APPOSITION. RULE 4. 268. When Nouns are in Apposition, they are in the same Case; as, Napoleon the Emperor governed France. EXPL.-Here Napoleon and Emperor are in Apposition (the two words representing the same person), and are therefore in the same Case, the Nominative, being the subjects of the Verb governed. 269. OBS.-A Noun or Pronoun is said to be in Apposition, when it is added to another Noun or Pronoun by way of explanation or description; as, Napoleon, the Emperor; William, the Conqueror; the Queen, Victoria. Case: EXERCISE LXXXVIII. Underline the words in Apposition. Name the Spenser, the poet, lived in the reign of Elizabeth, the Queen of England. I have read Milton's great work, the Paradise Lost. I have received fifty pounds, a sum quite equal to my wants. I dare not be ungrateful to him, my earliest friend. London, the capital of England, the greatest city in the world, is on the river Thames. I will see him myself. Xenophon, the soldier and historian, was a disciple of Socrates, the philosopher. Sir Philip Sidney, the author of Arcadia, was killed at the battle of Zutphen. Rome is on the river Tiber. 270. RULE 4. A.-When Possessives are in Apposition, the s and the apostrophe are used with only one of them; as, I have been reading an essay of Bacon's, the philosopher; or, of Bacon, the philosopher's. 271. OBS.-If the last term consist of several words, or if there be more terms than one, the form of the Possessive must be used with only the first Noun; as, I have been reading an essay of Bacon's, the most eminent English philosopher. Or, I have been reading an essay of Bacon's, the lawyer, scholar, and philosopher, EXERCISE LXXXIX. Underline the Nouns in Apposition: Call at Smith, the hatter's. Call at Smith's, the hatter and draper. I have a letter of Cowper's, the poet. This sentiment is Xenophon's, the general and historian. That expression is Johnson's, one of the giants of literature, That theory is Kepler's, the great German astronomer. The garden might have been your brother Henry's. Those colours are the Victory's, the flag-ship of Nelson. 272. RULE 4. B.-The Verb to be, and Neuter, and Passive Verbs generally, have the same Case after as before them, when the Nouns or Pronouns signify the same person or thing; as, Who is the general? I am he. EXPL.-I, before the Verb to be, is in the Nominative, and, therefore, he after it, meaning the same person, must also be in the Nominative. So, He is appointed captain. Here he and captain after the Passive Verb, is appointed, mean the same person, and are therefore in the same Case. 273. OBS.-These verbs are called Apposition Verbs. EXERCISE XC. Underline the Nouns or Pronouns in Apposition. Name the Case. Supply the appropriate Pronoun :He was a good man. He has been a merchant. He is chosen librarian. Was it your friend I saw? Let her be called Mary. It cannot have been ( ), for he is in France. I supposed it to be (3rd sing. fem.) Alexander is called the Great. This occurrence has been the cause of much annoyHe became a learned man by great industry. Who was the victor? I have considered him to be a good man. He will be a great scholar. Who will be elected member for the city? Do not be alarmed. It is (1st sing.) He is worthless who is a sluggard. He declared him to be a coward. To wish well to others is benevolence. Scipio was called the sword of Rome, and Fabius the shield. To shrink from duty because it is arduous, is the mark of a weak mind or a bad heart. ance, VERBAL NOUNS. 274. Most Verbs have Nouns derived from them called Verbal Nouns; as, Early rising is conducive to health. EXPL.-Rising is a Verbal Noun, from the Verb to rise. 275. OBS.-These Verbal Nouns have the same form as the Complete and Incomplete Participles: but they may be distinguished from the mere Participles by their having CASE, like Nouns. Thus, in the former sentence, rising is a Verbal, for it is the Nominative to is. If rising be not considered as a Noun, then the Verb, is, is without a Nominative. So, By the roaring of the lion. By is a Preposition, and must have an object. Roaring is the object, and is, therefore, a Noun in the Objective Case. 276. RULE 5. A.-The Verbal in ing may, like other Nouns, take of after it; as, The cheering of the people gratified the sovereign. 277. RULE 5. B.-But it has often the power of a Verb governing the Noun following in the Objective; as, The receiving this news gave him pleasure. 278. OBS.-Sometimes the insertion of the of may cause ambiguity, as, The reading of our author pleases us. This sentence may mean either that our reading a certain author pleases us, or that the author's own manner of reading pleases us. The first sense will be better expressed by rejecting the of, and putting author in the Objective, as governed by the Verbal reading; thus, the reading our author, or reading our author pleases us. The second sense requires the of, or the equivalent Possessive phrase, as, the reading of our author pleases us, or our author's reading pleases us. EXERCISE XCI. Underline the Verbals used simply as Nouns, and doubly underline those having the power of Verbs. State their Case. Enclose in brackets the Participles used as Adjectives; as, the (RISING) sun:— The rising of the sun was very glorious. The rising sun awoke me. The sun rising above the horizon showed the beautiful landscape. By the roaring of the lion they were much alarmed. The lion roaring after his prey came upon the party. The teaching of the master is creditable to him. Teaching the boy is easy, for he is attentive. The preparing the statement requires time. The acquiring of any thing valuable requires perseverance, The learning mathematics is most useful. An acquiring mind is an improving mind. A betraying of a trust is no ordinary crime. The hearing my father is not so good as it was. The hearing of my father is more than ever pleasing to me. Give us the hearing ear, and the understanding heart. He finds pleasure in teasing others. The teasing of others annoys him. The writing of the letter is very legible. 279. OBS.-When a Verbal Noun contains an auxiliary, it is called a COMPOUND Verbal Noun; as, The having been betrayed makes one suspicious. EXERCISE XCII. Underline the Compound Verbals. Name the case:Thus: Obj. Prep. by. By having received I am induced to give. Enclose in brackets the Participles used simply as Verbs: The having been calumniated does him no injury. My being received was owing to his influence. I do not fear that, having endured evils so much greater. Through not having improved his mind in youth, he is now contemptible in manhood. His farm, not having been attended to, is worth little to him. 280. RULE 5. C.-Verbal Nouns are often used after Possessives or Possessive Pronouns ; as, My friend's deserting me, gave me trouble. EXPL.-The Verbal deserting follows the Possessive friend's. EXERCISE XCIII. Underline the Verbals, and the Possessives : Hannibal's having wintered at Capua drove him out of Italy. The sun and moon's attracting the water causes the tides. The thief's sneezing awoke them. My calling on him was fortunate. His receiving so large a property pleases us. PRONOUNS. RULE 6. 281. Pronouns must agree with the Nouns they represent in Gender, Number, and Person; as, The officer has returned; he is praised for his bravery. Thou who couldest help me hast done nothing. EXPL. In the first sentence the Personal Pronoun he, and the Possessive Pronoun his agree with their antecedent, officer, in the Masculine Gender, Singular Number, third Person. In the last sentence the relative who is used, as its antecedent thou is a Person; and is like thou common as to Gender, of the Singular Number and Second Person. EXERCISE XCIV. Supply the appropriate Pronouns, and underline the Nouns to which they refer : Second was restored by ( ) promised to help ) have made ( ) The woman ) he made war on censured is innocent. The Parliament ( Charles the First, is called the Long Parliament; Charles the ) remaining members. The ) government. The people are overjoyed at the victory; ( ) wish for an illumination. He has lost his hat: have you seen ( )? wish of a free nation tells on ( |