ADVERBS.

164. An Adverb is a word joined to a Verb, an Adjective, or an Adverb, to qualify it, or to specify some circumstance about it; as, A MOST clever boy. He walks FAST. He runs VERY

well.

EXPL.-In the first sentence most is joined to the Adjective clever, and qualifies it; so fast qualifies the Verb walks, and very the Adverb well: most, fast, very are therefore Adverbs.

EXERCISE XXXVI.

Underline the Adverbs:

The wind blew terribly. The sun shines mildly. The stars are very bright. The world is very large. The snow is exceedingly deep. The grass is quite green. The boys swim badly. The ball went far beyond the wall. The eagle flies exceedingly high. The lark sings beautifully. I am rather tired. Where is the boy? He is somewhere about the house. I know where he did it, when he did it, why he did it, and how he did it.

Sheep

(b) Insert the Adverbs which are omitted :Wild flowers fade ( ). Glass is ( ) brittle. are () useful. Well-baked bread is ( ) wholesome. The invalid walks ( ). Meat is ( ) nutritious. Do you like cherries ( )? The exercise is ( ) written. I ) saw such bad writing. Young people should rise ). The bells ring ( ). The boy has ( ) returned.

DEGREES OF ADVERBS.

165. Some Adverbs are compared in the same way as Adjectives, by adding er for the Comparative, and est for the Superlative. Thus, often, oftener; oftenest; soon, sooner, soonest long, longer, longest.

OBS.-All these words were originally Adjectives. So well, better, best; ill, worse, worst.

166.-Adverbs are also compared by more and most prefixed; as, wisely, more wisely, most wisely.

OBS.-Some of the common Adverbs are, in fact, Comparatives, as ere, after, more; or Superlatives, as next, first, most.

KINDS OF ADVERBS.

167. Adverbs are of several kinds.
(1.) Adverbs of Time.

To-day, To-morrow, Yesterday, Early, Late, Before, After, Ere, Soon, Now, Presently, Immediately, Directly, At once, Next, Once, Then, When, Ago, While, Whilst.

(2.) Adverbs of Place.

Here, There, Hence, Thence, Whence, Above, Below, Yonder, Far, Wide, Near, Within, Without, Forth, Forwards, Backwards, Sideways, Right, Left, Off, To and Fro. (3.) Adverbs of Number.

Once, Twice, Thrice, Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, &c. (4.) Adverbs of Manner.

Well, Ill, Slowly, Politely, Quickly, Patiently, Richly, Poorly, Cleverly, Wisely, Stupidly, Sweetly, How, &c. (5.) Adverbs of Degree.

Very, Highly, Excessively, Exceedingly, Almost, Quite, Enough, Extremely, Nearly, Especially, Scarcely, How. (6.) Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation. Yes, Yea, Aye; Not, No, Not-at-all.

EXERCISE XXXVII.

Write over each Adverb what kind of Adverb it is. Thus:-A.D. (i.e. Adv. of Degree.)

Very.

Where are you going? He went immediately. He has long been ill. He seldom comes now. He was here lately. Scarcely had he left the house, when the roof fell in. Suddenly it became cloudy. I commonly rise before seven. They were not ready soon enough. He receives weekly thirty shillings. He nearly lost his situation. The Review comes out quarterly. He walks daily. He is always very happy to see us. The captain has just been finding the latitude by the meridian altitude of the sun. Charles the First fought unsuccessfully with his parliament. When Columbus discovered the West Indian Islands, they were thickly peopled with Indians; but now there are none found there. Can I go very soon?

Yes.

PREPOSITIONS.

168. A Preposition is a word put before Nouns or Pronouns, to shew their relation to some other Nouns or Pronouns; as, The boy is on the wall.

EXPL.-Here on is a Preposition, for it is put before wall, and shews the relation of the Noun wall to the Noun boy.

The principal Prepositions are :

About, Above, According to, Across, After, Against, Along, Amid, Amidst, Among, Amongst, Around, At, Athwart, Before, Behind, Below, Beneath, Besides, Between, Betwixt, Beyond, By, Concerning, Down, During, Except, Excepting, For, From, In, Into, Instead of, Near, Nigh, Of, Off, On, Out, Out of, Over, Regarding, Respecting, Round, Since, Through, Throughout, To, Touching, Towards, Under, Underneath, Unto, Up, Upon, With, Within, Without.

