SECTION LI.

Of the Sungskritů Grammars, (Vyakŭrůnů.)

These grammars are very numerous, and reflect the highest credit on the ingenuity of their authors. Indeed, in philology the Hindoos have perhaps excelled both the ancients and the moderns. The first Sungskrită grammar, called Mühéshwěrů, is fabulously attributed to the god Shivă; another called the Oindré, to Indrů, and the Chandră to Chundră. The grammar of Paninee is held in the highest estimation by the Hindoos generally, while the Moogdhubodhů stands lowest, though perhaps very unjustly.

The Moogdhubodhŭ may be selected as a specimen of other grammars: It consists of more than eleven hundred short Rules termed shootrus, wrought up to the highest degree of conciseness; the greater part of which consist only of one line, and some of not more than four or five syllables, which are followed by a comment termed Vritee. This grammar contains, first, what is called Sundhee, viz. the Permutation of Letters. Secondly, Shübdu, viz. Sounds: this includes substantives, adjectives, pronouns, and participles, beginning with a definition of grammatical terms, throwing all those parts of speech together, and treating of their declensions as they end in the different letters beginning with the vowels. Thirdly, Dhatoos, or Roots: this section, like all the others, begins with a definition of terms; goes through ten different conjugations, and then treats of causal, optative, and frequentative verbs, which, though derived from the other dhatoos, are reckoned separate verbs. Nominal Verbs, or verbs formed from substantives, adjectives, or other words, are included in this division. Then follow observations on the active and middle voice, concluding with directions respecting the tenses, as used with various conjunctions. Fourthly, Krită,, or the formation of substantives, adjectives, participles, &c. from dhatoos. The last division includes Streetyŭ, or rules for the feminine gender; Sămasă, or rules for compound words; Karŭků, or rules for the syntax of nouns, as governed of words in a sentence, and Tădhitů, or the formation of patronimics, gentiles, abstract and concrete nouns, &c.

In the west of Bengal the Sungkshiptŭ-Sarŭ is chiefly studied; in the midland parts, the

Moogdhǎbodhů, and in the eastern the Kŭlapů. The Sarŭswůtů is also in high estimation; and in some parts, the Soopŭdmă grammar is studied by a few.

The price of written copies of the Moogdhůbodhů, if written with care, is about three roopees. Inferior copies are sold at one roopee and a half.

SECTION LII.

Grammars still extant.

The Paninee, by Paninee.-The Paninee-Sootrů-Bhashwă-Vartiků, by Katyayănă. -The Paninee-Sootrů-Vartiků, by Kashika-Dasă.-The Paninee-Sootrů-Bhashyů, by Unăntă-Dévǎ.-The Swără-Munjore.--The Chandrika, by Ramă-Shurmacharyŭ.— The Pădă-Chăndrika.-The Siddhantă-Chandrika, by Ramashrămacharyй.-The Vyakürünü-Pădă-Mõnjăree, by Hůră-Dáttu-Mishro.-The Vyakŭrünů-Lighoo-Vrittee.The Vrihůdvoiyakărănŭ-Bhōōshůně, by Hiree-Deekshită.-The Voiyakurano-Bhooshǎnǎ, by ditto.-A comment on ditto, by Prusadă.-The Swйu-Voidikee-Prikriya, by Shakŭtayǎnǎ.—The Oonadee, by Bheemu-Sénacharyŭ.—The Tuttwň- Bodhinee, by Kashika-Dasů.—The Dhatoo-Průdeepŭ-Moitréyů, by Mitrachary.-The Dhatoo-Pať❜hŭ, by Paninee.-The Gănă-Pat'ho, by Bŭrdhŭmanů-Oopadhyayŭ.—The Prükriya-Koumoodec, by Krishnů-Pănditů.—The Prokriya-Vyakhya, by ditto.-The Prăsadŏ-Koumoodee.—The Munorůma, by Bhuttojee-Deekshitů.-A comment on ditto, by RămaNat❜hů.-The Vrihŭt-Shăbdéndoo-Shékhůru, by Hŭreejee-Deekshitů.—A comment on ditto, called the Chidăst'hee-Mala, by Balŭmă-Bhŭttů.—The Lughoo-Shōbdéndoo-Shékhůru, by Nagojee-Bhuttů.-The Puribhashéndoo-Shékhărů, by ditto.-The Munjoosha, by ditto.-The Munjōusha-Vyakhya-Kõla, by Balămă-Bhŏttů.—The PŭribhashaVrittee, by Nagojee-Bhuttu.-The Puribhashéndoo-Shékůrů-Teeka.-A comment on ditto, by Koiyǎtǎ.-An account of this comment, by Nagojee-Bhuttň.-A comment on the Păribhasha, entitled Păribhashart'hú-Süngrühŭ-Vyakhya-Chundrika.-The Koustoobhů, by Bhuttojee-Deekshitů.-A comment on ditto, entitled Průbha, by BalămăBhuttă.―The Bhashyŭ-Prùdeepů-Vivărŭnü, by Narayănă-Bhuttă.—The Vyakhya-Průdeepů, by Nagojee-Bhůtră.-The Koumoodee, by Bhuttojee-Deekshitů.-The LughooKoumoodee, by ditto.-The Mudhyů-Koumoodee, by Bhurudwaju.-The Sarŏ-Koumoodee, by Shree-Dhurů-Dundee.-The Shubdů-Rütnů, by Huree-Bhutto.-The Bhoo

