Animal compressed; mantle very much prolonged backwards, and fringed at its lower border; foot very small, with a byssus.

Shell corneous or black, lamellar, very much flattened, subequivalve, inequilateral, very irregular, gaping in front for the passage of the byssus; hinge straight, marginal,

April, 1765. A collected edition of his poetical works was published by himself, in 3 vols. 8vo., in 1759.

The geology of Mallorca is but imperfectly known. Granite and porphyry are said to be found, but the generality of MALLET, PIERRE HENRI, born at Geneva in 1730, the rocks are of secondary or tertiary formation. There is became professor of belles-lettres at Copenhagen, where he slate, fine marble of various colours, with abundance of wrote several works on the history and antiquities of Scan- sandstone, freestone, and chalk. Seams of coal have been dinavia. He was made member of the academy of Upsala, discovered, but have not been worked. Coral is found in and became also correspondent of the Académie des Inscrip- the bay of Alcudia. Salt is procured by the evaporation of tions of Paris. He afterwards returned to Geneva, and was sea-water in the low grounds about Campos; and in the appointed professor of history in the academy of that city. same district is a warm sulphureous spring, famed for its He died at an advanced age. His principal works are:-efficacy in removing cutaneous complaints. 1, 'Introduction à l'Histoire du Danemarc,' Copenhagen, 1755; 2, Edda, ou Monumens de la Mythologie et de la Poesie des Celtes,' translated into English by Bishop Percy under the title of Northern Antiquities and the Edda,' 2 vols. 8vo., London, 1770; 3, De la Forme du Governement de la Suède, 1756; 4, Histoire du Danemarc,' 3 vols. 4to., 1777; 5, Histoire de la Maison de Hesse; 6, Histoire de la Maison de Brunswick.'

Mallet must not be confounded with Mallet du Pan, also a Genevese writer (born in 1750), who was well known for the various journals which he edited in Paris and London, and especially for his Mercure Britannique,' 1798-99, which, owing to the ability of the conductor and the energy of its language, was one of the most powerful organs of the Anti-Gallican press of that time.

The original colonists of Mallorca were, according to Strabo, Phoenicians. The island fell with Spain successively into the hands of the Carthaginians and Romans. After being taken by Metellus, surnamed Balearicus, B.C. 123, a colony of 3000 Romans from Spain was established in the island. In A.D. 426 it was seized by the Vandals. In A.D. 798 it was conquered by the Arabs; and after being several times taken by the Christians and retaken by the Mohammedans, it was finally wrested from the latter in 1229 by James, king of Aragon; and since the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon, it has remained subject to Spain.

The population, though much decreased since the time of the Moors, is still about 140,000. Palma and Alcudia are the only cities.

