Recently, however, Mowee, on the island of that name, has been preferred by many as a place for refitting. In 1831, there belonged to the Sandwich Islands, 24 ships, of the burden of 2,630 tons of these, 10 ships, burden 765 tons, were the property of natives, and the remainder of foreigners established in the islands. The following table was drawn up by a gentleman long resident at Ionororu :— Account of the Number of Ships that touched at Woahoo, one of the Sandwich Islands, during the Eight Years ending with 1831, distinguishing between English and American, and between Whale and Merchant Ships.

The decrease in the amount of American ships at Woahoo is accounted for by the fact of many of them now touching in preference at Mowee.-(We have these details entirely from private sources.) SAPAN WOOD is obtained from a species of the same tree that yields the Brazil wood (Casalpinia Sapan Lin.). It is a middle-sized forest tree, indigenous to Siam, Pegu, the Philippine Islands, &c. It has been employed for dyeing in the greater part of Asia for many centuries. It found its way into Europe some time before the discovery of America; but very little is now imported. Its colouring matter differs but little from that of Brazil wood, but the best sapan wood does not yield more than half the quantity that may be obtained from an equal weight of Brazil wood, and the colour is not quite so bright. (Bancroft on Colours, vol. ii. p. 329.) Its price in the London market varies from 8/. to 14/. a ton.

SAPPHIRE (Ger. Sapphir; Du. Saffiersteen; Fr. Saphir; It. Zaffiro; Sp. Safiro, Safir, Rus. Jachant; Lat. Sapphirus), a precious stone in very high estimation. Colours blue and red; also gray, white, green, and yellow. It occurs in blunt-edged pieces, in roundish pebbles, and crystallised. Varies from transparent to translucent. Refracts double. After diamond, it is the hardest substance in nature. The blue variety, or sapphire, is harder than the ruby, or red variety. Brittle. Specific gravity 4 to 4.2.

It is found in Bohemia, Saxony, France, &c. ; but the red sapphire, or Oriental ruby, is not found in any considerable quantity anywhere except in Ava. Next to diamond, sapphire is the most valuable of the gems. The white and pale blue varieties, by exposure to heat, become snow white, and, when cut, exhibit so high a degree of lustre, that they are used in place of diamond. The most highly prized varieties are the crimson and carmine red; these are the Oriental ruby of the jeweller; the next is sapphire; and last, the yellow or Oriental topaz. The asterias, or star-stone, is a very beautiful variety, in which the colour is generally of a reddish violet, and the form a rhomboid, with truncated apices, which exhibit an opalescent lustre.*—(See RUBY.)

Mr. Crawfurd gives the following details with respect to the sapphire and ruby mines of Ava :"The precious stones ascertained to exist in the Burmese territory are chiefly those of the sapphire family, and the spinelle ruby. They are found at 2 places, not very distant from each other, called Mogaut and Kyatpëan, about 5 days' journey from the capital, in an E. S. E. direction. From what I could learn, the gems are not obtained by any regular mining operations, but by digging and washing the gravel in the beds of rivulets or small brooks. All the varieties of the sapphire, as well as the spinelle, are found together, and together with them large quantities of corundum. The varieties ascertained to exist, are the Oriental sapphire; the Oriental ruby, or red stone; the opalescent ruby, or cat's eye ruby; the star ruby; the green; the yellow and the white sapphires; and the Oriental amethyst. The common sapphire is by far the most frequent, but, in comparison with the ruby, is very little prized by the Burniese, in which they agree with other nations. I brought home with me several of great size, the largest weighing no less than 3,630 grains, or above 907 carats. The spinelle ruby (zebu-gaong) is not unfrequent in Ava, but is not much valued by the natives. I brought with me to England a perfect specimen, both as to colour and freedom from flaws, weighing 22 carats. The sapphire and ruby mines are considered the property of the king: at least he lays claim to all stones that exceed in value a viss of silver, or 100 ticals. The miners, it appears, endeavour to evade this law by breaking the large stones into fragments. In the royal treasury, there are, notwithstanding, many fine stones of both descriptions. The year before our visit, the king received from the mines a ruby weighing 124 grains; and the year preceding that 8 good ones, but of smaller size. No stranger is permitted to visit the mines; even the Chinese and Mohammedans residing at Ava are carefully excluded."--(Journal of an Embassy to the Court of Ava.-p. 442.)

