prisons were thrown open and the prisoners set free. Soon after her arrival at her destination Mary was placed with the French king's own daughters in one of the first convents of the kingdom, where she made such rapid progress in the acquisition of the literature and accomplishments of the age, that when visiting her in the end of the year 1550, her mother, Mary of Guise, with her Scottish attendants, burst into tears of joy. She did not however remain long in this situation. Perceiving the bent of her mind to the society and occupations of a nunnery, which did not accord with the ambitious projects entertained by her uncles of Lorraine, they soon brought her to the court, which, as Robertson observes, was one of the politest but most corrupt in Europe. Here Mary became the envy of her sex, surpassing the most accomplished in the elegance and fluency of her language, the grace and liveliness of her movements, and the charm of her whole manner and behaviour. The youthful Francis, to whom she was betrothed, and was soon to be united in wedlock, was about her own age, and they had been playmates from early years: there appears also to have grown up a mutual affer tion between them; but the dauphin had little of her vivacity, and was altogether considerably her inferior both in mental endowments and personal appearance. The marriage, which took place on the 24th of April, 1558, was celebrated with great pomp; and when the dauphin, taking a ring from his finger, presented it to the cardinal Bourbe, archbishop of Rouen, who, pronouncing the benediction, placed it on the finger of the lovely and youthful bride, the vaulted roof of the cathedral rung with the shouts ansi congratulations of the assembled multitude. The solemnities being over, the married pair retired to one of their princely retreats for the summer; but that season was hardly gone when, a vacancy having occurred on the throne of England by the death of Queen Mary, claitts were put forth on behalf of the queen of Scots through br grandmother, who was eldest daughter of King Henry VII of England; and notwithstanding Elizabeth had ascended the throne, and was, like her sister Mary (both daughters of King Henry VIII.), queen both de facto and by the declaration of the parliament of England, yet this clara for the Scottish princess was made and continued to le urged with great pertinacity by her ambitious uncles the princes of Lorraine. On every occasion on which the dauphin and dauphiness appeared in public, they were ostentatiously greeted as the king and queen of England; the English arms were engraved upon their plate, embroidered on their banners, and painted on their furniture: and Mary's own favourite device at the time was, the two crowns of France and Scotland, with the motto Aliamque moratur, meaning that of England. Henri II. died in July, 1559, and in September of the same year Francis was solemnly crowned at Rheims. Mary was now at the height of her splendour; it was doomed however to be only of short continuance. In June, 1560, her mother died; and in December of the same year, her husband, who had been wasting away for some months, expired. By this latter event, Catherine de' Medici rose again into power in the French court, and Mary, who did not relish being securi where she had been the first, immediately determined sa quitting France and returning to her native country The queen of England however interposed; and because Mary would not abandon all claim to the English thr refused to grant her a free passage, being moved to th piece of discourtesy not less perhaps by envy than by jealousy. Mary notwithstanding resolved to go, and at length, after repeated delays, still lingering on the soil where fortune had smiled upon her, she reached Calais. Here she bade adieu to her attendants, and sailed for Scotland; but as long as the French coast remained in view, she continued involuntarily to exclaim, Farewell, France! Farewell, beloved country!' She landed at Leith on the 19th August, 1561, in the 19th year of her age, and after an absence from Scotland of nearly 13 years. She was now, in the language of Robertson, a stranger to her subjects, without experience, without allies, and almost without a friend.' A great change had taken place in Scotland since Mary was last in the country. The Roman Catholic religion was then supreme; and under the direction of cardinal Beatoun the Romish clergy displayed a fierceness of intolerance which seemed to aim at nothing short of the utter extirpation of every seed of dissent and reform. The same causes however which gave strength to the ecclesiastics gave strength also, though more slowly, to the great body of the people; and at length, after the repeated losses of Floddon and Fala, and Solway Moss and Pinkey,-which, by the fall of nearly the whole lay nobility and leading men of the kingdom, brought all classes within the influence of public events, the energies, physical and mental, of the entire nation were drawn out, and under the guidance of the reformer Knox expended themselves with the fury of awakened indignation upon the whole fabric of the antient religion. The work of destruction was just completed, and the Presbyterian