X. Table showing the VALUE OF AN ANNUITY ON A SINGLE LIFE, according to the Northampton Table of Mortality. XI. Table showing the VALUE OF AN ANNUITY ON A SINGLE LIFE, according to the Carlisle Table of 11 23.327 12 23.143 13 22.957 22.769 15 22.582 20 21 17.801 15.417 59 19.460 19.336 16.494 47 19-210 16.406 48 19.082 16.316 49 14.654 18.153 18.956 16.227 50 14.303 12.869 16 22.404 18.837 16.144 51 13.932 12.566 17 22.232 18.723 16.066 52 13.558 12.258 18 22.058 18.608 15.987 53 13.180 11.945 19 21.879 18:488 15.904 54 12.798 11.627 21.691 18.363 15.817 55 12:408 11.300 21.504 18.233 15.726 56 12.014 10.966 22 21.304 18.095 15.628 57 11.614 10.625 23 21.098 17.951 15.525 58 11-218 24 20.885 25 20-665 17.645 15.303 60 26 20.442 17.486 15.187 61 27 20.212 17.320 15.065 62 28 19.981 17.154 14.942 63 29 19.761 16.997 14.827 64 30 19.556 16.852 14.723 65 31 19.348 16.705 14.617 66 32 19.134 16.552 14.506 67 33 18.910 16.390 34 18.675 16.219 35 18.433 16.041 16.581 46 15.585 13.889 15.294 13.662 14.986 13:419 10.286 9.246 8.593 8.016 98 99 14.127 VOL. II,-K XII. Table showing the VALUE OF AN ANNUITY ON THE JOINT CONTINUANCE OF Two Lives of EQUAL AGES, according to the Northampton Table of Mortality. XIII. Table showing the VALUE OF AN ANNUITY ON THE JOINT CONTINUANCE OF TWO LIVES OF EQUAL AGES, according to the Carlisle Table of Mortality. 17.242 14.917 42-42 13.036 11-772 10.839 75 75 3.231 3.119 3.015 10-701 76 76 3.068 2.966 2.870 8-8 20.261 17.251 14.942 43-43 12.822 9- 9 20.146 17.179 14.898 44-44 12.600 10-10 7.605 7.295 10:566 77 77 2.927 10.425 78 78 2-784 19.963 17.049 14.803 45-45 12.371 11.243 10.278 79 79 2.610 2.533 2.460 11-11 19.748 16.891 14.684 46-46 12.128 11:047 10.119 80- 80 2.459 2.390 2.324 12-12 19.538 16.737 14.568 47-47 11.870 9.947 81 81 2-283 2.222 2.163 13-13 19.327 16.582 14-450 48-48 11.591 9.756 82- 82 2-135 2.079 2.027 14-14 19.115 16.425 14.331 49-49 11.279 9.535 83-83 1.978 1.929 1.882 15-15 18.908 16-272 14 215 50-50 10.942 10.059 9.291 84 84 1-825 1.782 1.741 16-16 18.719 16-134 14.112 51-51 10.579 9.748 9.023 85 85 17-17 18.542 16.007 14.018 52-52 10-215 9.434 8-751 86 86 18-18 18.365 15.880 13.925 53-53 9.849 9.117 8.474 87-87 19-19 18.182 15.748 13-827 54-54 9.480 8.796 8.192 68 88 1.328 1.301 1.275 20-20 17.993 15.610 13.724 55-55 9.103 8-465 7.900 89 89 1.248 1.223 1.199 21-21 17.797 15.466 13.616 56-56 8.721 8.128 7.600 90 90 1.088 1.066 1.045 22-22 17.588 15.310 13.497 57-57 8.334 7.783 7.293 91 91 1.050 1.028 1·007 23-23 17.372 15.148 13.372 58-58 7.954 7.444 7.988 92 92 1.120 24-24 17.148 14.978 13.240 59 -59 25-25 16.916 14.800 13.101 60 60 11 602 2.833 2-744 11.426 2.698 2-617 7.044 6.630 27-27 16.437 14:431 12.811 62 -62 6.804 28-28 16.196 14.244 12.663 63-63 6.563 6.257 95 95 1.383 1.353 1.323 6.417 6:067 96 96 1.424 1.394 1.364 6.202 5.875 97 97 1.395 1.366 1.339 5.669 98 98 1.375 1.349 1.323 5'456 99 99 1.294 1.272 1.251 5 230 100-100 0.991 0.976 0.962 5.486 5.228 34-34 14.954 13.294 11.926 69-69 4.877 35-35 14.720 13.111 11-780 XIV. Table showing the VALUE OF AN ANNUITY on the Joint Continuance of Two Lives, when the DIFFERENCE OF AGE IS FIVE YEARS, according to the Northampton Table of Mortality. 6-11 7-12 16 137 8-13 16.089 1 & 6 12.346 10.741 9.479 2-7 14.461 12.581 11.100 3-8 15.300 13-319 11.755 4-9 15.809 13.775 12.165 5-10 15.974 13.933 12.315 16.110 14.068 12.447 14-111 12:498 14.089 12.492 9 14 15.957 10-15 11-16 12-17 13 18 13.992 12.421 15.762 13.841 12.302 15.538 13.664 12.158 15.308 13:480 12.009 15.086 11.585 46-51 26 31 37-42 38-43 10.634 9.716 8.927 39-44 10.437 9.550 8.787 40-45 10.235 9.381 41-46 10.033 9.210 8.497 42-47 9.829 9.037 8.350 72 -77 43-48 9.623 8.862 8.200 73 -78 13.303 11.864 44-49 8.683 8.046 74 -79 14-19 14-870 13.130 11.723 45-50 8.503 7.891 75 80 15-20 14.660 12.961 8.326 7.737 76 -81 16-21 14:457 12-799 11.452 47-52 17-22 14.265 12.646 11.327 48-53 18-23 14.082 12.500 11.209 49-54 19-24 13.908 12.361 11:096 50-55 20-25 13.741 12.229 10.989 51-56 21-26 13.584 12.105 10.890 52-57 22-27 13.433 11.987 10.796 53-58 23-28 13.280 11.866 10.699 54-59 24-29 13.124 11.743 10.600 55-60 25-30 12.966 11.618 10.499 56-61 12.805 11.489 10.396 57-62 10.828 9.877 9.062 67-72 4.540 4.349 4.169 4.298 4.124 3.960 6.070 5.744 6.427 85-90 1.074 1.054 1.038 0.892 0 734 0.547 0.369 XV. Table showing the VALUE OF AN ANNUITY on the Joint Continuance of Two Lives, when the DIFFERENCE OF AGE IS FIVE YEARS, according to the Carlisle Table of Mortality. 