85. The INDEFINITE PRONOUNS are All, Any, Both, Certain, Few, Many, Much, None, One, Other, Another, One another, Each other, Several, Some, Such, Whole.

86. OBS.-These words are likewise used as Adjectives; as all men, both houses. When used with Nouns, they are Adjectives; when without, they are Pronouns. Sometimes the Adjective and Noun are written in one word; as something: so nobody; where, strictly, no is an Adjective, and body a Noun, Commonly, these compounds are regarded as Nouns merely.

EXERCISE XXVI.

Underline the Indefinite Pronouns; doubly underline the Compounds; when Adjectives, enclose them in brackets:They were amusing one another. I have not been on any of the railroads. Have you seen any one? These pens are worth nothing. I have not seen such fine strawberries for many years. Will you take a few? They were opposed to each other. All agreed. There were certain present who told him about it. Many were there. Has he brought anything? Nothing at all. The one became a soldier, the other went to the bar. Several of the boys went. One does not like to have one's favours slighted.

87. OBS.-Other Numerals besides one, both cardinal and ordinal, are used as Indefinite Pronouus (92, 94), that is, without Nouns ; as eight came; the first is arrived.

88. The INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS are who, whose, whom, which, what.

89. Interrogatives are used in asking questions. 90. OBS. A question is either direct or indirect: direct, as who did it? indirect, as he asked me who did it?

EXERCISE XXVII.

Underline the Interrogatives :

(Direct.) Who broke that glass? Which of you did it? What were you saying? Whose cap is this? Whom did you send? (Indirect.) He asked me which tree I meant? Did you inquire who he was? I asked whose that book was?

NUMERALS.

91. Numerals, or Numeral Adjectives, are of two kinds, Cardinals or Ordinals.

92. The Cardinal Numbers are

(a) One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten, Eleven, Twelve.

Thirteen (=three-ten), Fourteen (=four-ten), &c.

c) Twenty (=twain-ty), Thirty (=three-ty), &c. (d) Hundred, Thousand, Million.

93. OBS.-The first class (a) are the simple numbers; the next (b) are compounded with ten, by way of addition; the next (c) are compounded with ty, which means ten, by way of multiplication.

94. The Ordinal Numbers denote the order in which anything comes. They are,

(a) First, Second, Third,

(b) Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, &c.
(c) Twenti-eth, Thirti-eth, Forti-eth, Fifti-eth, &c.
(d) Hundredth, Thousandth, Millionth.

95. OBS.-The first three (a) are irregular; the next (b) are made by the addition of th to the eth added, and the y becoming i, the next (d) are like the second, the Cardinal.

Cardinal; the next (c) have not twentyth, but twentieth ; simply having th added to

EXERCISE XXVIII.

Put over the Numerals C for Cardinal, O for Ordinal:— I was there four days. He will return on the twentieth of the month. Have you been many days in London? Only three. There are sixty minutes in one hour. In which class is he, in the sixth? I counted a hundred and sixty cherries on that tree. Which tree? The third from here, On what day did he leave? Three days ago. There were twelve Apostles. January is the first, and February the second month. A Prussian dollar is equal to three shillings. About the end of the fifteenth century Columbus discovered America. There are ten commandments. A week has seven days.

VERBS.

96. A Verb is a word which denotes being or doing; as, The boy beats his brother; The boy is beaten by his brother; The boy sleeps.

EXPL.-Beats, in the first sentence, implies an action done by the boy; is beaten, in the second, implies an action done to the boy by the brother; and sleeps, in the third, implies a state or condition of being. These words, then, beats, is-beaten, and sleeps, are Verbs.

EXERCISE XXIX.

Underline the Verbs :- -

The water boils.

The grass is green.

The stars shine.

Horses run, birds fly, serpents creep, fishes swim. The weathes is warm. The day was fine. The boy struck the dog. The dog ran up to him. The boy knew his father. The mother loves her children. Children obey their parents. me the book.