SARCOCOLLA, a subviscid, sweetish, and somewhat nauseous gum-resin. It is brought from Arabia and Persia in small grains of a pale yellow colour; the whitest, as being the freshest, is preferred. It is but seldom imported.--(Milburn's Orient. Com.) SARDINES, OR SARDINIAS (Ger. Sardellen; Fr. Sardines; It. Sardine; Sp. Sardinas), a species of fish of the herring tribe, but smaller. They are taken in considerable quantities on our coasts, and are exceedingly plentiful on the coasts of Algarve in Portugal, Andalusia and Granada in Spain, and along the shores of Italy. The small sardines, caught on the coast of Provence, in France, are esteemed the best. From 1,000 to 1,200 fishing smacks are engaged in catching these fish on the coast of Britany, from June to the middle of October. The French frequently cure them in red brine; and, *Professor Jameson says, in his Mineralogy, that some peculiarly beautiful sapphires are found in the Capelan mountains, in Pegu. But we do not believe that there are any such mountains in any part of the world; and, in point of fact, there are no mountains in Pegu, nor have any precious stones been ever found in it.

when thus prepared, designate them anchoisées, or anchovied sardines. These are packed in vessels previously employed for holding wine, and exported to the Levant. When perfectly fresh, sardines are accounted excellent fish; but if kept for any time, they entirely lose their flavour, and become quite insipid.

SARDONYX, a precious stone, a variety of chalcedony.

The ancients selected this substance to engrave upon, no doubt from its possessing two peculiar and necessary qualities, viz. hardness and tenacity, by which it is capable of receiving the finest touch or stroke of the tool without chipping, and showing the art of the engraver to the highest perfection.(Mawe on Diamonds, 2d ed. p. 121.)

SARSAPARILLA (Ger. Sarsaparille, Fr. Salsepareille; It. Salsapariglia; Sp. Zarzaparilla), the root of the Smilax Sarsaparilla, a plant growing in South America and the West Indies. It is imported in bales. It is known in the London market by the names of Lisbon, Honduras, and Vera Cruz, but it is also brought from Jamaica. The Lisbon root, which is the produce of Brazil, has a reddish or dark brown cuticle, is internally farinaceous, and more free from fibre than the other kinds: the Honduras has a dirty brown, and sometimes whitish, cuticle; it is more fibrous, and has more ligneous matter than the Lisbon and Vera Cruz. It is in long, slender twigs, covered with a wrinkled brown cuticle, and has a small woody heart. The Jamaica differs from the others, in having a deep red cuticle of a close texture; and the red colour partially diffused through the ligneous part. The root is inodorous, and has a mucilaginous, very slightly bitter taste: the bark is the only useful part of the plant; the ligneous part being tasteless, inert, woody fibre.-(Thomson's Dispensatory.) The quantity imported in 1831 amounted to 176,854 lbs, of which 107,410 lbs. were retained for home consumption. The duty, which formerly varied, according as it was brought from a foreign country or a British possession, from 1s. 3d. to 1s. per lb., was reduced, in 1832, to 6d. per lb.

SASSAFRAS (Ger. and Fr. Sassafras; It. Sussafrasso; Sp. Sasafras), a species of laurel (Laurus Sassafras, Lin.), a native of the southern parts of North America, CochinChina, and several of the Indian islands. Sassafras wood, root, and bark, have a fragrant odour, and a sweetish aromatic taste. The wood is of a brownish white colour; and the bark ferruginous within, spongy, and divisible into layers. Their sensible qualities and virtues depend on an essential oil, which may be obtained separate by distilling the chips or the bark with water. It is very fragrant, hot, and penetrating to the taste, of a pale yellow colour, and heavier than water. It is used only in the materia medica. Very little is imported.-(Thomson's Dispensatory.)

