American "takes in" a paper; he simply takes it. To take in is to bamboozle, fool, delude.

"TORCHLIGHT PROCESSION, One of the more fiery American drinks." Did the reader ever taste, or hear

of, any beverage so called?

"WOLVERINES, People of Michigan, probably from the territory's being over-run with wolves." Why the Michiganders are ever called wolverines, I don't know; but certainly a wolverine is not a wolf.

"YALLER DOG; Yellow is the tint of most dogs in America; hence it is the most searching term of ordinary contempt." I think that entry may be noted without comment, and may appropriately wind up the list of Americanisms according to Ware.

CHAPTER SIX

THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SUBJECT

The first section of the following list is believed to be complete. The second section, of course, cannot claim to be more than an attempt. The third and fourth sections, combined with the bibliographical work of the Dialect Society referred to at the end of this chapter, are believed to cover, without very serious omission, all periodicals in the English language to about the close of the last century. Since that epoch, periodical literature has so enormously expanded, with such great diversification in style and contents, that it has become quite impossible to review it exhaustively. It is hoped that constant and diligent study of all published indexes to such literature has resulted in securing references to all important articles in important monthlies, quarterlies, and many weeklies; though undoubtedly many contributions of some value in more "popular" journals, and especially in daily papers, have escaped the compiler's attention, which is regrettable; but how in the world could anybody get them all?

I

BOOKS ENTIRELY DEVOTED TO "AMERICANISMS"

1. A VOCABULARY, or Collection of Words and Phrases which have been supposed to be peculiar to the United States, to which is prefixed an Essay on the Present State of the English Language in the United States. By JOHN PICKERING. Boston; Cummings & Hilliard, 1816; 8vo; pp. 208.

2. LETTER to the Hon. John Pickering, on the subject of his Vocabulary. By NOAH WEBSTER. Boston; West & Richardson, 1817; small 8vo; pp. 60.

3. GLOSSARY OF SUPPOSED AMERICANISMS, collected by ALFRED L. ELWYN, M.D. Philadelphia; J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1859; 12mo; pp. 122.

4. AMERICANISMS; the English of the New World. By M. SCHELE DE VERE, LL.D. New York; Charles Scribner & Co., 1872; 8vo; pp. 686.

5. DICTIONARY OF AMERICANISMS; a Glossary of Words and Phrases usually regarded as peculiar to the United States. By JOHN RUSSELL BARTLETT. Fourth edition. Boston; Little, Brown & Co., 1877; 8vo; pp. 814. 6. AMERICANISMS, Old and New, a Dictionary of Words, Phrases and Colloquialisms peculiar to the United States, British America, the West Indies, etc., etc., their Derivation, Meaning and Application, together with numerous Anecdotal, Historical, Explanatory and FolkLore Notes. Compiled and edited by JOHN S. FARMER. London; Thos. Poulter & Sons, 1889; "foolscap 4to"; pp. 564.

7. POLITICAL AMERICANISMS; a Glossary of Terms and Phrases current at different periods in American Poli

tics. By CHARLES LEDYARD NORTON. New York; Longmans, Green & Co., 1890; 16mo; pp. 134.

8. NEW DICTIONARY OF AMERICANISMS, being a Glossary of Words supposed to be Peculiar to the United States and Canada. By SYLVA CLAPIN. New York; Louis Weiss & Co.; no date, but issued in July, 1902; 8vo; pp. 582. 9. AN AMERICAN GLOSSARY, being an Attempt to Illustrate Certain Americanisms on Historical Principles. By RICHARD H. THORNTON. London; Francis & Co., 1912; 8vo, two volumes; pp. together, 990.

10. THE AMERICAN LANGUAGE, a Preliminary Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States. By H. L. MENCKEN, New York; Alfred A. Knopf, 1919; 8vo; pp. 374.

11. A HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN SPEECH. BY PROF. CALVIN L. LEWIS. Chicago; Scott, Foresman & Co., 1910; 12mo; pp. 246.

12. PLEA FOR AN AMERICAN LANGUAGE. BY ELIAS MOLEE. Chicago; John Anderson & Co., 1888.

13. WOORDENBOEK DER ENGELSCHE SPREEKTAAL AND AMERICANISMS. By A. E. BARENTZ. Amsterdam, 1894. 14. PRONUNCIATION OF STANDARD ENGLISH IN AMERICA. BY PROF. GEO. P. KRAPP. Oxford University Press, 1919; 12mo; pp. 236. The preface says: "It seems scarcely credible that any one who knows the facts should think it possible to impose British standards upon American speech."

15. THE QUESTION OF OUR SPEECH. By HENRY JAMES, Boston; Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1905.

TWO PAMPHLETS OF IMPORTANCE

ENGLISH IN THE UNITED STATES. By W. C. BENET. Abbeville, S. C., 1880.

THE AMERICAN LANGUAGE. By J. F. HEALY. Pittsburg, Pa., no date, about 1911.

II

CHAPTERS OR PARTS OF BOOKS

1. JOHN WITHERSPOON, D.D. Essays on Americanisms, Perversions of Language in the United States, Cant Phrases, etc., in 4th vol. of his works, published in 8vo, Philadelphia, 1801. (The earliest work on American vulgarisms. Originally published as a series of essays, entitled "The Druid," which appeared in a periodical in 1761.)

2. ADIEL SHERWOOD. Gazetteer of Georgia. Charleston, 1827; Philadelphia, 1829; Washington, 1837. Has glossary of slang and vulgar words used in the Southern States.

3. T. ROMEYN BECK, M.D., LL.D. "Notes on Pickering's Vocabulary." Albany Institute Transactions, Vol. I, p. 25; Albany, N. Y., 1830.

4. JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL. Biglow Papers, 1848, 1864. Introductions to First and Second Series, and Glossary. 5. CHARLES ASTOR BRISTED. "The English Language in America," in Cambridge Essays. London; John W. Parker & Son, 1855. (Shows "rare" meat, and "corned" for drunk, to be expressions of English origin.) 6. W. C. FOWLER, LL.D. English Grammar. New York; Harper & Bros., 1855, 8vo; pp. 119-129. Also 12mo, 1858; pp. 23-27.

7. GEORGE P. MARSH. Lectures on the English Language. Fourth edition; New York; Charles Scribner's Sons, 1859. Lecture 30, "The English Language in Amer