climate was again divided into eleven equal parts, from the We shall notice these two principles very briefly, as their western coast of Africa to the eastern coast of Asia, the in- mathematical investigation more properly belongs to the article PROJECTION. convenience of which arrangement is very obvious. There are four methods of spheric projection in general Towards the middle of the seventeenth century several astronomers undertook to observe eclipses of the moon with a use, the Gnomonic or Central, the Orthographic, the Steview of correcting the errors in the longitude of places.reographic, and the Globular, distinguished from each other These observations however were so discordant as to lead to by the different positions of the projecting point in which no satisfactory result. Galileo, by the discovery of the the eye is supposed to be placed. eclipses of the satellites of Jupiter, introduced a more certain method, which was rendered available by means of the simultaneous observations of Picard and Cassini at the observatories of Uraniburg and Paris. Picard and De Lahire were then immediately employed in correcting the map of France, and from this period our maps have rapidly improved. The great perfection to which timekeepers have been brought, and the obvious application of these machines to the determination of the longitude, have greatly contributed to their accuracy. But notwithstanding the advanced state of our astronomical and geographical knowledge, and the science and skill displayed in our great national and other surveys, we may, with Dr. Blair, regard maps as works in progress-always unfinished, and still waiting the corrections to be supplied by the science and enterprise of succeeding ages. Having thus briefly sketched the progress of map-making, we proceed to give a general outline of their application and construction. On the Nature and Construction of Maps.-Maps, being plane representations of the surface of a sphere, may be obviously applied to various purposes; hence we not only have terrestrial maps to represent the surface of the earth, but celestial or astronomical maps to represent the sphere of the heavens; and these general distinctions have again their subdivisions. There are two kinds of terrestrial maps-geographic or land maps, and hydrographic or sea maps: we shall confine our attention principally to the former; the latter, which are usually called charts, having been already described. [CHART.] The Gnomonic or Central Projection supposes the eye to be placed in the centre of the sphere, and that the various objects to be delineated are transferred from the sphere to a plane, which is a tangent to its surface. The entire hemisphere can never be represented by this projection, since the circumference which terminates it is on a level with the eye, and is therefore parallel to the plane of projection. This method is chiefly used in dialling, but may be advantageously applied to maps of a limited extent, more especially if they are maps of the polar regions of the globe. In this case the meridians will be strait lines radiating from the centre, and the parallels of latitude concentric circles, whose distances from the centre will respectively be equal to the cotangents of their latitudes. In the other cases of this projection, where the perspective plane is parallel to the horizon, or to any meridian, the construction is rendered troublesome on account of the parallels of latitude becoming curves of difficult delineation: these cases therefore are seldom brought into use. Geographic maps, as already noticed, are those which represent the forms and dimensions of the several parts of the earth, with their relative situations and the positions of the cities, mountains, rivers, &c., comprised within their limits. They may comprehend the whole earth, or one of its larger divisions, or a single district, and are called maps of the Orthographic Projection.-In this projection the eye is world, general maps, or particular maps accordingly. If they give the nature of the ground, the roads, buildings, &c., in de- supposed to be at an infinite distance, so that the visual tail, they become topographic maps, which, necessarily emrays leave the sphere in parallel lines. The perspective bracing a very small extent of country, are not usually re-plane on which a hemisphere is supposed to be delineated is the plane of that diameter which is perpendicular to the ferred to any spherical projection, but are represented as geometric planes, the objects in them occupying the posi- visual rays-hence every point of the hemisphere is transtions severally assigned to them by the trigonometrical ferred to this plane by perpendiculars let fall