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CÆRULESCENS, in entomology, a small species of cancer, abundant in the seas between the tropics. Also, a black species of cryptocephalus; with the striated elytræ cærulescens. Found in Barbary. Also, a species of cerambyx, inhabiting Germany. Also, a species of chrysomela, of a greenish blue color.

ČERULESCENS, in ornithology, a species of anas. This kind inhabits North America; the color is fuscous, beneath white; wing-coverts and posterior part of the back bluish. This is the anser sylvestris freti Hudsonis of Brisson; the blue-winged goose of Latham; l'oie des Esquimaux of Buffon. Also, a species of rallus; the blue-necked rail of Latham. A Cape of Good Hope bird.

CÆRULEUS, in entomology, a species of cimex, entirely blue, without any spots. Also, the name of a species of carabus, rhinomacer, cucajus, scarabæus, and cryptocephalus. All European insects, except the last, which is found in the tropics of Africa.

CARULEUS, in ornithology, a species of cuculus; the blue Madagascar cuckoo of Latham; and le taitson of Buffon. Also the name of a species of oriolus; the blue oriole of Latham; the Xanthormus cæruleus of Brisson; and the blue jay of Ray. Also a species of Ramphastos; the blue toucan of Latham. Found in South America.

CERULEUS, in zoology, a species of coluber, the scales of which are white on one side and beneath.

CAERWYS, a parish and market town of Flint, five miles S.S.E. from St. Asaph, and 204 north-west from London. The word Caer signifies a city, and Gwys, a summons, the county assizes having been regularly held here, though now removed to Mould. In the middle of the town are four streets, in the centre stands a fine elm tree. At this place it was customary, in ancient times, for the princes of Wales to give a silver harp annually to the best bard or musician; but this custom has been discontinued ever since the reign of queen Elizabeth. The market on Tuesday is the best in the county.

CÆSALPINIA, BRASILETTO, or BRASIL

WOOD, a genus of the monogynia order, and decandria class of plants; natural order thirty-third, lomentace: CAL. quinquefid, with the lowest segment larger in proportion. There are five petals, the lowest most beautiful It is a leguminous plant. There are nine species, the most remarkable of which are, C. Brasiliensis, commonly called brasiletto. It grows naturally in the warmest parts of America, from whence the wood is imported for the dyers who use it VOL. V.-PART I.

much. The demand has been so great, that none of the large trees are left in any of the British plantations; the largest remaining being not above two inches in thickness, and eight or nine feet in height. The branches are slender and full of small prickles; the leaves are pinnated; the lobes growing opposite to one another, broad at their ends, with one notch. The flowers are white, papilionaceous, with many stamina and yellow apices, growing in a pyramidal spike, at the end of a long slender stalk: the pods enclose several small round seeds. The color produced from this wood is greatly improved by solution of tin in aqua regia. 2. C. mimosa or mimosordes. Prickly leaflets, oblong, obtuse: stamens shorter than the corals, legumes woolly. A sensitive plant like the mimosa tribe, and a native of the East Indies.

CÆSALPINUS (Andrew), an eminent philosopher, physician, and botanist, was born at Arezzo. After having been many years professor at Pisa, he became physician to Pope Clement VIII. He was the author of Questiones Peripateticæ, a work, defending the philosophy of Aristotle against the doctrines of Galen, from which he appears to have approached very near to the theory of the circulation of the blood; having explained the use of the valves of the heart, and pointed out the course which these compelled the blood to take on both sides during the contraction and dilatation of that organ. He wrote also a botanical work De Plantis, and is justly esteemed the founder of Systematic Botany. His Hortus Siccus, which consists of 786 dried specimen of plants, pasted on 266 folio pages, is still extant. He died at Rome in 1603.

CÆSAR (Caius Julius), the illustrious Roman general and historian, was of the family of the Julii, who pretended to be descended from Venus by Eneas. See IULUS and JULIUS. He was born at Rome on the 12th of the month Quintilis (afterwards from him called July) A. U. C. 653, and lost his father in 669. Being nephew to Marius, he was early proscribed by Sylla; who was with much entreaty prevailed on to save his life: but said to his friends when he consented, that he saw in that young man many Mariuses.' Cæsar, by his valor and eloquence, soon acquired the highest reputation in the field and in the senate. Beloved and respected by his fellow-citizens, he enjoyed successively every magisterial and military honor the republic could bestow, consistent with its free constitution. But at length having subdued Pompey, the great rival of his growing power, his boundless ambition effaced the glory of his former actions: for, pursuing his favorite maxim, that he had rather

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be the first man in a village, than the second in Rome,' he procured himself to be chosen perpetual dictator; and, not content with this uncon-stitutional power, his faction had resolved to raise him to the imperial dignity; when the friends of the civil liberties of the republic rashly assassinated him in the senate-house. By this impolitic measure they defeated their own purpose, involving the city in that consternation and terror, which produced general anarchy, and paved the way to the revolution they wanted to prevent; the imperial government being absolutely founded on the murder of Julius Cæsar. He fell in the fifty-sixth year of his age, A. A. C. 43. His Commentaries contain a History of his principal Voyages, Battles, and Victories. The London edition, in 1712, in folio, is preferred. A particular detail of Cæsar's transactions will be found under the article ROME.