11.508 67 & 72 4.580 11.354 68-73 4.297 3-8 19.100 16.214 14.019 36-41 13.812 12.394 11.204 69-744-035 4-9 19.584 16.644 14.402 37-42 13.579 12.209 11.056 70-75 4.804 5-10 19.874 16-913 14.649 38-43 13.346 12.024 10.907 71-76 3.568 6-11 19-935 16.989 14-731 39-44 13.107 11.833 10.753 72-77 3.353 7-12 19.889 16.975 14.736 40-45 12.868 11.641 10.598 73-78 3.152 3.047 2.948 8-13 19-771 16.900 14.689 41-46 12.630 11.450 10-444 74-79 2.952 2.857 2.767 9-14 19-606 16.785 14.606 42-47 12.389 11.256 10.287 75-80 2-790 2.704 2.623 10-15 19.410 16.643 14.500 43-48 12-139 11.053 10.121 76-81 2.618 2.540 2.467 11-16 19-208 16-495 14.389 44-49 11.868 10.830 9-937 77- 82 2-471 2.400 2.333 12-17 19-014 16-354 14.284 45-50 11.580 10.591 9.737 78- 83 2.318 2.255 2.194 13-18 18.820 16.213 14.178 46-51 11.271 10.332 9519 79-84 2.155 2.099 2.045 14-19 18-622 16-068 14.069 47-52 10.955 10.065 9.292 80-85 15-20 18-423 15.922 13.959 48-53 10-628 9-787 16-21 18.230 15.781 13.853 49-54 10.284 9.492 8.799 82-87 1.704 17-22 18.036 15-639 13.746 50-55 9.924 9.181 8.528 83-88 1.606 18-23 17.838 15.493 13.636 51-56 9.500 8.855 8.242 84-89 1.496 19-24 17-633 15-341 13.520 52-57 9.172 8.524 7.950 85-90 1-835 1.307 1.279 20-25 17-421 15.182 13.398 53-58 8.797 8.194 7.657 86-91 1.255 1.229 1.203 21-26 17.204 15.019 13.272 54-59 7.876 7.375 87-92 1.245 1.218 1.192 22-27 16.917 14.846 13.137 55-60 7-574 7.106 88- 93 1.272 1.245 1.219 12.773 4.386 4.207 12.581 4.123 3.961 4-878 3.731 3.661 3.528 3.439 3.319 3.237 3.127 1.993 1.943 1.895 9.054 81 86 1.834 1-790 1.747 1.664 1.626 1.569 1.535 1.464 1.433 23-28 16.747 14.670 13.000 56-61 6.323 5.986 5.678 94 99 1.234 1.212 1.191 6.054 5.743 5-458 95 100 1.072 1.055 1.038 5.779 5.493 5.230 96 - 101 0.851 0.839 0.828 5.490 5.229 4.988 97-102 0.568 0.562 0.555 5.193 4.956 4.737 98-103 0.254 0.252 0.249 4.882 4.667 4.469 The Northampton Table (No. 7.), by under-rating the duration of life, was a very advantageous guide for the insurance offices to go by in insuring lives; but to whatever extent it might be beneficial to them in this respect, it became equally injurious when they adopted it as a guide in selling annuities. And yet, singular as it may seem, some of the insurance offices granted annuities on the same terms that they insured lives; not perceiving that, if they gained by the latter transaction, they must obviously lose by the former. Government also continued for a lengthened period to sell annuities according to the Northampton Tables, and without making any distinction between male and female lives! A glance at the Tables of M. Deparcieux ought to have satisfied them that they were proceeding on entirely false principles. But, in despite even of the admonitions of some of the most skilful mathematicians, this system was persevered in until within these few years! We understand that the loss thence arising to the public may be moderately estimated at 2,000,000l. sterling. Nor will this appear a large sum to those who recollect that, supposing interest to be 4 per cent., there is a difference of no less than 917. 1s. in the value of an annuity of 50l. for life, to a person aged 45, between the Northampton and Carlisle Tables. INVOICE, an account of goods or merchandise sent by merchants to their correspondents at home or abroad, in which the peculiar marks of each package, with other particulars, are set forth.-(See example, vol. i. p. 207.) IONIAN ISLANDS, the name given to the islands of Corfu, Paxo, Santa Maura, Ithaca, Cephalonia, Zante, Cerigo, and their dependent islets. With the exception of Cerigo, which lies opposite to the south-eastern extremity of the Morea, the rest lie pretty contiguous, along the western coasts of Epirus and Greece; the most northerly point of Corfu being in lat. 39° 48′ 15′′ N., and the most southerly point of Zante (Cape Kieri, on which there is a light-house) being in lat. 37° 38′ 35′′ N. ̄ Kapsali, the port of Cerigo, is in lat. 36° 7′ 30′′ N., lon. 23° E. The area and present population of the different islands may be estimated as follows: ness. Soil and Climate.