government established on the ruins of the Roman Catholic, when Mary returned to her native land. She knew little of all this, and had been taught in France to shrink at the avowal of Protestant opinions: her habits and sentiments were therefore utterly at variance with those of her subjects; and, nurtured in the lap of ease, she was wholly unprepared for the shock which was inevitably to result from her being thrown among them. Accordingly the very first Sunday after her arrival she commanded a solemn mass to be celebrated in the chapel of the palace; and, as might have been expected, an uproar ensued, the servants of the chapel were insulted and abused, and had not some of the lay nobility of the Protestant party interposed, the riot might have become general. The next Sunday Knox had a thundering sermon against idolatry, and in his discourse he took occasion to say that a single mass was, in his estimation, more to be feared than ten thousand armed men. Upon this, Mary sent for the reformer, desiring to have an interview with him. The interview took place, as well as one or two subsequent ones from a like cause; but the only result was to exhibit the parties more plainly at variance with each other. In one of these fruitless conferences the young queen was bathed in tears before his stern rebukes. Her youth however, her beauty and accomplishments, and her affability, interested many in her favour; and as she had from the first continued the government in the hands of the Protestants, the general peace of the country remained unbroken. A remarkable proof of the popular favour which she had won, appeared in the circuinstances attending her marriage with Darnley. Various proposals had been made to her from different quarters; but at length she gave up all thoughts of a foreign alliance, and her affections became fixed on her cousin Henry Stuart, lord Darnley, the youthful heir of the noble house of Lennox, to whom she was united on Sunday, 29th July, 1565, the ceremony of marriage being performed in the chapel of Holyrood-house, according to the rites of the Romish church. Whether the queen had any right to choose a husband without consent of parliament, was in that age, as Robertson observes, a matter of some dispute; but that she had no right to confer upon him, by her private authority, the title and dignity of king, or by a simple proclamation invest him with the character of a sovereign, was beyond all doubt: yet so entirely did she possess the favourable regard of the nation, that notwithstanding the clamours of the malecontents, her conduct in this respect produced no symptom of general dissatisfaction. The queen's marriage was particularly obnoxious to Queen Elizabeth, whose jealous eye had never been withdrawn from her rival. Knox also did not look favourably on it. Nevertheless the current of popular opinion ran decidedly in Mary's favour, and it was even remarked that the prosperous situation of her affairs began to work some change in favour of her religion. This popularity however was the result of adventitious circumstances only. There existed no real sympathy or opinion between Mary and the great body of her people; and whatever led to the manifestation of her religious sentiments dissolved in the same degree the fascination which her other qualities had created. It is in this way we may account for the assistance given to Darnley in the assassination of Rizzio-an attendant on Mary, who seems to have come in place of Chatelard. The latter was a French poet who sailed in Mary's retinue when she came over from the Continent; and having gained the queen's attention by his poetical effusions, he proceeded, in the indulgence of a foolish attachment for her, to a boldness and audacity of behaviour which demanded at last the interposition of the law, and he was condemned and executed. Rizzio, a Piedmontese by birth, came to Edinburgh in the train of the ambassador from Savoy, a year or so before Chatelard's execution. He was skilled in music, had a polished and ready wit, and, like Chatelard, wrote with ease in French and Italian. His first employment at court was in his character of a musician; but Mary soon advanced. him to be her French secretary; and in this situation, he was conceived to possess an influence over the queen which was equally hateful to Darnley and the Reformers, though on very different grounds. Both therefore concurred in his destruction, and he was assassinated accordingly. Darnley afterwards disclaimed all concern in the conspiracy; but it was plain the queen did not believe and could not. forgive him; and having but few qualities to secure her regard, her growing contempt of him terminated in disgust. In the mean time the well-known earl of Bothwell was rapidly advancing in the queen's favour, and at length no business was concluded, no grace bestowed, without his assent and participation. Meanwhile also Mary bore a son to Darnley; and after great preparations for the event, the baptism of the young prince was performed according to the rites of the Romish church. Darnley himself was soon after seized with the smallpox, or some dangerous distemper, the nature and cause of which are not very clear. He was at