MAʼLLEUS. [MALLEACEA.] Palma, the capital, which was one of the two principal MALLORCA, or MAJORCA, the largest of the Balearic towns in the time of Strabo, is on the south east of the Islands, is situated in the Mediterranean, off the eastern island, picturesquely situated on a slope in the bight of coast of Spain, to which kingdom it belongs. It lies a deep bay, ten or twelve miles wide, and formed by the between 39° 20′ and 46° 5' N. lat., and between 2° 20′ and capes Blanco and Cala Figuera. The city, though waled 3° 20′ E. long., about 110 miles from the coast of Catalonia and fortified, could not sustain a regular siege. Its popu and 120 from that of Valencia. It is nearly 60 miles long lation is about 33,000. The streets are in some parts narrow from east to west, and in some parts 40 broad from north and mean, in others wide and regular; the houses are large to south: its circuit is 143 miles, and its area about 1410 and without external ornament, mostly in the Moorish style square miles. The general surface of the country is hilly. of architecture, and many are built of marble. Palma is the On the north-west side a mountain-range crosses the island, see of a bishop, who is a suffragan of Valencia. The cathethe highest summit of which, the Puiz de Torellas, is above dral, a large Gothic edifice of much simple beauty, was bult 4500 feet high. Another range of lofty hills runs parallel in the beginning of the thirteenth century by James of to this, through the heart of the island, and high grounds in Aragon, surnamed the Conqueror, who is interred within many parts border on the coast. The eastern and southern its walls. Attached to the cathedral is a spire, of such redistricts are the most level in character. Some of the markable delicacy and airiness, that it has received the plains are liable to be inundated by the periodical rains, on name of 'The Angel's Tower.' There are many other rele which account they are generally used as pasture-land. gious edifices in Palma, five parish churches and numerous Near Campos on the south, and near Alcudia on the north convents (recently suppressed), together with several h of the island, are marshy tracts which generate malaria to pitals and two colleges. Ferdinand V. founded a university a very pernicious extent. The general aspect of the coun- here in 1483. The other public buildings are:-the ep try is extremely beautiful and picturesque. The roads in copal palace; the royal palace, a very antient edifice, the the interior are very rugged and stony, and are traversed only residence of the captain-general, or governor of the isla. 1, by mules, which form the ordinary mode of conveyance, and comprehending also an arsenal, a magazine, and a prison, by carts of clumsy and primitive construction, similar to the town-hall: and the house of contractation, or of mer those of Spain. cantile assembly and judicature, a Gothic edifice of remarkable beauty, but now serving only as a memento of the decayed fortunes of the city. Palma, though in the thirteen: century one of the chief markets of Europe, has now comparatively but little commerce. Its port is small, and will on admit vessels of little draught. Within and without the city are to be seen numerous evidences of the superior s.”, population, and commercial importance of Palma in past ages. Alcudia, the other city of Mallorca, is on the north-east coast, on a neck of land between the two bays of Aleud. and Pollenza. It stands on a rising ground, and is fortified with antient walls of great height. Some centuries agt was a large and flourishing city, but is now in a wretched state of decay, with a population of only 1000 souls.

The climate of Mallorca is delightful, the winters being mild, though occasionally stormy, and the heats of summer being tempered by the sea-breezes and the vicinity of the mountains. The extreme fertility of the soil is mentioned by Strabo. Firs, holm-oaks, and wild olives adorn the slopes, and often cover the summits of the higher mountains; lavender, rosemary, thyme, marjoram, saffron, and roses perfume the air; and the valleys and level tracts produce in abundance corn, wine, oil, and fruit. The datepalm and the plantain attain their full size, though seldom yielding fruit. The valley most famed for beauty and fertility is that of Soler, 11 or 12 miles in circumference, abounding in orchards of orange and lemon trees, and hemmed in by mountains luxuriantly clothed with wood. The island is poorly watered, for though there are said to be no less than 210 streams, only two deserve the name of rivers. The larger of these is the Rierra, which falls into the sea beneath the ramparts of Palma, the capital. It is almost dry in summer, but in the rainy season it is very full and impetuous, and on several occasions in past ages has carried away great part of the city, and drowned many thousands of the inhabitants.

Mallorca produces wheat, barley, and oats, wines of excellent quality, olive oil in large quantities, hops, vegetables; fruits, particularly melons, oranges, and citrons, all of superior flavour; honey, hemp, wool, and a little silk. Sheep, goats, horned cattle, and pigs are numerous; poultry and game are abundant. In 1820 the productions of this island were valued at 53,000,000 reales, or about 560,000%. With the exception of a few foxes and hawks, the island is free from beasts and birds of prey; nor are there many venomous reptiles.

The other principal towns of Mallorca are:-Arta, with 8000 inhabitants; Manacor, with 7000 inhabitants; Plenza (the Pollentia of Strabo), with 6000 inhabitants; Felanix, with 6000 inhabitants; Soler, Campos, Santani, Sən Marcial, Banalbufar, with 5000 inhabitants each; Andra... with 4000 inhabitants; and Lluch Mayor, with 3500 inha bitants. There are other towns of smaller size, in all thirtytwo in number. There are also numerous villages.

The manufactures of Mallorca are linen cloths (coarse and fine), silk stuffs, and woollen goods, as tapestry, blas kets, sashes, and corded stuff. Of the leaves of the palma are made brooms and baskets. The exports are oils, vegtables, fruits (fresh and dried), wines, brandy, cheeses, ai. : woollen goods. Most of these are taken by Spain; but some by Sardinia, Malta, England, Holland, France, ar 1 even America. The imports, which in value bear a very small proportion to the exports, are corn, salted provision, sugar, coffee, spices, tobacco, rice, cutlery and other made goods, and articles of clothing.