-These are very various-Zante is the most fruitful. It consists principally of an extensive plain, occupied by plantations of currants, and having an air of luxuriant fertility and richIts climate is comparatively equal and fine, but it is very subject to earthquakes. Corfu and Cephalonia are more rugged and less fruitful than Zante; and the former from its vicinity to the snowy mountains of Epirus, and the latter from the Black Mountain (the Mount Enos of antiquity) in its interior, are exposed in winter to great and sudden variations of temperature. In January, 1833, the cold was more rigorous than usual, the frost damaging to a great extent the oranges and vines of these islands and those of Santa Maura. The latter is, in the hot season, exceedingly unhealthy,—a consequence of the vapours arising from the marshes, and the shallow seas to the N. E. Cerigo is rocky and sterile; it is subject to continued gales, and the currents seldom permit its waters to remain unruffled. History, Government, &c. -These islands have undergone many vicissitudes. Corfu, the ancient Corcyra, was famous in antiquity for its naval power, and for the contest between it and its mother state Corinth, which eventually terminated in the Peloponnesian war. Ithaca, the kingdom of Ulysses; Cephalonia, sometimes called Dulichium, from the name of one of its cities; Zante, or Zacynthus; Santa Maura, known to the ancients by the names of Leucas or Leucadia, celebrated for its promontory, surmounted by a temple of Apollo, whence Sappho precipitated herself into the ocean; and Cerigo, or Cythera, the birth-place of Helen, and sacred to Venus;-have all acquired an immortality of renown. But, on comparing their present with their former state, we may well exclaim,— Heu quantum hæc Niobe, Niobe distabat ab illâ !— After innumerable revolutions, they fell, about 350 years ago, under the dominion of Venice. Since the downfall of that republic, they have had several protectors, or rather masters, being successively under the dominion of the Russians, the French, and the English. By the treaty of Paris, in 1815, they were formed into a sort of semi-independent state. They enjoy an internal government of their own, under the protection of Great Britain; a Lord High Commissioner, appointed by the king of England, having charge of the foreign relations, and of the internal, maritime, and sanitary police. His Majesty's commander in-chief has the custody of the fortresses, and the disposal of the forces. It is stipulated in the treaty of Paris, that the islands may be called upon for the pay and subsistence of 3,000 men, as well as for the repair of their fortresses occupied by the British troops. The executive government is vested in a president nominated by the commissioner, and a senate of 5 members (1 for each of the larger islands of Corfu, Cephalonia, Zante, and Santa Maura, and 1 representing collectively the smaller ones of Ithaca, Cerigo, and Paxo, by each of which he is elected in rotation). The senators are elected at the commencement of every quinquennial parliament (subject to a negative from the cominissioner) from a legislative chamber of 40 members, themselves elected by the constituencies of the different islands, for 5 years. The senate and legislative assembly, together with the commissioner, are thus the supreme authority: they are, when united, termed the Parliament, and, as such, pass, amend, and repeal laws, in the mode prescribed by the constitution of 1817. Besides the general government, there is in each island a local administration, composed of a regent, named by the senate, and from 2 to 5 municipal officers elected by their fellow citizens. The State of Society, in these islands, is far from being good, and was formerly the most depraved imaginable. The people, when they were placed under the ægis of England, were at once lazy, ignorant, superstitious, cowardly, and bloodthirsty. Their vice may, we believe, be, in a great degree, ascribed to the government and religion established amongst them. The latter consisted of little more than a series of fasts and puerile observances; while the former was both weak and corrupt. The Venetians appointed to situations of power and emolument belonged mostly to noble but decayed families, and looked upon their offices merely as means by which they might repair their shattered fortunes. Hence the grossest corruption pervaded every department. There was no crime for which impunity might not be purchased. Justice, in fact, was openly bought and sold; and suits were decided, not according to the principles of law or equity, but by the irresistible influence of faction or of gold. In consequence, the islands became a prey to all the vices that afflict and degrade a corrupt and semi-barbarous society. Sandys, one of the best English travellers who ever visited the Levant, having touched at Zante in 1610, expresses himself with respect to the inhabitants as follows:-" In habite they imitate the Italians, but transcend them in their revenges, and infinitely less civil. They will threaten to kill a merchant that will not buy their commodities; and make more conscience to breake a fast than to commit a murther. He is weary of his life that hath a difference with any of them, and will walke abroad after daylight. But cowardice is joined with their crueltie, who dare doe nothing but sodainly upon advantage; and are ever privately armed. They are encouraged to villainies by the remissnesse of their laws. The labourers do go into the fields with swords and par *This is equal to 1001 3 English square miles of 69.15 to the degree. tizans, as if in an enemie's countrey; bringing home their oils and wines in hogskins, the inside turned out."