CÆSAR, in Roman antiquity, a title borne by all the emperors from Julius Caesar to the destruction of the empire. It was also used as a title of distinction for the presumptive heir of the empire, as King of the Romans is now used for that of the German. This title took its rise from the surname of the first emperor, which, by a decree of the senate, all the succeeding emperors were to bear. Under his successor, the appellation of Augustus being appropriated to the emperors, in compliment to that prince, the title Cæsar was given to the second person in the empire, though still it continued to be also given to the first; and hence the difference betwixt Cæsar used simply, and Cæsar with the addition of Imperator Augustus. The dignity of Cæsar remained to the second of the empire, till Alexius Comnenus having elected Nicephorus Melissenus Cæsar, by contract, and it being necessary to confer some higher dignity on his own brother Isaacius, he created him Sebastocrator, with the precedency over Melissenus; ordering, that in all acclamations, &c. Isaacius Sebastocrator should be named the second, and Melissenus Cæsar the third.

CESAR (Sir Julius), a learned civilian, was descended by the female line from the dukes de Cesarini in Italy; and was born near Tottenham, in Middlesex, in 1557. He was educated at Oxford, advanced to many honorable employments, admitted LL. D. of Oxford and Paris, and for the last twenty years of his life was master of the rolls. He was remarkable for his extensive bounty and charity to all persons of worth, so that he seemed to be the almoner general of the nation. He died in 1639, in the seventy-ninth year of his age. It is very remarkable that the MSS. of this lawyer were offered, by the executors of some of his descendants, to a cheesemonger for waste paper; but, being timely inspected by Mr. Samuel Paterson, that gentleman discovered their worth, and had the satisfaction to find his judgment confirmed by the profession, to whom they were sold in lots for upwards of £500, in 1757.

CÆSAREA, an ancient city on the coast of Phoenicia. It was conveniently situated for trade; but had a very dangerous harbour, so that no ships could be safe in it when the wind was at south-west. Herod the Great, king of Judea,

remedied this inconvenience at an immense expence and labor, and made it one of the most convenient havens on that coast. He also beautified it with many buildings, and bestowed twelve years on the finishing and adorning it.

CESAREA AUGUSTA, in ancient geography, a Roman colony, situated on the river Iberus in Spain, before called Salduba, in the territories of the Edetani; now commonly thought to be Saragossa.

CÆSARIAN OPERATION. See MIDWIFERY. CÆSARIANS, CESARIENSES, in Roman antiquity, were officers or ministers of the Roman emperors; they kept the account of the revenues of the emperors; and took possession, in their name, of such things as devolved or were confiscated to them.

CÆSAROMAGUS, a town of the Trinobantes, in Britain; by some supposed to be Chelmsford, by others Brentford, and by others Burdet.

C/ESONES, a denomination given to those cut out of their mothers' wombs. Pliny ranks this as an auspicious kind of birth; the elder Scipio Africanus, and the first of the family of Cæsars, were brought into the world in this way.

CÆSTUS, in antiquity, a large gantlet made of raw hide, which the wrestlers made use of when they fought at the public games. It was a kind of leathern strap, strengthened with lead or plates of iron, which encompassed the hand, the wrist, and part of the arm, to defend these parts

as well as to enforce their blows.

CÆSULIA, in botany, a genus of the class syngenesia, order polygamia æqualis. Receptacle chaffy; seeds involved in the chaff; downless; calyx three-leaved. Two species only: 1 C. axillaris, with leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, serrate, alternate; a native of the East Indies. 2. C. radicans: with leaves lanceolate, tapering to the top, very entire, opposite. A na

tive of Guinea.

we say, the velocity and quantity circulating in a given time through any section of an artery, will, cæteris paribus, be according to its diameter, and nearness to or distance from the heart. CÆTOBRIX, in ancient geography, a town of Lusitania, near the mouth of the Tagus, on the east side; now extinct. It had its name from its fishery; and there still exist fish-ponds on the shore, made with plaster of Paris, which illustrate the name of the ruined city.

CEYX, in mythology, a king of Thrace, who was metamorphosed into a halcyon.

CAFER, in entomology, an African species of cimex color black, with a white band on the thorax; ferruginous wing-cases, with four white spots. Also a species of green scarabæus, with the margin of the thorax and elytræ spotted with white. Inhabiting the Cape of Good Hope.