shǎnǎ-Sară-Dărpună, by Hăree-Bhuttu.-A comment on the Voiyakărănů-Bhooshůnă. -The Lighoo-Bhooshănă, by Koondă-Bhuttă.-A part of the Prokēērnů-Průkashŭ, by Hélaraju.-The Gănă-Rütnă- Mõhod dhee, by Vardh manu-Oopadhyayŭ.-A comment on ditto, by ditto.-The Sară-Sungrăhă.-The Gnapuka-Võlēe.—The Bhasha-Vrittee, by Poorooshottŭmă.-A comment on ditto, by Srishtee-Dhură.--The Dhatoo-GănăNirnayŭ, by Gopee-Chandru.-The Dhatoo-Prudeepŭ, by Moitréyu-Rakshitй.-The Dhatoo-Průkashů, by Bălŭramă-Pănchanŭnů.—The Probodhů-Průkashň, by ditto.-A comment on ditto, by ditto.-The Prourhă-Mănorăma, by Bhuttojee-Deekshitů.—The Vrittee-Săngrăhă, by Nagojee-Bhuttů.—The Lůghoo-Shăbdă-Rătnă, by ditto.—The Shăbdă-Rutnă-Teeka, by Balúmŏ-Bhutto.-The Gănă-Sumoohů.-The Paribhasha, by Seerǎ-Dévů.-The Kashăkritsnů, by Kashōkritsnů.-The Pisulee, by Pisulee.-The Shakŭtayŭnů, by Shakŭtayănů.-The Kootŭnmashŏ, by Joinéndrů.—The Rŭvee-Răhusyu, by Hůlayoodhů.

The Kulapă, by Sărvvăvărmacharyŭ.—An enlargement of ditto, by Doorgǎ-Singhů. -Another, by Poondŭreekakshů.-The Kŭlapă-Chŭrkăreetă-Rühŭsyŭ.—The KõlapŭDhatoo-Sadănů-Shăbdarnăvă.—The Kŭlapů-Pŭrishishtŭ-Teeka, by Ramů-ChăndrăChăkrūvǎrttee.—A ditto, by Gopee-Nat'hu.-The Katŭntrů-Pănjika, by TrilochănăDasă.-The Katăntrů-Vrittee, by Vără-Roochee.

The Sarŭswătă, by Ŭnoolhōōtee-Swuroopacharyă. —A comment on ditto.—Another, called Poonjărajů, by Poonjŭrajů.

Sǎngkshiptǎ-Sarů, by Krŏmůdēeshwură.-A comment on ditto, by Goyee-Chčndrů. —Another by Hŭree-Ramů.—Sũngkshiptŭ-Sarŭ-Sumpăt.