-(p. 7. ed. 1637.) If the Zantiotes did not deteriorate during the next 2 centuries, which, indeed, was hardly possible, they certainly did not improve. Dr. Holland, by whom they were visited in 1812, tells us that he heard, "on sure authority, that the number of assassinations in Zante has been more than 1 for each day of the year, though the population was only 40,000!"-(Travels in the Ionian Isles, &c. 4to ed. p. 23.) Matters were, if not quite so bad, very little better in the other islands. In Cephalonia, the inhabitants were divided into factions, entertaining the most implacable animosities, and waging a war of extermination against each other. A little vigour on the part of their rulers would have served to suppress their murderous contests. But this was not an object they wished to attain: on the contrary, their selfish and crooked policy made them seek to strengthen their own power by fomenting the dissensions that prevailed amongst their subjects.-(Bellin, Description du Golfe de Venise, p. 165.) Considering the state of society at home, we need not wonder that the Cephalonians, who were distinguished among the islanders for activity and enterprise, were much addicted to emigration. The Venetians attempted to check its prevalence; but, as they neglected the only means by which it could be prevented, the establishment of security and good order at home,-their efforts were wholly unsuccessful. The islanders did not, however, satisfy themselves with attempting to stab and prey upon each other. They were much addicted to piracy, particularly the inhabitants of Santa Maura and Cerigo; and it has been alleged that the Venetian government participated in the profits of this public robbery, which, at all events they took little pains to suppress. A long series of years will be required to eradicate vices so deeply rooted, and to effect that thorough change in the habits and morals of the people that is so indispensable. The power and influence of the British government has already, however, had a very decided effect: assassination has become comparatively unknown; piracy has been suppressed; and a spirit of industry, sincerity, and fair dealing is beginning to manifest itself. The present generation of nobles possess a superior degree of information, and a knowledge of the true interests of their country, which, if not all that could be wished, was, at least, unknown to their fathers. It is not easy to exaggerate the difficulties with which Sir Thomas Maitland had to struggle during the first years of the British government. He was opposed by every means that feudal rancour, corruption, and duplicity could throw in his way. Those accustomed to the treachery, shuffling, and jobbing of the Venetian and RussoTurkish governments, and the intrigues of the French, could neither appreciate nor understand the plain, straightforward course natural to British officers. These difficulties have, however, materially diminished; and it is to be hoped that the influence of our example, and of that education now pretty generally diffused, will gradually accomplish the regeneration of the islanders. Manufactures, &c.-These islands possess few manufactures properly so termed. The wives of the villani, or peasants, spin and weave a coarse kind of woollen cloth, sufficient in great part for the use of their families. A little soap is made at Corfu and Zante. The latter manufactures a considerable quantity of silk gros-de-Naples and handkerchiefs; the art of dyeing is, however, too little studied, and the establishments are on too small a scale. The peasantry, in general, are lazy, vain, delighting in display, and very superstitious. Those of Zante and Cephalonia are more industrious than the Corfiotes; in the first particular, their superior condition is probably to be ascribed, in part at least, to the nobles residing more on their estates in the country, and contributing, by their example, to stimulate industry. In Corfu, the taste for the city life, which prevailed in the time of the Venetian government, still operates to a great degree. The Corfiote proprietor resides but little in his villa; his land is neglected, while he continues in the practice of his forefathers, who preferred watching opportunities at the seat of a corrupt government, to improving their fortunes by the more legitimate means of honourable exertion and attention to their patrimony. In this respect, however, a material change for the better has taken place during the last 20 years. Imports of Grain, &c.