EXERCISE XXXVIII.

Underline the Prepositions, and enclose within brackets the Nouns to which they belong; thus, at (home) :

:

The sun was just above the horizon. I will come after supper. He was leaning against the wall when the chimney-pot fell. I did not see her among them. A long friendship has subsisted between them. He was not at home when I called. I said I would call again before eight o'clock. They had laid a great beam across the path, and I fell on it. Did you meet with any serious accident? Is there a garden behind the house? I had not heard of that. The church was on the hill; and his house was in the valley, just below the hill. It was beneath him to act in that manner. We passed by the church in our way. Did you go into the park? Yes, we walked through it. It was very hot throughout the whole day. Touching that matter, I have heard nothing since I saw you. I was rowing up the stream. He got his horse from the stable, and jumped upon it, and rode off. We walked round the town. He is walking towards the house. He ran across the fields, down the lane, into the road. He left to-day for Brussels.

CONJUNCTIONS.

169. A Conjunction is a word which joins words, clauses, or sentences together; as, James and George. He will go, if I remain.

EXPL.-Here the words James and George are joined together by and; so the sentences, He will go, I remain, are joined together by if; and and if are therefore Conjunctions.

The principal Conjunctions are:

Also, And, As, Because, Besides, But, Else, Ever, Except, For, Further, Furthermore, Hence, However, If, Likewise, Moreover, Nevertheless, Nor, Notwithstanding, Or, Save, Since, Than, That, Then, Therefore, Too, Unless, Whereas, Yet.

170. Conjunctions which answer to one another, are Correlative Conjunctions; they are: Although, Though-yet; Both-and; Either-or; Neither -nor; Not only-but, but also; So-as; Whether-or.

EXERCISE XXXIX.

Underline the Conjunctions :

Although it rained so heavily, yet he came.

The winter has

been neither wet nor cold. Not only the boys, but the girls also, came. No sooner had the family left, than the roof fell in. He wrote it so as to be read. Whether you go or not, I shall. Both James and George fell from their horses. but that you will like it when you have tried it.

I doubt not Write either the one or the other. A garden is not only pleasant, but useful.

INTERJECTIONS.

171. An Interjection is a word which expresses some feeling or wish; as, Ah! it was very unfortunate.

EXPL.-Ah! expresses the feeling of regret, and is an Interjection. So bravo! well done! express the feeling of approval. The principal Interjections are:

Ah! Ah me! Aha! Alas! Alack! Away! Begone! Bravo! Dear me! Eh? Fie! Ha! Halloo! Hark! He! Heigh Hey-day! Hist! Ho! Hoy! Hollo! Hulloh! Hurrah! Hush! Lo! O! Oh! Oh dear! Pooh! Psha! Tush!

SECT. 11.-THE FORMATION OR DERIVATION

OF WORDS.

172. Words are either Roots or Derivatives. 173. Roots are words which cannot be traced back to any simpler words as their origin, but are themselves the simplest form ; as, strike.

174. Derivatives are words formed from Roots; as, stroke, striker.

175. Derivatives are either Primary or Secondary.

176. Primary Derivatives are made by an internal change or modification; as, Root strike; Prim. Deriv. stroke.

177. Secondary Derivatives are made by an external addition, that is, by Affixes or Prefixes; as Root strike; Sec. Deriv. striker.

EXPL.-The Primary Derivative stroke is formed by the change of i in strike to o. The Secondary Derivative striker, is formed by the addition of the affix er. Thus the two classes of Derivatives correspond to the two classes of Verbs, Strong Verbs and Weak Verbs; and they may be called, respectively, Strong Derivatives and Weak Derivatives.

PRIMARY DERIVATIVES.

178. Primary Derivatives are formed(1.) By changing or modifying the vowel of the Root; as, Root bind; Prim. Deriv. bond. (2.) By changing or modifying the last consonant; as, Root Stick; Prim. Deriv. stitch.

(3.) By changing or modifying BOTH the vowel and the last consonant; as, Root weave; Prim. Deriv. woof.

(4.) By the initial augment, s or t; as, Root melt; Prim. Deriv. smelt.