Glasgow when he was taken ill, having retired thither to his father somewhat hastily and unexpectedly Mary was not with him, nor did she visit him for a fortnight. After a short stay they returned to Edinburgh together, when Darnley was lodged, not in the palace of Holyrood, as heretofore, but in the house of the Kirk of Field, a mansion standing by itself in an open and solitary part of the town. Ten days after, the house was blown up by gunpowder, and Darnley and his servants buried in the ruins. Whether Mary knew of the intended murder is not certain, and different views of the circumstances have been taken by different historians. The author of the horrid deed' was Bothwell, and the public voice was unanimous in his reprobation. Bothwell was brought before the privy-council for the crime; but in consequence of the shortness of the notice, Lennox, his accuser, did not appear. The trial nevertheless proceeded, or rather the verdict and sentence; for, without a single witness being examined, Bothwell was. acquitted. He was upon this not only continued in all his influence and employments, but he actually attained the great end which he had in view by the perpetration of the foul act. This was no other than to marry the queen herself, which he did in three months after; having in the interval met the queen, and carried her off a prisoner to dis castle of Dunbar, and also raised a process of divorce against the lady Bothwell, his wife, on the ground of consanguinity, and got a decree in the cause just nine days before the marriage. Before the marriage, also, Mary created Bothwell duke of Orkney; and the marriage itself was solemanized at Holyrood-house by Adam Bothwell, bishop of Orkney, according to the forms both of the Romish and Protestant religions. [BOTHWELL.] Public indignation could no longer be restrained. The nobles rose against Bothwell and Mary, who fled before an armed and indignant people from fortress to fortress. At length, after they had collected some followers, a pitched battle near Carbery Hill was about to ensue, when Mary abandoned Bothwell, and threw herself on the mercy of her subjects. They conducted her first to Edinburgh, and thence to the castle of Lochleven, where, as she still persisted to regard Bothwell as her husband, it was determined she should at once abdicate in favour of the prince her son James Instruments of abdication to that effect were accordingly prepared, and she was at last constrained to Surface and Soil.-The country east of Chesapeake Bay has a level surface as far north as Chester Bay, where it begins to be undulating, and towards the boundary of Pennsylvania isolated hills make their appearance. The soil is generally thin and sandy, but tolerably well cultivated. Along the shores both of the Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay marshy tracts of some extent occur. The largest is the Cypress Swamp, near the northern extremity of Sinepuxent Bay, a shallow arm of the sea, separated from the ocean by a ridge of low sand-hills, which however are intersected by some channels which form a communication between the bay and the ocean. Cypress Swamp partly belongs to Delaware, and is wooded. Along the eastern side of Chesapeake Bay several indentations occur, forming harbours for vessels of moderate size, as Pocomoke Bay, Fishing Bay, Choptank Bay, and Chester Bay. There are also several islands belonging to Maryland in Chesapeake Bay, of which the largest is Kent Island. affix her signature to them; upon which the prince was shores for 35 miles; and by the state of Delaware, which solemnly crowned at Stirling, 29th July, 1567, when little extends 36 miles along its northern and 91 miles along its more than a year old. Mary continued a prisoner at Loch-eastern boundary. Pennsylvania forms the whole northern leven; but by the aid of friends, in less than twelve months boundary of this state, for 200 miles, along the parallel of she effected her escape, and collected a considerable 39° 42'. The western portion of Maryland is divided from army. The battle of Langside ensued, where she was com- Virginia by a straight line running north and south for pletely routed; upon which she fled towards Galloway, and about 36 miles, which constitutes the western boundary-l ne thence passed into England, hoping to secure the favour of of Maryland. On the south, where it also borders on VarElizabeth. In this however she was mistaken. Elizabeth ginia, the Potomac river, with its numerous windings and refused her an audience, but declared her readiness to act large æstuary, forms the boundary-line for 320 miles. The as umpire between her and her subjects. Mary would not surface is calculated to be 10,000 square miles, or somewhat yield to this, or consent to be regarded in any other light less than double the area of Yorkshire. than as queen of Scotland. The consequence was, that being now in the hands of her great rival, Elizabeth contrived to detain her a captive in her dominions till the end of the year 1586,-a period of about nineteen years,when she was accused of being accessary to Babington's conspiracy against the queen of England. To try this accusation a commission was appointed by Elizabeth, but