upon it. It operations of the survey. The same distinction is made in will be immediately seen from the figure, that the represencharts of small bays and harbours. In either of these cases tation will decrease in accuracy with the increase of disthey are called plans. tance from the centre; the parts near the circumference being much foreshortened and distorted. When maps of the earth are made to illustrate any of the sciences, they are distinguished from geographic maps, properly so called, and bear their own peculiar names, as geological, or mineralogical, or botanical maps. From the spherical form of the earth, it is obvious that the divisions and varieties of its surface may be most simply and most accurately represented by means of a globe, and in order to obtain a correct notion of its general geographic features, there is no mode of representation so satisfactory. Large globes however are expensive and inconvenient instruments, and small ones, by not admitting sufficient detail, are for most geographic purposes entirely useless. Hence we see the eminent utility of maps, notwithstanding the imperfections which necessarily accompany such a mode of representation, for a spherical surface can by no contrivance be extended into a plane without a distortion of some of its parts. The methods adopted in the construction of maps are as various as the taste and judgment of geographers themselves, but they may all be referred to two principles, viz. Projection and Development. By Projection is meant the representation of the surface of a sphere on a plane, according to the laws of perspective. By Development is to be understood the unfolding or spreading out of the spherical surface on a plane. This however first supposes the sphere to be converted into a cone or a cylinder-these being the forms, portions of which most resemble portions of a sphere, and which, at the same time, are susceptible of the required development. In a Polar map of this projection, the meridians, as in the Gnomonic maps, will be radii, and the parallels concentric circles; these circles however will have their distance from the centre equal to the cosines, and not to the cotangents of their respective latitudes. In an Equatorial map, or one in which the equatorial regions of the globe are made to occupy the centre of the map, the plane of projection coincides with the plane of one of the meridians. In this case the latitude circles will be projected in strait lines parallel to the equator, which is also a strait line, and will vary in distance from it according to the sines of their respective latitudes. The meridians will be portions of ellipses intersecting the equator in points similar in position to the intersecting points of the parallels on the polar diameter, and having their transverse axes coincident with this diameter and equal to it. Stereographic Projection.-In this projection the eye is supposed to be placed at the surface of the sphere, and to view the concave of the opposite hemisphere through the plane of that circle, in the pole of which the eye is placed. K G M If E be the eye, and A, G, C the hemisphere to be represented, A, B, C, D will be the plane of projection; and the position on this plane of any point of the spherical surface will be indicated by a line drawn from that point through the plane to the eye. Thus the points K, L, M, N on the sphere will be transferred to the plane at k, l, m, n. The advantages offered by this method of projection have brought it more into use than the methods before mentioned. It is especially calculated for maps of the world, as usually made in two hemispheres, from the circumstance of the representation being less distorted, and also on account of the meridians and parallels intersecting each other at right angles, as they do on the globe. Its construction also is less difficult than others, since all the great circles of the sphere are either circles or strait lines in the projection. The meridian of 20° W. is the one usually selected by English geographers for the plane of projection in these maps of the world, because this meridian passes very nearly between the eastern and western continents, which therefore occupy their respective hemispheres. Globular Projection.