SAUNDERS (RED) (Arab. Sundal-ahmer; Hind. Ruckut-chundum), the wood of a lofty tree (Pterocarpus santalinus) indigenous to various parts of India, Ceylon, Timor, &c. The wood is brought to Europe in billets, which are very heavy and sink in water. It is extremely hard, of a fine grain, and a bright garnet red colour, which brightens on exposure to the air. It is employed to dye lasting reddish brown colours on wool. It yields its colouring matter to ether and alcohol, but not to water. The quantity imported is but inconsiderable. The price in bond varies at this moment (February, 1834) from 131. to 14%. a ton.-(Thomson's Dispensatory; Bancroft on Colours, vol. ii. p. 236.) SCAMMONY (Ger. Skammonien; Fr. Scammonée; It. Scammonea; Sp. Escamonea), a gum-resin, the produce of a species of convolvulus, or creeper plant, which grows abundantly in Syria. When an incision is made into the roots, they yield a milky juice, which, being kept, grows hard, and is the scammony of the shops. It is imported from Aleppo in what are called drums, weighing from 75 to 125 lbs. each; and from Smyrna in cakes like wax, packed in chests. The former is light and friable, and is considered the best; that from Smyrna is more compact and ponderous, less friable, and fuller of impurities. It has a peculiar heavy odour, not unlike that of old cheese; and a bitterish, slightly acrid The colour is blackish or bluish grey, changing to dirty white, or lathering when the surface is rubbed with a wet finger. Its specific gravity is 1.235. It is very liable to be adulterated; and when of a dark colour, heavy, and splintery, it ought to be rejected. It is used only in medicine.-(Thomson's Dispensatory.) The duty on scammony, which was formerly as high as 6s. 4d. per lb. was reduced in 1832 to 2s. 6d.

taste.

SCULPTURES, figures cut in stone, metal, or other solid substance, representing or describing some real or imaginary object. The art of the sculptor, or statuary, was carried to the highest pitch of excellence in ancient Greece. Fortunately, several of the works of the Grecian sculptors have been preserved; and serve at once to stimulate and direct the genius of modern artists.

Models, are casts or representations of sculptures.

The act 54 Geo. 3. c. 56, vests the property of sculptures, models, copies, and casts, in the proprietor for 14 years; provided he cause his name, with the date, to be put on them before they are published; with the same term in addition, if he should be living at the end of the first period. In actions for piracy, double costs to be given. The act 6 Geo. 4. c. 107. prohibits the importation, on pain of forteit. ure, of any sculptures, models, casts. &c. first made in the United Kingdom.

SEAL (Lat. Sigillum), a stone, piece of metal, or other solid substance, generally round or elliptical, on which is engraved the arms, crest, name, device, &c. of some state, prince,

public body, or private individual. It is employed as a stamp to make an impression on sealing wax, thereby authenticating public acts, deeds, &c., or to close letters or packets. Seals were very early invented, and much learning has been employed in tracing their history, and explaining the figures upon them.-(See particularly the work of Hopkinck, De Sigillorum Prisco et Novo Jure, 4to, 1642.) They are now very generally used.

The best are usually formed of precious stones, on which the crest or the initials of the person's name are engraved, set in gold. But immense numbers are formed of stained glass, and set in gilt copper. They are manufactured at London, Birmingham, &c., and are extensively exported.

SEAL FISHERY. The seal, an amphibious animal, of which there are many varieties, is found in vast numbers in the seas round Spitzbergen, and on the coasts of Labrador and Newfoundland. As it frequents the British shores, it is well known, and has been repeatedly described. Seals are principally hunted for their oil and skins. When taken in the spring of the year, at which time they are fattest,-a full grown seal will yield from 8 to 12 gallons of oil, and a small one from 4 to 5 gallons. The oil, when extracted before putrefaction has commenced, is beautifully transparent, free from smell, and not unpleasant in its taste. The skin, when tanned, is extensively employed in the making of shoes; and when dressed with the hair on, serves for the covering of trunks, &c.

"To the Esquimaux the seal is of as much importance as bread to a European. Its flesh forms their most usual food; the fat is partly dressed for eating, and partly consumed in their lamps; the liver, when fried, is esteemed, even among sailors, as an agreeable dish. The skin, which the Esquimaux dress by processes peculiar to themselves, is made water proof. With the hair off, it is used as coverings, instead of planks, for their boats, and as outer garments for themselves; shielded with which, they can invert themselves and canoes in the water, without getting their bodies wet. It serves also for coverings for their tents, and for various other purposes. The jackets and trowsers made of seal-skin by the Esquimaux are in great request among the whale fishers for preserving them from oil and wet."(Scoresby's Arctic Regions, vol. i. p. 510.)

Seals in fine weather prefer the ice to the water, and vast herds of them are frequently found lying on the field ice; the places where they are met with being thence called "seal meadows." The seal hunters endeavour to surprise them while sleeping, and to intercept their retreat to the water. They attack them with muskets and bludgeons, but principally the latter, they being easily despatched by a blow on the nose.