CAFER, in ornithology, a species of merops, with gray plumage and a yellow spot near the anus, tail long. Native of Ethiopia. Also, a species of picus, brown above, beneath light green, dotted with black, the under part of the wings and tail vermilion colored. Found at the Cape of Good Hope.

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ĈAFFA, or KAFFA, a city and port town of Russia in Europe, situated on the south-east part of Crim Tartary. It is the most considerable town in the country, and gives name to the straits mentioned below. It was anciently called Theodosia; a name which has been restored since the Russians have obtained this country. It is 150 miles north-east of Constantinople. CAFFA, STRAITS OF, run from the Euxine or Black Sea, to the Palus Meotus, or Sea of Azoph. CAFFACA, in natural history, a name given by the Turks and Tartars to a peculiar kind of earth, of a gray color, having a light cast of green in it. It is very soft and unctuous, and resembles our fullers' earth; but is more astringent, and adheres very firmly to the tongue; these people use this earth when they bathe.

CAFFEIN, the base of coffee. By adding muriate of tin to an infusion of unroasted coffee, M. Chenevix obtained a precipitate, which he washed and decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen. The supernatant liquid contained a peculiar bitter principle, which occasioned a green precipitate in concentrated solutions of iron. When the liquor was evaporated to dryness, it was yellow and transparent like horn. It did not attract moisture from the air, but was soluble in water and alcohol. The solution had a pleasant bitter taste, and assumed with alkalies a garnet-red color. It is as delicate a test of iron as infusion of galls; yet gelatine occasions no precipitate with it.

CAFFER, Bos. See Bos.

CAFFER, in entomology, a Cape of Good Hope species of cerambyx; color brassy green, thorax spinous, wing-cases testaceous, and short an

tennæ.

CAFFILA, a company of merchants or travellers who join together, in order to go with more security through the dominions of the Grand Mogul, and other countries on the continent of the East Indies. The caffila differs from a caravan, at least in Persia; for the caffila belongs properly to some sovereign or some powerful

company in Europe, whereas a caravan is a company of particular merchants, each trading upon his own account.

CAFFRA, in entomology, a species of apis; hirsute and black, with the posterior part of the thorax and anterior part of the abdomen yellow. CAFFRA, in ornithology, a species of certhia; color fuscous, the breast and abdomen pale, and the middle feathers of the tail longest. This bird and the Caffra apis are both natives of Caffraria, whence their name.

CAFFRARIA, a country of Africa, extending across the southern part of the continent, and contained on the west between the twentieth and twenty-fifth degree of south latitude, and between the twenty-fourth and thirty-second degree of south latitude on the east. Some geographers have applied this name to the whole country lying south of Cape Negro and the River Del Spiritu Santo, and reaching toward the north, between Lower Guinea and Monomatapa, as high as the equator. But the appellation should be confined to that portion of country inhabited by the Caffres, from whom it takes its name; a people with whom we are closely connected by our colonial possessions at the Cape, and differing widely in appearance, disposition, and manners, both from the negroes as well as the Hottentots of this continent.

Of their country our knowledge is as yet defective, though it has been lately increased by the travels of Mr. Campbell and others. The Booshuanas, Barroloos, Damaras, Tambookies, and the inhabitants of Cafferland, who are particularly distinguished by the colonists of the Cape of Good Hope, by the name of Caffres, are the principal tribes of which we have any account: and it is to the latter of these that the descriptions of Paterson, Sparmann, Vaillant, and Barrow, refer.

Towards the east, this country is in many places extremely fertile. The mountains are covered with forests, and the plains with luxuriant herbage, refreshed and fertilised by innumerable streams. But towards the west it is a perfect desert. The inhabitants keep no cattle, and their whole subsistence depends upon the exchanging of copper rings and beads with the Booshuanas on the east, and the Namaqua Hottentots on the south. These rings they manufacture from copper ore, found in great abundance, in a chain of mountains extending from the Orange River to the tropic. On the banks of the Great Fish River, which is the boundary between the Cape colony and Cafferland, Mr. Barrow experienced a very remarkable variation in the temperature of the air, during the space of two days, and the climate generally is very variable, but they have little rain, except in summer, when it is accompanied by thunder and lightning.

Mr. Campbell has principally illustrated the towns of the interior, which we treat in their alphabetical places, and particularly Lekatoo, which was also visited in 1801 by commissioners from the Cape colonial government. KATOO.