Mary refused to acknowledge its jurisdiction. I came into the kingdom,' she said, 'an independent sovereign, to implore the queen's assistance, not to subject myself to her authority. Nor is my spirit so broken by past misfortunes, or so intimidated by present dangers, as to stoop to anything unbecoming a crowned head, or that will disgrace the ancestors from whom I am descended, or the son to whom I leave my throne. If I must be tried, princes alone can try me they are my peers; and the queen of England's subjects, however noble, are of a rank inferior to mine. Ever since my arrival in this kingdom I have been confined as a prisoner. Its laws never afforded me protection: let them not be perverted now, to take away my life.' Deluded however by the pretext that she would thus vindicate her character, Mary consented to be tried. The commission accordingly proceeded: Mary was condemned, and, on Wednesday the 8th of February, 1587, beheaded at Fotheringay castle, in the 45th year of her age. When about to enter the great hall which was prepared for her execution, she was allowed to stop and take farewell of the master of her household, Sir Andrew Melville, whom her keepers had not suffered to come into her presence for some weeks before. Melville kissed her hand, and kneeling down before her with tears in his eyes, declared this was the heaviest hour of his life. Not so to me,' said Mary: 'I now feel, my good Melville, that all this world is vanity. When you speak of me hereafter, say that I died firm in my faith, willing to forgive my enemies, conscious that I never disgraced my native country, and rejoicing in the thought that I had always been true to France, the land of my happiest years. Tell my son,' and here she burst into a flood of tears, overcome by her feelings when she thought of her only child, the son of whom she had been so proud in his infancy, and whom she still loved notwithstanding his coldness and ingratitude,-Tell my son, I thought of him in my last moments, and that I said I never yielded, by word or deed, to aught that might lead to his prejudice: tell him to remember his unfortunate parent; and may he be a thousand times more happy and prosperous than she ever was.' [ELIZABETH; JAMES I. of England.] She died professing the religion in which she had been brought up, and to her adherence to which many of her miseries may be traced. For further particulars concerning Mary, and the loveletters, &c. which she is said to have written to Bothwell, we must refer to the writers who have minutely discussed the events of Mary's life. These writers are not few in number, from the time of Buchanan and Knox on the one hand, and Lesley, bishop of Ross, on the other, down to the present day, when Mr. Tytler's History of Scotland' is in course of issuing from the press. We may notice however Jebb's works on the subject, Anderson's Collections,' Goodall's Examination,' Tytler's Enquiry,' Whittaker, Laing, and Chalmers, and the 'Life of Mary,' by Henry Glassford Bell, which forms vol. 24 of Constable's Miscellany.' MARY, wife of William III. [WILLIAM III.] MARYBOROUGH. [QUEEN'S COUNTY.] MARYLAND, one of the United States of North America, lies between 38° 3' and 39° 42′ N. lat. and 75° 10' and 79 25′ W. long. It is divided into two portions by Chesake Bay and the Susquehanna river. That portion which st of the bay is bounded on the south by Virginia for 15 ; on the cast by the Atlantic Ocean, which washes its The country on the opposite shore of Chesapeake Bay is of the same description, but rather less fertile, its surface being mostly composed of a quartzose sand, without a sufficient quantity of clay to render it productive. But there are some productive tracts of considerable extent, as in the neighbourhood of Annapolis. North of the river Patapsco the country along the Chesapeake Bay is undulating, and possessed of a greater degree of natural fertility. About twenty miles from the shore the country rises into hills, which extend westward to the foot of the Blue Ridge, a part of the Appalachian range, a distance of about forty miles. In this hilly tract the fertility of the soil varies greatly; the extremes of fertility and sterility are frequently found in a very limited space. The country west of 77° 30' W. long. is mountainous, being traversed from south to north by six or seven of the ranges which compose the Appalachian system. The valleys which are enclosed by these ridges are generally wide and fertile; they are from 500 to 800 feet above the level of the sea. The ranges themselves are rather narrow, but they rise to an elevation of from 2000 to 2500 feet. Rivers.