In character the Mallorquines somewhat resemble the Catalans, but are less industrious and enterprising. They are much attached to their country, loyal to the government, and make excellent soldiers and sailors; they are bigoted and superstitious in religion, boastful, though mild and amiable in disposition, hospitable to strangers, and prepossessing in their manners. The women are elegant, and fond of dress and ornament. Castillian is spoken by the upper and middle classes, but the language of the lower orders is a mixed jargon of Castillian, Catalonian, and Arabic. (Strabo, 167, Casaub.; Mariana, Historia General de España; Laborde, Itinéraire Descriptif de l'Espagne ; Dameto and Mut, History of the Balearic Kingdom; St. Sauveur, Travels through the Balearic and Pithiusian Islands.)

MALLOW, the common name of the wild species of the genus Malva, the type of the natural order Malvaceæ. There are two common weeds of this genus, with flat, ribbed, mucilaginous fruits, enclosed in a valvate calyx, and not unlike a small round cheese, on which account they have in England the vulgar name of Cheeses, and in France of Fromageons. [MALVACEE.]

William of Malmesbury's greater historical works, 'De Gestis Regum, Novella,' and 'De Gestis Pontificum,' were published by Sir Henry Savile among the Scriptores post Bedam,' fol. 1596, reprinted, fol., Francof., 1601. A translation of the 'De Gestis Regum,' into English, by the Rev. John Sharpe, was published in 4to., London, 1815. Gale printed Malmesbury's Antiquities of Glastonbury," and Wharton, as already noticed, published his 'Life of St. Aldhelm.'

An excellent feature of Malmesbury's literary character is his love of truth. He repeatedly declares that for the remoter periods of his historical works he had observed the greatest caution in throwing all responsibility for the facts on the authors from whom he derived them; and as to his own times he declares that he has recorded nothing that he had not either personally witnessed or learned from the most credible authority.

(Leland, De Script. Brit.; Tanner, Bibl. Brit. Hib., pp. 359-360; Nicolson's English Histor. Lib., edit. 1776, pp. 47-84-88; J. A. Fabricii Bibl. Lat. med. et inf. ætatis, 4to., Patav., 1754, tom. iii., p. 152; Sharpe's Pref. to his translation of William of Malmesbury De Gestis Regum.)

MALMÖ, a town in Sweden, in the province of Skane and the political division of Malmölän, is situated about 55° 40' N. lat. and near 13° E. long. It is built on the widest part of the Sound, nearly opposite the town of Copenhagen, on level ground, and has a good and safe harbour, protected by the fortress of Malmöhuus. The town is well built, and has regular streets. In the middle is a fine square, 166 yards long and 144 wide. The inhabitants, about 9000 in number, carry on an active commerce in corn, as Malmö is the principal commercial town of the fertile and rich province in which it is situated. It may also be counted among the manufacturing towns of Sweden, as there are several manufactories in which cloth, stockings, hats, gloves, carpets, soap, leather, starch, and looking-glasses are made. Some of these manufactories are rather extensive. It has a grammar-school and other schools for the poorer classes of society. (Forsell's Statistik von Schweden.)

MALMSEY, a luscious and high-flavoured wine made in the island of Madeira from grapes of a peculiar kind, which are suffered to attain the last stage of ripeness before they are gathered. Malmsley wine has much body, and will retain its good qualities for an indefinite period of time; in fact, it is improved materially by keeping The quantity made is small, much smaller indeed than the demand, to supply which the wine dealers are said to give factitious sweetness to common kinds of wine, which are then sold under the name of Malmsey. When newly made, Malmsey Madeira is of the same golden hue as the ordinary wine of the island, but its colour is materially deepened by age Malmsey wine is also made in the island of Teneriffe, but the quality is greatly inferior to that of Madeira.