-Great part of the land is held under short tenures, on the metayer system, the tenant paying half the produce to the landlord. Owing to the nature of the soil, and the superior attention given to the culture of olives and currants, the staple products of the islands, most part of the grain and cattle required for their consumption is imported. The hard wheat of Odessa is preferred, and about 800,000 dollars may be annually sent to the Black Sea in payment. The imports of wheat in 1826 were 178,288 moggi, or about 891,440 bushels. The parliament, in March, 1833, repealed the duties on the introduction of corn; and the grain monopoly of Corfu, which had been established in favour of government, in order to provide against the possibility of a general or partial scarcity, was then also suffered to expire. These 2 sources of revenue, while they existed, did not probably produce less than 20,000l. annually. Cattle. They are similarly dependent upon Greece and Turkey for supplies of butcher's meat; a small number only of sheep and goats being bred in the islands. Oxen, whether for agriculture or the slaughterhouse, are brought from Turkey, to the annual amount of more than 90,000 dollars. The beef eaten by the troops is 6 weeks or 2 months walking down from the Danube, and the provinces that skirt it, to the shores of Epirus, where they remain in pasture until fit for the table. Exports.-The staple exports from these islands are oil, currants, valonia, wine, soap, and salt. The first is produced in great abundance in Corfu and Paxo, and in a less quantity in Zante, Santa Maura, and Cephalonia. Corfu has, in fact, the appearance of a continuous olive wood; a consequence, partly, of the extraordinary encouragement formerly given to the culture of the plant by the Venetians. Although there is a harvest every year, the great crop is properly biennial; the tree generally reposing for a year after its effort. (In France and Piedmont the period of inactivity is of 2 and 3 years.) During 5 or 6 months, from October till April, the country, particularly in Corfu, presents an animated appearance, persons of all ages being busily employed in picking up the fruit. It is calculated that the islands produce, one year with another, about 95,000 barrels, of 18 gallons each, and that of this quantity 80,000 are exported, principally to Trieste. The average price may be about 11. 11s. per barrel. Under the old Venetian system, the oil could only be carried to Trieste. An ad valorem duty of 19 per cent., payable on the export, produces upon an average 28,000l. annually. The quality might be much improved by a little more care in the manufacture, the trees being generally finer than in any other country. Currunts, originally introduced from the Morea, are grown in the isles of Zante, Cephalonia, and Ithaca, but principally in the first The plant is a vine of small size and delicate nature, the cultivation of which requires much care. Six or 7 years elapse after a plantation has been made, before it yields a crop. In the beginning of October, the earth about the roots of the plant is loosened, and gathered up in small heaps, away from the vine, which is pruned in March; after which the ground is again laid down smooth around the plant, which grows low, and is supported by sticks. The crops are liable to injury in spring from the blight called the "brina," and rainy weather at the harvest season produces great mischief. The currants are gathered towards September, and, after being carefully picked are thrown singly upon a stone floor, exposed to the sun in the open air. The drying process may occupy a fortnight or longer, if the weather be not favourable. A heavy shower or thunderstorm (no unfrequent occurrence at that season) not only interrupts it, but sometimes causes fermentation. The fruit is then only fit to be given to animals. Should it escape these risks, it is |