See LE

The history and habits of the Caffres have become additionally interesting to this country since the tide of emigration has been directed

eastward of our Cape colony, and their character has become, to numerous British settlers, that of the most important plunderers upon earth. These tribes are supposed to be of Arabic origin. They call themselves Kaussis. Like the Hottentots, they are a singularly insulated race. We are persuaded from a diligent comparison of the best accounts, that, also, like the Hottentots, they are a greatly injured people, and have been goaded, by the bad usage of many generations, to the outrages they are still found to commit. The practice of the rite of circumcision alone seems to connect them with the history of the world. This they perform, like the Mahommedans, in the twelfth or thirteenth year, but connect with it no religious ceremony or notion, except that of respect to their ancestors. If they have any sort of religion besides, it is unaccompanied with any public rites. Their language is soft and harmonious, and differs much from that of the Hottentots, although the names of their mountains and rivers are evidently of Hottentot origin.

The dwellings of these people resemble beehives, constructed on a wooden frame, and plastered both within and without with a composition of clay and the dung of cattle. They are then neatly covered with a kind of matting.

Every Caffer bears arms, not as a profession, but as the exigence of his affairs seem to demand it. They are all both shepherds and warriors, as have been the greatest and the best of mankind; they evidently prefer the former mode of life, and there seems no just foundation for attributing to them a cruel or sanguinary disposition; their moderation towards the colonists, in a variety of instances, directly indicates the contrary. And of treachery they have not a shade in their character. Le Caffre,' says M. Vaillant, cherche toujours son ennemi face a face; il ne peut lancer sa hassagai, qu'il ne soit a decouvert; le Hottentot, au contraire, caché sous une roche, ou derriere un buisson, envoie la mort, sans s'exposer a la recevoir; l'un est le tigre perfide qui fond traitreusement sur la proie; l'autre est le lion genereux qui s'annonce, se montre, attaque, et perit, s'il n'est pas vainquer.' His principal weapons are the hassagai, or omkontoo, as he calls it, a sort of spear with an iron head of a foot long, fixed to a tapering shaft of about four feet in length; and the keerie. The former he throws with wonderful dexterity, seldom failing of his mark, at the distance of fifty or sixty paces. The keerie is used either in a close engagement or at a distance. It is a club of about two feet and a half long, and at one end nearly three inches in diameter. To these we may add a shield of an oval shape, made of the thickest part of a bullock's hide, which he carries to defend himself against the darts and arrows of his enemy. Unlike his neighbours, the Hottentots and Bosjesmans, he does not use poison on his weapons, and rarely attacks by surprise.

The Caffres are more attached to a pastoral than an agricultural life; though their soil, as far as it is known, and particularly to the east, offers great facilities for cultivation, and is so extremely fertile, that, with a very little labor,

it might be made to produce the finest grain and fruits of the colony. So extremely negligent are they of these advantages, that a large species of water melon and millet are their principal culinary plants. They likewise cultivate some tobacco and hemp, both of which they use for smoking. They rarely kill any of the cattle for food, except to show hospitality to a stranger. Milk is their ordinary diet, which they always use in a curdled state; berries of various descriptions, and the seeds of plants, which the natives call plantains, are also eaten, and a few of the gramineous roots with which the woods and the banks of the rivers abound. Occasionally too, the palm-bread of the Bosjesmans is found amongst them. Their total ignorance of the use of ardent spirits, and fermented liquors, and their general temperance and activity, preserve them from the ravages of many disorders which abound amongst the other native tribes, to say nothing of the value of their independence. Their wealth consisting solely of their cattle, they devote the principal part of their time to the management of them, which is conducted with great regularity; and even the affairs of the dairy are superintended wholly by the men. By a sharp whistling sound, made either artificially with a piece of bone or ivory, or by means of the hand applied to the mouth (as our English boys frequently make it), they contrive to inure their cattle to a sort of mechanical training. One signal of this kind disperses them in the morning to their pastures, another separates the cows from the herd to be milked, and a third collects them all for marching. Among their oxen many resemble the black cattle of the Highlands, others are as remarkable for their size, and are not unlike the Alderney cow. Some are used for riding, as they have no horses among them, and the horns of these they twist into a variety of fantastic shapes. The constructing their habitations, the breaking up of the ground and preparing it for the seed, and the gathering in of their harvest, fall to the lot of the women; who also manufacture a coarse earthenware for boiling their food, and very neat reed baskets, which serve as milk pails. The commerce of this people is divided between the Dutch farmers and their eastern neighbours, the Tambookies. To the former they bring their cattle in exchange for small pieces of copper and iron, glass beads, and other trifles; from the Tambookie nation they procure their wives.

Previous courtship is not considered necessary to marriage. When a man once selects the object of his wishes, nothing remains but to strike a bargain with the father; the amount of which is generally an ox or a couple of cows; and the damsel resigns herself to her fate, without emotion or surprise. The Tambookie wives, however, are thought rather a dear commodity; they are rarely obtained but by the chiefs and, among the common people, this custom of purchasing wives renders polygamy, though allowable, not frequent, as they can seldom afford the price of more than one. Their marriages are celebrated with feasts and dancing, which not unfrequently last for weeks together. A Caffre woman,'