-This projection which is a modification of the Stereographic, was invented by the astronomer De Lahire, who supposed the eye to be placed at a distance from the sphere equal to the sine of 45°; that is, if the diameter of the sphere be equal to 200, the distance of the eye from the nearest point of the circumference would be 707 Some further modification was subsequently deemed desirable, in order that the meridians might intersect the equator at equal distances. This condition is very nearly fulfilled when the distance of the eye is 59, the diameter being 200 as before. This projection is also much used in maps of the world, but to simplify their construction, the meridians and parallels are projected into circular instead of elliptical arcs, the deviation from the strict law of the projection being too slight to affect the practical utility of the map. Of Projection by Development. The developments to be mentioned are two-the Conical and Cylindrical. Conical Projection.-In this projection the sphere is supposed to be circumscribed by a cone, which touches the sphere at the circle intended to represent the middle parallel of the map. If the points on the sphere be now projected on the cone by lines drawn from the centre, it is clear that in a zone extending but a short distance on each side the middle parallel, as the zone a a' bb', the points on the cone would very nearly coincide in position with the corresponding ones on the sphere. All the delineations having been thus made, the cone is then conceived to be unrolled, or developed on a plane surface. Should the map be made to extend much above or below the middle parallel, the distant parts will be very much distorted. To remedy the defects of this projection, various modifications have been suggested, among which those of Flamsteed are generally held in the highest estimation. [CONIC PROJECTION.] Cylindrical Projection.-From what has been said of the cone, it will be easily understood that a cylinder may be applied to the sphere in a similar manner, and that a zone of very limited extent in latitude may, without very material error, be developed on a cylinder. The peculiarity of this method is, that the meridians, as well as the latitude circles, are projected in parallel strait lines; a condition of the map which makes it very applicable to nautical purposes, and on which (partly) is founded the very ingenious method called Mercator's Projection, which is now so universally adopted in our charts, and to which, in conclusion, we will briefly allude. Mercator's Projection.-The line on which a ship sails, when directing her course obliquely to the meridian, is on the globe a spiral, since it cuts all the meridians through which it passes at equal angles. This circumstance, combined with others, rendered a map constructed on the principles of the spherical projections very inadequate to the wants of the navigator. Mercator considered, very justly, that mariners do not employ maps to know the true figures of countries, so much as to determine the course they shall steer, and the bearing and distance of those points or places which lie near their track; and this projection is the result of his efforts to secure to the seaman these desirable ends. The merit of this most useful method is thought by many to be more justly due to Wright; for although Mercator published his first chart in 1556, he omitted to declare the principles on which he proceeded, and his degrees of latitude did not preserve a just proportion in their increase towards the poles. Wright, in 1599, corrected these errors, and explained the principles of his improved construction, in which the degrees of latitude on the chart were made to increase towards the poles, in the same ratio as they decrease on the globe; by which means the course which a ship steers by the mariner's compass becomes on the chart a strait line; the various regions of the map, however distorted, preserve their true relative bearing, and the distances between them can be accurately measured. MAPLE. [ACER.] MARACAIBO. [VENEZUELA.] MARANHAO (Province). [BRAZIL.] MARANHAO, or S. LUIZ DO MARANHÃO, is a town on the northern coast of Brazil, in 2° 30′ 40′′ S. lat. and 43° 50′ W. long. It lies on the north-western peninsula of an island, called Ilha do Maranhao. This island, which is nearly twenty miles long, extends along the shores of the continent, from which it is separated by a shallow channel, called Rio do Mosquito. This channel is, on an average, only 100 yards wide, and terminates in two large bays, the Bahia de S. Jozé on the east, and the Bahia de S. Marcos on the west. The island is generally low and swampy, and almost entirely covered with wood. The town is built on the northern shores of a small peninsula, formed by two rivers, or rather small inlets of the sea, the Rio de S. Francisco on the north, and the Rio da Bacanya on the south. It is divided into two sections. The more ancient and populous part of the town, called Bairro da Praia Grande, extends along the shores on a broken surface. The streets are crooked, uneven, and badly paved; some of them are not paved at all. The houses have two or three