The seal fishery has long been prosecuted to a considerable extent in the northern seas by ships from the Elbe and the Weser; but very few ships have been sent out for sealing only from England, though occasionally some of the whale ships have taken large quantities of seals. Latterly, however, the seal fishery has been prosecuted on a large scale, and with extraordinary success, by vessels of from 60 to 120 tons each, having crews of from 16 to 30 men, fitted out from the ports of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, &c. The business is attended with a good deal of risk, and instances frequently occur of the vessels being crushed to pieces by the collision of the fields of ice. We borrow the following details from Mr. Bliss's late tract on the Trade, Statistics, &c. of Canada and our North American Pos

sessions.

"There is another department of the colonial fishery which has originated within no distant period, and is now becoming of great extent and importance. The large fields of ice which, in the months of March and April, drift southward from the Polar seas, are accompanied by many herds of seals: these are found sleeping in what are called the seal meadows of the ice, and are there attacked and slaughtered in vast numbers. For this purpose the fishers of Newfoundland, from which island these voyages are principally made, without waiting till the return of spring shall have opened their harbours, saw channels through the ice for their vessels, and set sail in quest of those drifting fields, through the openings of which they work a passage, attended with great difficulties and dangers, till they encounter their prey on the seal meadows. This bold and hazardous enterprise seems well compensated by its success. The number of seals thus taken is almost incredible, and is greatly on the increase. There were captured by the Newfoundland fishermen, in 1829, 280,613 seals; in 1830, 553,435; and in 1831, 748,735; making a total catch during these 3 years, of no fewer than 1,582,783 seals! The number of vessels employed in the fishery from Newfoundland, in 1831, was 115; and in 1832, 159; being an increase of about 3,400 tons."-(p. 70.)

Subjoined is a statement of the prices of the different sorts of fish oil in London, in January, 1834.

Undressed seal skins are worth from 1s. to 1s. 6d. each. See also M'Gregor's British America, 2d edit. vol. i. p. 197. &c. There is a good account of the seal in Laing's Voyage to Spitzbergen.

SEALING WAX (Ger. Siegellack; Fr. Cire d'Espagne, Cire à cacheter; It. Cera Lacca, Cera di Spagna; Sp. Lacre; Rus. Surgutsch), the wax used for sealing letters, legal instruments, &c. It is a composition of gum lac, melted and incorporated with resin, and afterwards coloured with some pigment, as vermilion, verditer, ivory black, &c.

SEAMEN, the individuals engaged in navigating ships, barges, &c. upon the high Those employed for this purpose upon rivers, lakes, or canals, are denominated

seas.

watermen.

A British Seaman must be a natural born subject of his Majesty; or be naturalised by act of parliament; or made a denizen by letters of denization; or have become a British subject by the conquest or cession of some newly acquired territory; or (being a foreigner) have served on board his Majesty's ships of war, in time of war, for the space of 3 years.(3 & 4 Will. 4. c. 54. § 16.) But his Majesty may, by proclamation during war, declare that foreigners who have served two years in the royal navy, during such war, shall be deemed British seamen.-(§ 17.)

Various regulations have been enacted with respect to the hiring of seamen, their conduct

while on board, and the payment of their wages. These regulations differ in different countries; but, in all, they have been intended to obviate any disputes that might otherwise arise between the master and seamen as to the terms of the contract between them, to secure due obedience to the master's orders, and to interest the seamen in the completion of the voyage, by making their earnings depend on its successful termination.

1. Hiring of Seamen.-To prevent the mischiefs that frequently arose from the want of proper proof of the precise terms upon which seamen engaged to perform their service in merchant ships, it is enacted by statute (2 Geo. 2. c. 36.), " that it shall not be lawful for any master or commander of any ship or vessel bound to parts beyond the seas, to carry any seaman or mariner, except his apprentice or apprentices, to sea from any port or place where he or they were entered or shipped, to proceed on any voyage to parts beyond the seas, without first coming to an agreement or contract with such seamen or mariners for their wages; which agreement or agreements shall be made in writing, declaring what wages each seaman or mariner is to have respectively, during the whole voyage, or for so long time as he or they shall ship themselves for; and also to express in the said agreement or contract the voyage for which such seaman or mariner was shipped to perform the same;" under a penalty of 51. for each mariner carried to sea without such agreement, to be forfeited by the master to the use of Greenwich Hospital. This agreement is to be signed by each mariner within 3 days after he shall have entered himself on board the ship; and is, when signed, conclusive and binding upon all parties. By a subsequent statute, these provisions have been extended to vessels of the burden of 100 tons and upwards, employed in the coasting trade.—(31 Geo. 3. c. 39.)