-The Potomac rises within the Appalachian Mountains, with two branches: the northern branch rises in 39° 12' N. lat., on the eastern declivity of the Backbone Range, and runs in a valley in a north-eastern direction thirty miles, when it suddenly turns south-east, and breaks through two chains of mountains in about ten miles of its course; it then runs again north-east to Cumberland, and has a course of twenty miles in a valley; deflecting again to the south-east, it traverses a mountain range, and twenty miles below Cumberland it is joined by the South Branch, which rises in the centre of Virginia, about 35 25′ N. lat., and runs north-east for about 100 miles in a valley enclosed, between the Alleghany and Kittatinny chains, before it unites with the northern branch. After thus junction the Potomac continues to flow in an eastern direction through mountain ranges with great rapidity, until it turns south-east, and before it breaks through the Blue Ridge, the most eastern chain of the Appalachian system, is joined from the south by the Shenandoah, the largest of its affluents, which rises in Virginia, near 38 N. lat. and flows over limestone rocks, in a wide and fertile valier between the Kittatinny and Blue Ridge, for about 130 miles. The united stream passes through the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry, by a gap which has all the appearance of being the effect of a violent disruption in the continuity of the mountain-chain. The river now enters the plain country, through which it flows in a south-east direction, with rather a rapid course: the last falls occur a few miles above Georgetown, to which place the tide ascends. Below the head of tide-water the Potomac becomes a deep and wide river, and, passing Washington and Alexandrm, it has a general east-south-east course to the Chesapeake Bay, which it enters in 30° N. lat. At the falls above Georgetown it is ten feet deep, and at Alexandria three fathoms; so that vessels of any burden can ascend to the latter place, and large vessels as far as Washington navyyard. The whole course of the river exceeds 320 miles: large boats ascend it 50 or 60 miles above Harper's Ferry, and smaller ones much higher. The Patuxent, the second largest river, rises on the eastern border of the hilly country, in 39° 20' N. lat. Its general course varies between south-east and south, and it flows about 100 miles; towards its mouth it becomes a bay, from two to three miles wide. It is navigable for vessels of 250 tons to Nottingham, forty-six miles from its outlet, and boats ascend fourteen miles higher, to Queen Anne's Town. The Patapsco forms the harbour of Baltimore. This river likewise rises in the eastern portion of the hilly region, north-west of the source of the Patuxent; after a course of about thirty miles in an east-south-east direction, it falls over a ledge of rocks, and before it enters Chesapeake Bay it widens into an æstuary ten or twelve miles in length. Vessels of 600 tons can sail to Fell's Point, the lower harbour of Baltimore, and boats may ascend to Elkridge Landing, eight miles above Baltimore. The Susquehanna river traverses the northern part of Maryland for fifteen miles, before it falls into Chesapeake Bay. Climate. The climate is rather mild in the level part of the country, but the winter is severe enough to block up the harbour of Baltimore with ice for some weeks. In this town the range of the thermometer is from 9° to 92°; the mean annual temperature exceeds 53°, being about three degrees higher than that of London. In the level and hilly districts the summer-heat is modified by sea-breezes; but in the valleys between the mountains it is frequently insupportable. These valleys experience very severe winters, being from 500 to 800 feet above the sea-level. The prevailing winds blow from north-west and south-east. Rain is rather abundant, the mean annual fall amounting to about forty inches, and it occurs nearly in equal proportions throughout the year. Drought is rare. Productions. Wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco are chiefly cultivated; and rye, oats, and barley less extensively. Vegetables of various kinds are abundant. The common fruits of England, as apples, pears, plums, and peaches, succeed in most places, and are of good quality. Hemp and flax are raised to a considerable extent in the upper valleys. The whole country was originally covered with a dense forest, of which a considerable part still remains, composed of a great variety of trees, especially oak, hickory, ash, walnut, pine, and the tulip-tree. Along the coasts of the Atlantic and the adjacent swamps a wild grape grows, the fruit of which yields a pleasant wine. The common domestic animals succeed well in Maryland. The wild animals have nearly disappeared from the plains, but in the forests on the mountains wolves, bears, and deer are still found. The wild turkey is still seen in the western districts. The land-tortoise is also common. Fish is abundant, especially in the Potomac. The principal minerals are coal and limestone. Coal does not occur to the eastward of Cumberland, but west of that town it is abundant. It is found in beds which vary in thickness from one inch to several inches, and sometimes ten feet. Limestone occurs in the whole range of the mountains, and is used for different purposes; sometimes it supplies a good building-marble. Iron-ore is met with in several places, and there are also indications of copper and lead. Inhabitants.-The native tribes have long since disappeared in Maryland. The present population consists of whites and negroes. In 1820 it was composed of 260,222 whites, 39,730 free people of colour, and 107,398 slaves: in all, of 407,350 individuals. In 1830 it consisted of 343,320 free people, whites and coloured, and of 102,880 slaves; or of 446,200 souls. Since the importation of slaves into the United States has ceased, Maryland supplies slaves for the market of the southern states. Reads and Canals.