226. Sentences are also either Principal or Accessory.

227. A Principal sentence is a sentence which is not dependent on any other sentence; as, The boy throws the stone.

228. An Accessory sentence is a sentence which is dependent on another sentence; as, The boy throws the stone, that he may hit the tree.

EXPL.-Here, that he may hit the tree, is an Accessory sentence, being dependent on the Principal sentence, The boy throws the stone.

EXERCISE LXIII.

Underline the Accessory sentences:

I went to London that I might see him. He asked me how I went. I told him that I had walked. I will see whether I can find the book. I wish that you may be able to find it speedily. James was delighted with the book which you gave him. You might have done better if you had tried.

229. A PHRASE is a number of words conveying some sense, but not a complete sense, because it contains no finite Verb; as, without doubt, beyond a question, as soon as possible.

EXERCISE LXIV.

Underline the Phrases :

He will come without delay. He writes with great expedition. The boy is clever, without doubt, but he is very idle. He will write as soon as convenient. He ran with all speed. She is coming in a great hurry. Let us go at all events. For any own part, I think quite differently. No doubt, it is an excellent work. You should, at least, try to dissuade him from it. Above all, aim at thoroughly mastering a subject before you leave it. In a word, it never was so.

230. The main PARTS OF A SENTENCE are the subject, the predicate, and the object.

231. The SUBJECT is that of which we are speaking, and is always in the Nominative Case; as, The boy runs.

EXPL.-Here boy is the subject, and is Nominative to runs. 232. The PREDICATE is that which we assert of the subject, and is either the Verb to be, and an Adjective; as, The boy is lazy; or merely a Verb; as, The dog runs.

EXPL.-Here is lazy is the predicate in the first sentence, being what is asserted of the boy; runs is the predicate in the second, being what is asserted of the dog.

OBS.-Instead of an Adjective a phrase may be used, as, we are in safety. Here the phrase in safety is equivalent to safe. 233. The OBJECT is that which we affirm the subject to act upon; as, He throws the stone. EXPL.-Here stone is the object, being that which he throws,

EXERCISE LXV.

Underline the Subject, doubly underline the Object, and enclose the Predicate within brackets :

The horse eats the corn. The corn delights the horse. The uncle bought the house. The house pleases the uncle. The boy wrote the letter. The letter pleased the father. The master frees the slave. The slave is exceedingly thankful. 234. The other parts of a sentence are AD

JUNCTS.

235. Each main part may have an Adjunct, if necessary; as, The boy throws the stone, may be enlarged to the STRONG boy IMMEDIATELY throws the LARGE stone.

EXPL.-Strong, immediately, large, are Adjuncts, respectively, of the subject boy, the predicate throws, and the object stone.

Write out the following sentences, in the same form :(*) Without Adjuncts. The carpenter mended the chair. The bird flies. The surgeon is attentive.

The patient recovers.

The stone falls. The boy breaks the window.

(b) With Adjuncts. The surgeon is remarkably attentive. The patient speedily recovers. The large and heavy stone falls rapidly. The diligent boy almost always makes great progress.

237. The construction of sentences depends upon the agreement, government, and arrangement of words.

238. Words AGREE, when they correspond in Number, Gender, Person, or Case; as, He runs. EXPL.-The Verb runs agrees with he in Number and Person.

239. One word GOVERNS another, when it causes it be in some particular Case or Mood; as, I saw her.

EXPL.-Her is Objective, governed by the Active Verb saw. 240.-Words are properly ARRANGED, when they are in such an order as to convey the sense intended; as, He alone is happy.

EXPL.-If we alter the arrangement, we alter the sense; as, He is happy alone. This means something quite different.

NOUNS.

THE NOMINATIVE CASE.

RULE 1.

241.-The Verb agrees with its Nominative in Number and Person; as, I am; He is.

EXPL.-In the first example, I is the Pronoun of the first person, and must therefore be followed by am, which is the form of the first person of the Verb. In the second, he is the third person, and must have is, the third person of the Verb.

EXERCISE LXVII.

Supply the appropriate forms of to make, be, speak:— ) haste. The boys (

The boy (

haste. Thou ( the Parliament (

) made a mistake.
the laws.

The

) haste. I ( ) The Sovereign and Himalayan Moun

tains (

This (

soli.

Nature (

) executed by ) to man.

The series of

) dry. The

) more than five miles high. tude. Thou ( ) busy. The laws ( the Queen. Thou ( ) wisely.

Books (

books

3

the sentiments of the departed.
complete. The erection of these buildings

) expensive. A part of the walks (
) a bad sign.

spread of such opinions (

242. OBS.-The Nominative may be

(1.) A Noun or Pronoun; as, Play is pleasant; (2.) An Infinitive; as, To play is pleasant;

(3.) A Clause; as To play without quarrelling is pleasant.

EXERCISE LXVIII.

Underline the Nominatives; state their kind, thus:

(3.)

To possess a good temper is better than wealth.

Leonidas was heroic. The author writes well. The constitution of our country has been the work of several ages. Το live virtuously, is to live happily. He only deserves the name of man, who performs the duties of humanity. The fear of possible evil, often prevents the performance of certain good, A great man has said, that "difficulty is the condition of success. From crag to crag leaps the live thunder. To err, is human; to forgive, divine.

243. RULE 1. A.-Singular Nominatives, connected by and, require the Verb and Pronoun to be in the Plural; as, England, Scotland, and Wales form Great Britain.

EXPL.-Here the three Nominatives, England, Scotland, and Wales, make a Plural, and therefore require the Verb, form, to be so too. So, in the sentence, To live moderately and to take exercise are necessary to health; there are two Nominatives, to live moderately, to take exercise, connected by and: the Verb is therefore Plural.

OBS.-Two Singular Nouns coupled by and, when conveying, together, the notion of one thing, take a Singular Verb; as, Bread-and-butter is wholesome. We say is, because by breadand-butter we understand one thing; and bread-and-butter is, in fact, a sort of compound. In German, it is a regular compound, butterbrodt (that is, butterbread). So, Bread-and-cheese MAKES a good luncheon; The horse-and-chaise is at the door. Of course, when the things are spoken of as distinct, they require a plural Verb, &c.; as, The bread and the cheese ARE both good; I like THEM very much.

EXERCISE LXIX.

Supply any appropriate Verb or Pronoun; underline the Nominatives :

Cæsar and Pompey (

Sparta (

geography (

) great generals. Athens and

the chief Grecian cities. Chronology and the eyes of history. To write legibly, to speak correctly, and to compose readily, ( ) useful arts; and ( pr.) can be acquired only by attentive practice. Demosthenes and Cicero ( ) the greatest orators of antiquity: ( pr.) ( v.) left an imperishable name behind them. Your bread and milk ) on the table: ( pr.) (

rather hot.

v.)

Wine and water ( ) injurious to him in his present state of health. The bread and the cheese ( ) both fallen down will you pick ( : ) up for me? Cowardice and boasting, tyranny and obsequiousness, often ( ) each other, and wherever ( pr.) ( v.) found

pr.) discover a base mind. Health, competency, and contentment, ) the best earthly felicity;

v.) (

pr.) should value (

pr.) therefore, who

pr.)