floors, and are mostly built of sandstone. In this part of the town is a large square, surrounded by the palace of the governor, the college of the Jesuits, the town-hall, and the prisons, which are substantial buildings. At the back of this section lies the other, called Bairro de N. Senhora da Conceiçao, which consists of small houses, many of which are surrounded by gardens and plantations. Each division has its own parochial church, besides which there are three other churches, two chapels, and four churches belonging to four convents. The town is defended by three small fortresses, now in a dilapidated state. The harbour is good and safe, but the entrance is difficult, on account of a bank called Coroa do Meio, about thirty miles north of the town, on the east and west of which are deep channels leading into the harbour. The eastern, which is the most navigated, has on the east the great bank, or Coroa Grande, which extends between the northern shores of the island and the Ilha de S. Anna. The tide rises eighteen feet in the harbour, and twelve feet without it. from arrow-root by the nitrogen which they contain, and the ammoniacal products which they yield by distillation. Potatoe-starch is however most frequently used to adulterate arrow-root, or as a substitute for it. Microscopic observation of the form and size of the grains will point out the difference, as first indicated by Raspail (Annales des Sciences Nat., t. vi.), those of arrow-root being smaller: the different habitudes of the starch with re-agents will also do this. (See MM. Payen et Chevalier, Traité de la Pomme de Terre, p. 126; see also Journal de Pharmacie, Août, 1833.) Potatoe-starch is not soluble in cold water, which is the case with arrow-root. Dissolved in absolute alcohol, arrow-root separates into two distinct portions, which neither wheat nor potatoe-starch does. In equal proportions dissolved in warm water, arrow-root yields a thinner solution, with a more slimy aspect than wheatstarch. Arrow-root dissolved in water, milk, or any other appropriate vehicle, constitutes, from its easy digestibility, a most excellent article of diet for delicate persons and young children. It may be given plain, or with wine or spices, according to circumstances. The valuable property just mentioned does not belong to either wheat or potatoestarch. The latter, if prepared from potatoes in spring, is very liable to disturb the stomach; but less so if prepared in October or November. Potatoe-starch may be prepared at a very cheap rate, and kept for a long period unchanged, thus affording a protection against times of scarcity. (Sir John Sinclair, On the Culture and Uses of Potatoes, Edinb. 1828.) The mean annual temperature is 80° of Fahrenheit. The regular succession of the sea and land breezes, and the MÁRANTA'CEE, a natural order of endogenous prevalence of northern winds, moderate the heat, and the plants, which have either no stems or annual ones only, climate of the town is considered healthy. The population, whose leaves have diverging veins, and whose flowers are which amounts to about 30,000, contains a great number of constructed with an inferior ovary surmounted by a threeunmixed descendants of Portuguese and negroes, the half-leaved calyculus; very irregular flowers, white, red, or breeds being comparatively few in number. yellow; and a single stamen, whose auther has but one lobe. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged in commerce: only the most common articles of domestic use are made in the town; the rest are imported from Europe. The trade is rapidly increasing. The number of vessels that annually entered the harbour amounted to more than 140 twenty years ago; they came from Lisbon, Oporto, Viana, Liverpool, and New York. The imports consist of wine, brandy, oil, flour, fruits, silk, cotton and linen goods, hardware and metals, and articles brought from the East Indies, as spices, &c., and drugs. The exports are cotton, which is by far the most considerable article, rice, tanned and raw hides, &c. Sugar and coffee are imported from Pernambuco, Bahia, and other ports of Brazil. (Spix and Martius, Reise in Brasilien.) MARAÑON. [AMAZON.] To this MARANS. [CHARENTE INFERIEURE.] MARANTA ARUNDINA'CEA (Linn.). plant is referred the arrow-root of commerce, but it is also procured in large quantities from a variety of closely-allied, and even many distinct, plants. Thus the Surinam and Bermuda arrow-root is the produce of the M. arundinacea, while the Jamaica arrow-root is obtained from the M. indica (Tussac); which plant, along with several Curcumas, yields also the East Indian arrow-root. The West Indian arrow-root has mostly a pure white colour, the East Indian a yellow