The following is the form of the articles of agreement required by statute (37 Geo. 3. c. 73.) to be entered into between the masters and mariners of ships engaged in the West India trade. It is substantially the same with that which previously was, and still continues to be, in common use for all ships employed in foreign trade.

Ship

IT is hereby agreed between the master, seamen, and mariners of the ship now bound for the port of and the master or commander of the said ship, That, in consideration of the monthly or other wages against each respective seaman or mariner's name hereunto set, they severally shall and will perform the above-mentioned voyage: and the said master doth hereby agree with and hire the seamen and mariners for the said voyage at such monthly wages, to be paid pursuant to the laws of Great Britain; and they, the said seamen and mariners, do hereby prontise and oblige themselves to do their duty, and obey the lawful commands of their officers on board the said ship or boats thereunto belonging, as become good and faithful seamen and mariners, and at all places where the said ship shall put in or anchor during the said ship's voyage, to do their best endeavours for the preservation of the said ship and cargo, and not to neglect or refuse doing their duty by day or night; nor shall go out of the said ship on board any other vessel, or be on shore under any pretence whatsoever, till the voyage is ended, and the ship discharged of her cargo, without leave first obtained of the master, captain, or commanding officer on board: and, in default thereof, they freely agree to be liable to the penalties mentioned in the act of parliament made in the 2d year of the reign of King George the Second, intituled "An Act for the better Regulation and Government of Seamen in the Merchants' Service;" and the act made in the 37th year of the reign of King George the Third, intituled, "An Act for preventing the Desertion of Seamen from British Merchant Ships trading to his Majesty's Colonies and Plantations in the West Indies:" and it is further agreed by the parties to these presents, that 24 hours' absence without leave shall be deemed a total desertion, and render such seainen and mariners liable to the forfeitures and penalties contained in the acts above recited; that each and every lawful command which the said master sball think necessary to issue for the effectual government of the said vessel, suppressing immorality and vice of all kinds, be strictly complied with, under the penalty of the person or persons disobeying forfeiting his or their whole wages or hire, together with every thing belonging to him or them on board the said vessel: and it is further agreed, that no officer or seaman, or person belonging to the said ship, shall demand or be entitled to his wages, or any part thereof, until the arrival of the said ship at the above-mentioned port of discharge, and her cargo delivered, nor less than 20 days, in case the seaman is not employed in the delivery and it is hereby further agreed between the masters and officers of the said ship, that whatever apparel, furniture, and stores, each of them may receive into their charge, belonging to the said ship, shall be accounted for on her return; and in case any thing shall be lost or damaged through their carelessness or insufficiency, it shall be made good by such officer or seaman, by whose means it may happen, to the master and owner of the said ship: and whereas it is customary for the officers and seamen, on the ship's return home in the river, and during the time their cargoes are delivering, to go on shore each night to sleep, greatly to the prejudice of such ship and freighters; be it further agreed by the said parties, that neither officer nor seaman shall, on any pretence whatsoever, be entitled to such indulgence, but shall do their duty by day in discharge of the cargo, and keep such watch by night as the master or commander of the said ship shall think necessary, in order for the preservation of the above; and whereas it often happens that part of the cargo is embezzled after being delivered into lighters; and, as such losses are made good by the owners of the ships, be it therefore agreed, by these presents, that whatever officer or seaman the master shall think proper to appoint, shall take charge of the cargo in the lighters, and go with the same to the lawful quay, and there deliver his charge to the ship's husband, or his representative, or see the same safely weighed at the king's beam; and, in consequence of their true fidelity, such seamen shall be entitled to 2s. 6d. each lighter, exclusive of their monthly pay; and should it so happen that lighters are detained any considerable time at the quay before they can be unloaded, such officer and seaman so appointed shall in that case be entitled to 2s. 6d. for every 24 hours, exclusive of their monthly pay; that each seaman and mariner, who shall well and truly perform the above-mentioned voyage, (provided always, that there be no plunderage, embezzlement, or other unlawful acts, committed on the vessel's cargo or stores,) shall be entitled to their wages or hire that may become due to him pursuant to this agreement: that, for the due performance of each and every the above-mentioned articles and agreements, and acknowledgment of their being voluntary and without compulsion, or any other clandestine means being used, the said parties have hereunto subscribed their names, the day and month set opposite to their respective names.