MALMAISON. [SEINE ET OISE.] MALMESBURY. [WILTSHIRE.] MALMESBURY, WILLIAM OF, one of the most valuable of our old historians, is said to have been born in Somersetshire, about 1095 or 1096: his father was a Norman, his mother an Englishwoman. When a boy he was placed in the monastery whence he derived his name, where, in due time, he became librarian, and, according to Leland, precentor, and ultimately refused the dignity of abbot. He is generally supposed to have died about 1143, though Sharpe, in his translation of Malmesbury's History of the Kings of England,' says it is probable that he survived this period some time, for his Modern History' terminates at the end of the year 1142; and it appears that he lived long enough after its publication to make many corrections, alterations, and insertions in that work, as well as in the other portions of his history. Some notion of his diligence may be afforded by the following list of his works:-1,De Gestis Regum' (the history of the kings of England). The first three books were probably written after 1120. After some delay he wrote the fourth and fifth books, which he dedicated to Robert, earl of Gloucester, at whose request he afterwards composed, 2, Historia Novella' (the modern history). This appears to have been begun after the death of Henry I. 3, De Gestis Pontificum' (the history of the prelates of England), containing, in four books, an account of the bishops and of the principal monasteries, from the conversion of the English by St. Austin to 1123, to which he added a fifth, i.e. 4, De Vita Aldhelmi,' completed in 1125. 5, De Vita Dunstani,' in two books, extant in the Bodleian Library, MS. Rawlinson, 263, written at the request of the monks of Glastonbury. 6, Vita S. Patricii,' in two books, quoted by Leland in his MALO, ST., a seaport in France, on the coast of the Collectanea,' tom. iii., p. 272, but of which no manuscript English Channel, capital of an arrondissement in the deis at present known, any more than of, 7, Vita S. Benigni.'partment of Ille et Vilaine. It is in 48° 38' N. lat. and s. Passio S. Indracti, MS., Bodley, Digby, 112. 9, De Antiquitate Glastoniensis Ecclesiæ,' addressed to Henry, bi hop of Winchester, and of course written after 1129. 10, Vita S. Wulstani, Episcopi Wigorniensis,' a translation A town called Aletum, in the neighbourhood of this from the Anglo-Saxon, the greater part of which is pub; place, existed in the time of the Romans, and is mentioned lished by Wharton in his Anglia Sacra.' 11, Chronica,' in the Notitia Imperii.' The inhabitants, being continually in three books, supposed to be lost. 12, Miracula S. exposed to the attacks of pirates, retired, in the eighth or Elfgife,' in metre. 13, Itinerarium Joannis Abbatis Mel- ninth century, to a neighbouring rocky peninsula, on which dunensis versus Romam,' drawn up after 1140, a manuscript they founded a town called St. Malo, from the name of the of which was formerly in the possession of Bale. 14, Ex- then bishop of Aletum. The site of the old town is indipositio Threnorum Hieremiæ,' MS., Bodley, 868. 15, Decated by the name of a headland, called by the Bretons Miraculis Divæ Mariæ libri quatuor,' noticed by Leland in Guich Alet. Before the Revolution, St. Malo was the seat Is Collectanea,' tom. iv., p. 155. 16, De Serie Evange- of a bishopric. listarum,' in verse. This also is mentioned by Leland (ibid., p. 157), but neither this nor the preceding work is at present known in our manuscript libraries. 17, De Miraculis B. Andrea,' MS., Cotton, Nero E. i. 18, Abbreviatio Amalarii de Ecclesiasticis Officiis,' MS., Lambeth, 350. 19, Epitome Historia Aimonis Floriacensis, MS., Bodley, Selden, Arch., B. 32. This work contains an extract from the 'Breviarium Alaricianum,' or Visigoth Code, made by the author with the object of giving a view of the Roman law. (Selden Ad Fletam, c. 7, § 2.) 20, De Dictis et Factis memorabilibus Philosophorum,' Harl. MS. 3969. Tanner ascribes one or two other pieces to him.

2° 2' W. long. ; 194 miles from Paris in a direct line west by south, or 221 miles by the road through Dreux, Alençon, Mayenne, and Fougères.

The town of St. Malo is on a rocky peninsula on the eastern side of the æstuary of the Rance, which opens into the roadstead of St. Malo. The peninsula is joined to the main by a causeway about 200 yards wide. A little distance to the south of St. Malo is the town of St. Servan, separated from St. Malo, to which in reality it forms a suburb, by the harbour, which is an inlet of the estuary. St. Malo is surrounded by walls and bastions, and defended on the north-west side by a castle built by Anne, duchess of Bretagne, and in other parts by five forts. The more modern part of the town is regularly laid out, and the ramparts afford pleasant walks. The principal public buildings are