tinge. The tubers, root-stocks, or offsets are grated or bruised, and repeatedly washed with water, which is passed through a fine hair-sieve, so long as it runs off with a milky appearance. It is allowed to subside, the supernatant water drained off, and the powder dried: 100 parts of the fresh plant yield 10 parts of arrow-root; but Benzon states 100 parts to yield 23 or 26 parts. According to the analysis of this chemist, it consists of volatile oil 0 07, starch 26, vegetable albumen 158, gummy extract 06, chloride of calcium, insoluble fibre 6, water 65 6. The volatile oil imparts a slight odour to the solution in warm water, which helps to distinguish genuine arrow-root from several of the articles substituted for it. Arrow-root has scarcely any taste, being bland and insipid; the powder, when pressed in the hand, emits a crackling noise, and retains the impression of the fingers, which common starch from wheat does not. Cassava (manioc, from Jatropha or Janipha Manihot) also retains the impression of the fingers, but it has more odour and a somewhat acrid taste. The meals of any cereal grain may easily be distinguished Canna indica. 1, A flower with the calyx and petals cut off, the petaloid, stamen, and style alone remaining. 2, A capsule. With the exception of the genus Calathea, and of Canna, | importance (viii. 80); and it was near this place that the which is commonly cultivated, under the name of Indian Athenians are said to have defeated Eurystheus, when they shot, because of its beautiful flowers, the species included took up arms in defence of the Heraclide. Dodwell (C72ssiin this order are of small size, and by no means attractive, cal Tour, ii., p. 158) says that Marathon is 18 miles in a but the fleshy tubers of some of them abound in starchy direct line from Athens to the village of Marathon; and matter, which renders them nutritious. Arrow-root of the that it is at least 22 miles by the shortest road to the comfinest quality is obtained from Maranta arundinacea, and a mencement of the plain. According to Pausanias, it was similar product is yielded by Canna edulis and others. The half-way between Athens and Carystus in Eubœa (L. 32, order is known from Zingiberaceæ by the anther having but § 3). Marathon belonged to the tribe of Leontis. one lobe, instead of two. The plain of Marathon was watered by a small stream, called Asopus by Ptolemy, which forms marshes near the sea, in which, according to Pausanias (1. 32, § 6) a great many of the Persians perished. The Athenians who fell in the battle were buried in the plain; and also, but apart from the Athenians, the Piataans, Baotians, and slaves. A large tumulus of earth still rises from the centre of the plain; and near the sea there are two others, much lower than the former. (Dodwell.) A little way above the plain, Pausanias mentions a natural cave, sacred to Pan (i. 36, 6); which, according to Dodwell, is scarcely worth the trouble of visiting. All the species are found wild in tropical countries only. MARASMUS (emaciation) is a term often used by the older medical writers to designate those cases in which no particular cause for the atrophy of the body was discovered. It is now very rarely employed, since the condition which was thus named is known to be the result of some local disease, by which the complete nutrition of the body is prevented, or by which a quantity of its material is constantly abstracted; as disease of the mesenteric glands, pulmonary consumption, &c. MARA'T, JEAN PAUL, born near Neuchâtel in 1744, studied medicine at Paris. Although not deficient in intelligence and quickness, he wanted the application and perseverance requisite for the regular study of his profession, and he became an empiric. At the first symptoms of the Revolution in 1789, he showed himself a furious demagogue, addressing himself to the passions of the Paris populace, and preaching open insurrection and massacre. He was one of the members of the club of the Cordeliers, founded by Danton in 1790. He then became editor of a journal entitled 'L'Ami du Peuple,' which was hawked about the streets, and became a favourite with the lower orders. In this periodical he urged the poor to rise against the rich, the private soldiers against their officers, and the nation at large against the king. In 1792 he became a member of the first committee of public safety, and as such sent circulars all over France to recommend the massacre of the socalled aristocrats. He said in his paper that France would never be happy unless 270,000 heads were struck off by the guillotine; and he actually published long lists of individuals whom he denounced as proper objects of public vengeance. And yet this man was