I do not know; prunes the vine.

Give

Your hat lies on the table. Who laid it there? but I saw it lying there. The gardener Who is mowing the grass? They make hay while the sun shines. The grass was scorched by the sun. 'The book is bound. Who wrote this letter? It is well done.

97. Verbs are Active, Passive, or Neuter. 98. An ACTIVE Verb expresses an action that must have an agent and an object; as, I praise

James.

EXPL.-Here praise is an Active Verb, having a person praising (1), and a person praised (James). The agent, that is, the doer, is I; the object, that is, the person acted on, is James.

99. A PASSIVE Verb expresses an action done to a person or thing, and must have an object and an agent; as, James is praised by me.

EXPL.-Here is praised is a Passive Verb, having an object who is praised (James), and an agent by whom he is praised (me). (135.) The action of praising is done to James.

100. OBS.-The Verb, in its active state, is called the ACTIVE VOICE; and in its passive, the Passive Voice.

101. A NEUTER Verb expresses the being or state of being of something, or an action not passing over to an object; as, I sleep, he runs.

EXPL.-Here sleep and runs are Neuter Verbs, having no object after them. Neuter means neither of two; and, as applied to Verbs, means neither Active nor Passive.

102. OBS. 1.-Active Verbs are called TRANSITIVE, because the action passes over to some object, and does not terminate with the agent; as James praises his brother. Here the action of praising passes over to the object, brother, and hence the Verb is called Transitive. Neuter Verbs are called INTRANSITIVE, because the action does not pass over to an object, but terminates with the agent; as, You walk; They awake.

103. OBS. 2.-Neuter Verbs sometimes take a Noun after them, not as an object, but rather as explaining and completing the meaning of the Verb; as, He ran a race; Go thy way. (355.)

104. OBS. 3.-Many Verbs are used both as Active and as Neuter Verbs; the context only determining which they are: as, to grieve; a person himself grieves, or he may grieve another; that is, cause another to grieve. We may say, He grieved his friend, where the Verb is Active; or, He grieves for his friend, where the Verb is Neuter.

EXERCISE XXX.

Make three divisions. Put the right Verbs under each respectively, in the following sentences, and in Ex. xxxiii.:—

Active.

The tree waves.

The moon enlightens the earth. The tree is blown about by the wind. The cow lows. The stars glitter.

The physician cures the invalid.

physician. The invalid recovers.

The invalid is cured by the

The smith shoes the horse,

The horse is shod by the smith. The carpenter makes a table. That table was made by my carpenter. The raven croaks. The gardener felled the tree. The tree falls.

105. To Verbs belong Mood, Tense, Number, and Person.

MOODS.

106. A Mood is the mode or manner in which an action is expressed.

107. There are six Moods; the Indicative, Subjunctive, Potential, Imperative, Infinitive or Substantive, Participial or Adjective.

108. The Indicative either asserts or denies, or is used in asking a question; as, I praise, I do not praise, do I praise?

109. The Subjunctive denotes a condition or supposition, and generally has some Conjunction (as if or though) before it; as, If it rain.

110. The Subjunctive differs from the Indicative in form, only in the Present Tense, except in the Verb to be, and in the Past Incomplete Active and Past Indefinite Passive, which have the Verb to be as their Auxiliary.

111. The Potential denotes possibility, power, or inclination; as, He may come; He can go. 112. The Imperative commands or entreats; as, Praise thou; Bless thou us.

113. The Infinitive expresses the meaning of the Verb in a general and indefinite way; as, To play is pleasant.

EXPL.-Here to play is in the Infinitive, and is used as a Substantive, being equivalent to the noun play. Hence the Infinitive is also called the Substantive Mood.

114. The Participle or Participial Mood expresses the meaning of the Verb after the manner of an Adjective; as, Thus the children lived, loved by each other.

EXPL.-Here loved is part of the verb to love, and also agrees with children like an Adjective. Hence the Participial is also called the Adjective Mood.