The statutes do not render a verbal agreement for wages absolutely void; but impose a penalty on the master if a written agreement be not made. When a written agreement is made, it becomes the only evidence of the contract between the parties; and a seaman cannot recover any thing agreed to be given in reward for his services, which is not specified in the articles.

A seaman who has engaged to serve on board a ship, is bound to exert himself to the utmost in the service of the ship; and, therefore, a promise made by the master of a ship in distress, to pay an extra sum to a seaman, as an inducement to extraordinary exertion on his part, is held to be essentially void.

2. Conduct of Seamen.-It is essential to the business of navigation that the most prompt and ready obedience should be paid to the lawful commands of the master. To this effect it is covenanted in the articles of agreement previously quoted, that "each and every lawful command which the said master shall think necessary to issue for the effectual government of the said vessel, suppressing immorality and vice of all kinds, be strictly complied with, under the penalty of the person or persons disobeying forfeiting his or their whole wages or hire, together with every thing belonging to him or them on board the said vessel."

In case of disobedience or disorderly conduct on the part of the seamen, the master may correct them in a reasonable manner. Such an authority is absolutely necessary to the safety of the ship and of those on board; but it behoves the master to acf in such cases with great deliberation, and not to pervert the powers with which he is intrusted for the good of the whole to cruel or vindictive purposes. Masters abusing their au thority must answer at law for the consequences. In the case of actual or open mutiny by the crew, or any part of them, the resistance of the master becomes an act of selfdefence, and is to be considered in all its consequences in that point of view. The Ordinances of Oleron and Wishy declare that a mariner who strikes the master shall either pay a fine or lose his right hand; a singular as well as cruel alternative, unknown in modern jurisprudence.

But although the master may by force restrain the commission of great crimes, he has no judicial authority over the criminal, but is bound to secure his person and bring him before a proper tribunal. And all justices of the peace are empowered to receive informations touching any murder, piracy, felony, or robbery upon the sea, and to commit the offenders for trial.-(43 Geo. 3. c. 160.)

The desertion or absence without leave of seamen from a ship, while on a voyage to foreign parts, being attended with many bad consequences, has been provided against in all maritime laws. It was enacted in this country, by the 11 & 12 Will. 3. c. 7.,

"That all such seamen, officers, or sailors, who shall desert the ships or vessels wherein they are hired to serve for that voyage, shill for such offence forfeit all such wages as shall be then due to him or them." By subsequent statutes (2 Geo. 2. c. 36., and 31 Geo. 3. c. 39.), it is enacted, that if, after having entered into the agreement previously referred to, a mariner deserts or refuses to proceed on the voyage, he forfeits to the owners all the wages then due to him, and a justice of the peace may, on complaint of the master, owner, or person having charge of the ship, issue a warrant to apprehend him; and in case of his refusal to proceed on the voyage, or of his not assigning a sufficient reason for such refusal, may commit him to hard labour in the house of correction for not more than thirty nor less than fourteen days. A mariner absenting himself from the ship without leave of the master or other chief officer having charge of the ship, forfeits two days' pay for every such day's absence, to the use of Greenwich Hospital. And in the case of foreign voyages, if, upon the ship's arrival at her port of delivery here, he leaves her without a written discharge from the master or other person having charge of the ship, or if in the coasting trade he quits the ship before the voyage is completed and THE CARGO DELIVERED, or before the expiration of the term for which he engaged, or before he has obtained a discharge in writing, he forfeits 1 month's pay to the said hospital. But these provisions do not debar seamen from entering on board any of his Majesty's ships.

In order still further to discountenance desertion, a penalty of 100%. is imposed by the 37 Geo. 3. c. 73. on every master or commander of any British merchant ship who engages any seanan or other person to serve on board such ship, in the event of such master or commander being aware, at the time, that such seaman or person had deserted from any other ship or vessel.

For an account of the penalties imposed on the master for leaving seamen in foreign countries, or refusing to bring them back, see MASTER.

Neglect of duty, disobedience of orders, habitual drunkenness, or any cause which will justify a master in discharging a seaman during the voyage, will also deprive the seaman of

his wages.

If the cargo be embezzled or injured by the fraud or negligence of the seamen, so that the