—A_turnpike-road has been made across the country from Baltimore to Hagerstown, and thence to Cumberland and Wheeling in Virginia. The Chesapeake and Ohio canal is to connect Georgetown in the district of Columbia with Pittsburg on the Ohio, in Pennsylvania. It chiefly follows the course of the Potomac, and in 1834 one hundred and ninety miles were completed, but it had not yet reached the coal region west of Cumberland. The difficulties in carrying the canal over the mountain-ridges suggested the construction of a railroad, which begins at Baltimore, and in 1834 was finished as far as Harper's Ferry; it is still in progress, but we are not informed how far it has advanced westward. Chesapeake Bay is united by a canal to Delaware River. This canal begins in Maryland, on the Elk river, which flows into the most north-eastern corner of Chesapeake Bay, at some distance south of Elkton, and runs about sixteen miles to the Delaware river, where it terminates some miles south of Newcastle. It is calculated for sloop navigation, and has been more expensive than other canals, in consequence of a deep cut of about seventy feet for a considerable distance. A railroad connecting Baltimore with York in Pennsylvania is in progress; when terminated it will be 76 miles long. A branch of the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad runs to Washington; it is 33 miles long. Political Division and Towns.-Maryland is divided into nineteen counties, of which eight are situated on the peninsula between Chesapeake and Delaware bays. The capital and seat of government is Annapolis [ANNAPOLIS], but the most commercial town is Baltimore. [BALTIMORE.] Other places of some importance are, Fredericktown, near the foot of the Blue Ridge, with 5000 inhabitants and a considerable trade in the produce of the country, it being situated on the turnpike-road to Wheeling; Cumberland on the Potomac, in the centre of the mountain-region, has 3000 inhabitants, who carry on trade in iron, lead, and coal. In the castern districts the largest town is Easton, with 1500 inhabitants and some commerce. Chester and Snowhill are still less important. Education.-The institutions for the education of the higher classes are rather numerous. As to those in Baltimore, see BALTIMORE, vol. iii., p. 340. There are also St. John's College at Annapolis, and Mount St. Mary's College in Frederick county. The schools for the lower classes are also numerous, and the State has granted considerable sums for their support. Manufactures are rather numerous, but chiefly concentrated in the neighbourhood of Baltimore. The principal articles made are iron utensils, woollen and cotton goods, hats, paper, ropes, leather, sugar, and tobacco. Vessels are built at Baltimore and Annapolis. Commerce. The maritime commerce is almost entirely in the hands of the inhabitants of Baltimore, Annapolis and Easton having only a small portion of it. The exports consist of flour, wheat, rye, and Indian corn, flax-seed and flaxseed oil, salt beef and pork, butter, hog's lard, whiskey, lumber, and a considerable quantity of tobacco, which is greatly esteemed in the European market. The imports are colonial merchandise from the West Indies, wines and spirituous liquors, tea and spices, hardware and some other manufactured goods. The value of the imports from 1st of October, 1832, to the 30th of September, 1833, amounted to 5,437,057 dollars, and the exports to 4,062,467. This commerce employed 156,323 tons of shipping, of which 83,643 entered the ports, and 72,680 cleared out. Twothirds of this amount of shipping belonged to the United States, and the remainder were foreign vessels. The shipping of Maryland is more than 80,000 tons, of which nearly 50,000 belong to Baltimore. History.-Maryland was first settled as a place of refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics of England by Lord Baltimore BALTIMORE, LORD] in 1634, when 200 Roman Catholics established themselves at St. Mary's, and the country received the name of Maryland from Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I. The numbers of settlers soon increased, not only by emigration from England, but also by the addition of non-conformists from New England and Virginia. During the commonwealth the oppression of the Catholics retarded the growth of Maryland, though it enjoyed a more liberal constitution than the other colonies. In 1699 the seat of government was fixed at Annapolis, where it has ever since remained. The constitution of the state was adopted in 1776, and has since been often amended. The legislative body consists of two assemblies, a senate and house of delegates. The members of the senate, fifteen in number, are chosen by forty electors. These electors, who are two for each county, and one for each of the cities of Annapolis and Baltimore, are chosen by the citizens, and elect the senators by ballot out of their own body, or from the mass of citizens. The senators serve for five years. The members of the house of |