returned by the department of Paris to the national convention. In the convention Marat was the declared enemy of the Girondins: he attacked them in April, 1793; but Robespierre, who was more cautious, checked him then: things were not yet ripe for their proscription. Marat was even impeached, and underwent a mock trial before his friends of the revolutionary tribunal, but was acquitted, and reentered the convention in triumph. He saw the downfall of the Girondins, but did not long survive them. On the 13th of July, 1793, while taking a bath, a young woman from Normandy, named Charlotte Corday, was introduced to him, under the pretext of having some pressing information to communicate. She showed him a list of pretended aristocrats in her own district; and while Marat was reading it, she stabbed him to the heart, boasting that she had delivered France of a sanguinary monster. She was guillotined, and died with the greatest composure. [CORDAY D'ARMANS.] Marat was proclaimed by the jacobins as a martyr of liberty, and his body was interred with great honour in the Pantheon, the former church of St. Généviève, from which it was removed after the end of the reign of terror. Marat has been called a madman, but there was method in his madness; he was one of those depraved men whom revolutionary convulsions throw up to the surface of society. MA'RATHON, a small plain in the north-east part of Attica [ATTICA], about five miles in length and two in breadth (Dodwell), which is chiefly memorable for the victory which the Athenians under Miltiades gained over the Persians here, B.C. 490. [MILTIADES.] Marathon was the first place in Attica that was occupied by Pisistratus and his partisans, after he had been compelled to retire to Eretria in Euboea. (Herod., i. 62.) The town of Marathon originally belonged to one of the four towns which formed the Tetrapolis, which consisted of Enoe, Marathon, Probalinthus, and Tricorythus; but the name was afterwards applied to the whole district. (Steph. Byz., under Terрáñоis Ts ATTInc.) Marathon is about three miles from the sea, and is said by Piutarch to have derived its name from the hero Marathos. It is mentioned in the Odyssey as a place of considerable MARATTI, CARLO, the last painter of the Roman school, was born at Camurano, in the March of Ancona, in the year 1625. From his childhood he manifested a great fondness for drawing and painting. In his eleventh year he went to Rome, and became the favourite pupil of Andrea Sacchi, with whom he remained till he was 19 years of age. By studying the works of Raphael, the Caracci, and Guido Reni, he formed a style peculiar to himself, and acquired during his lifetime the reputation of being one of the first painters in Europe, though his talents were certainly not of the highest order. He was particularly celebrated for the lovely, modest, and yet dignified air of his Madonnas, which procured him the name of Carlo delle Madonne. He painted for Louis XIV. his celebrated picture of Daphne.' Pope Clement IX., whose portrait he painted, gave him a pension, and conferred on him an order of knighthood. The churches and palaces of Rome, which are filled with his works, are proofs of the esteem in which he was held. He was employed also in restoring the frescos of Raphael in the Vatican, and of Annibale Caracci in the Farnese palace. Fuseli says, 'The picture which gives the most advantageous opinion of his powers is "Bathsheba viewed by David," a work the charm of which it is easier to feel than to describe, which has no rival, and seems to preclude all hope of equal success in any future repetition of the same subject.' He also etched several beautiful plates. Of his pupils, the best known are F. Joranis and Chiari. He likewise promote! the art of engraving, and the famous engraver Jacob Frey was his scholar. In private life he was highly esteemed for his modesty and obliging disposition. He died at Rome in 1713, at the age of 88. MARAZION. [CORNWALL.] MARBECK, JOHN, who, as composer of the solemn and now venerable notes set to the Preces and Responses, which are still in use, with some alterations, in all our cathedrals, is entitled to our notice, was organist of Windsor during the reigns of Henry VIII. and his successor. A zeal for religious reformation led him to join a society in furtherance of that object, among the members where f were a priest, a singing-man of St. George's chapel, and a tradesman of the town. Their papers were seized, and in the hand-writing of Marbeck were found notes on the Bible, together with a Concordance, in English. He and his three colleagues were found guilty of heresy, condemned to the stake, and all were executed according to their sentence, except Marbeck, who, on account of his great musical talents, and being rather favoured by Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, was pardoned, and lived to witness the triumph of his principles, and to publish his work. which appeared under the title of The Boke of Comme**i Praier, noted; the colophon being, 'Imprinted by Richard Grafton, printer to the kinges majestie, 1550, cum privilegia ad imprimendum solum.' In the same year appeared also his Concordance; and in 1574, The Lives of Holy Sainer Prophets, Patriarchs, and others;' and subsequently his other books connected with religious history and contreversy. It is stated by Sir John Hawkins, highly to the honour of Marbeck, that, under the greatest of all temptztions, he behaved (after his trial) with the utmost integrity and uprightness, refusing to make any discovery to the hurt of others." MARBLE. A strict definition of this term is perhaps | Some of the Plymouth, Ashburton, and other Dvonian Da Costa, in his Natural History of Fossils,' gives a large catalogue of marbles, disposed in a methodical order, which we shall follow in the following brief notices of this extensive subject. Division I. Marbles of one plain colour. MARBURG, the capital of the province of Upper Hesse, in the electorate of Hesse Cassel, is situated in 50° 50' N. lat. and 8° 47' E. long. It is built on the banks of the Lahn, which divides the town from the suburb of Weidenhausen. The town is situated on the side of a hill, and the streets are very steep. On the top of the eminence overlooking the town there is a large castle, which was formerly well fortified and was the residence of the landwhich there are five gates. Marburg has a university, which Examples. The Namur marble, the marble of Ashwas founded in 1527, by the landgrave Philip the Generous. ford in Derbyshire, Dent in Yorkshire, near Crick-This university has very considerable revenues, and all the howell, Tenby, Kilkenny, &c. The marble, antiently called Marmor Luculleum, and now Nero Antico. Section 2. White marbles. Examples. The marble of Paros, in which the Laocoon and Antinous are executed; the Carrara marble, of finer grain, much used in modern sculpture; the Skye marble, noticed by Dr. MacCulloch; that of Inverary, Assynt, Blair Athol, &c. Section 1. Black marbles. Most of these contain bitu- grave. The town is partly surrounded by a wall, in usual appendages of the German universities, with a library Section 3. Ash and grey marbles. deserves mention. Section 4. Brown and red marbles. Examples. The Rosso Antico; a rival to which, at least in colour, has been found on the estate of the duke of Devonshire, near Buxton. The mottled brown marble of Beetham Fell, near Milnthorp, is of good quality. Section 5. Yellow marbles. Example. The Giallo Antico. Siena marble, also dug at Mafra, near Lisbon. That used in antient Rome is said to be from Numidia. Section 6. Blue marbles. Example near St. Pons in Languedoc. Section 7. Green marbles. Elizabeth, which was however much damaged under the MARCA D'ANCO'NA, an old denomination of a geo- Example. The Marmor Lacedæmonicum of Pliny. It of Urbino, now the province of Pesaro e Urbino, and from is dug near Verona. Division II. Marbles of two colours. Section 1. Black marbles variegated with other colours. Example. Near Ashburton in Devonshire, Torbay in the same county, Bianco e Nero Antico, the African Breccia of the antients, Giallo e Nero Antico. Section 2. White marbles variegated with other colours. Example. Marble imported from Italy. Marbles of this general character occur in Siberia, at Plymouth, at Killarney, in Sweden, &c. Section 3. Ash and grey marbles variegated with other colours. These are very numerous, and occur in various parts of Europe. Section 4. Brown and red marbles variegated with other colours. Section 5. Yellow marbles variegated with other colours. Section 6. Green marbles variegated with other colours. Examples. Egyptian marbles-the Marmor Tiberium and Augustum of Pliny; some Verde Antico, as that dug near Susa in Piedmont, the beautiful marble of Anglesey (called Mona marble), the marble of Kolmerden in Sweden. the Apennines to the Adriatic, along which sea it occupies Division III. Marbles variegated with many colours. Marbles containing shells, corals, and other extraneous In this division of marbles the British Islands are rich. The Picentes, or antient inhabitants of Picenum, are said to have been a colony of the Sabines. Their country extended along the Adriatic, from the Esis to the Truentum, which are also the limits of the modern Marca; but the Prætutii, who lived south of the Truentum as far as the river Matrinus (now Piomba), and formed a separate comVOL. XIV. 3 G L |