The Moogdhabodhů,* by Vopă-Dévă.—A comment on ditto, called Shŭbdă-Deepika, by Govindu-Ramă.-Others, by Bhĕrătă-Müllikă, by Shree-Văllňbhů, by Dévee-Dasă, by Mudhoo-Soodhonů, by Vidya-Nivasŭ, by Ramă-Türkkă-Vagcēshŭ, and by Ramanŭndă-Kasheeshwůru.-The Moogdhŭbodhă-Părishishtň, by ditto.-The Kăvee-Külpă-Droomů, by Vopŭ-Dévă.-A comment on ditto, by ditto, and another by RamăNyayalŭnkară.—The Dhatoo-Teeka, by Vopă-Dévŭ.—A work under the same name by Doorga-Dasŭ.

The Năvyŭ-Vyakŭărănů, by Mădănă-Pănchanŭnů.—The Bhooriprůyogů, by Kévůlů* An edition of this work, containing 311 pages, 12mo. has been printed at the Serampore press.

U uu

Ramů-Ponchanǎnǎ.*-The Rocpu-Mala.-The Bhavă-Singhů-Prükriya.—The Soopădmů, by Půdmŭ-Nabhů.-A comment on ditto, by Vishnoo-Mishră.-The Dhrootubodhů, by Bhŭrătă-Mălliků.—The Saravǎlee, by Krishnŭ-Võndopadhyayŭ.—The Karika-Bulee, by Krishnů-Mishrů.—The Soobodhinee, by ditto.-The Sheegru-Bodhů, by Bulŭramů-Punchanůně.-The Müherbhüttee, by Mŏhee- Bhuttu.-The Hoimă-Vyakărănů.-The Rutnă-Mala.-The Shubda-Tüttwŏ.-The Gnanamritu.-The PrakrităKülputŭroo, by Ramŭ-Türků-Vageeshů.-The Shubdu-Bodů-Průkashŭ, by Gũngéshopadhyayů.-The Doorghůtů-Tipǎnee, by ditto.-The Karuku-Chŭkrů.-The Vusoo-Dhatoo-Karika.-The Shoivă-Vyakŭrůnă.-The Lukară-Vadů.--The Nirooktů.--The

Shiksha.

In the Prakriti language. The Prakritŭ-Lănkéshwěrů, by Lunkéshwără.

SECTION LIII.

Of the Sungskritu Dictionaries, (Koshŭ).

These works also do the highest credit to the Hindoo learned men, and prove how highly the Sungskritů was cultivated in former periods. They are written in verse, with the meanings interspersed by the supply of other words. This intermixture of the text with explanations renders a pretty correct knowledge of the Sungskrită necessary, order to distinguish the original words from those given to ascertain the meaning.

Ŭmără-Singhǎ has divided his dictionary into eighteen chapters, and arranged all his words under the following heads: heaven, patalu, earth, towns, mountains, forests and medical plants, animals, man, bramhůns, kshůtriyŭs, voishyŭs, shōōdrés, epithets of persons, qualities of things, miscellaneous, homonymous, words ending in different letters, indeclinables, and remarks on the genders. This arrangement is attended with this advantage, that such a dictionary becomes useful as a scientific work, as well as a vocabulary.

* From kévůlů, only, and Ramu; which means (expressive of a strong religious attachment) “ Only Ramu," or "None but Ramu." Půnchanŭnů is merely a title. This person's name will be found in page 460, as the author of an astronomical work.

The work of Ŭmără-Singhŭ* ́ is almost universally consulted in Bengal, and the adjoining provinces; but the other dictionaries are seldom referred to except in particular cases, even where they are possessed. A great number of comments have been written on this work, among which are the Půdŭ-Chůndrika, the Vyakhya-Roodrů, the VyakhyaPrudeepů, the Moogdhubodhinee, the Saru-Soondérů, the Pădart'hu-Koumoodee, the Trikandŭ-Vivékă, and four others by Neelu-Kănt'hă, Ramŭ-Türkŭ-Vageeshŭ, BhŭrătăMüllikŭ, and Rayŭ-Mookootů. The comments explain the words of the original text; give the grammatical rules for the words, and authorities from other works for the meanings which they affix.

SECTION LIV.

Dictionaries still extant.

The Médinee, by Médinee.-The Rŭtnů-Mala, by Hůlayoodhů.-The Hoimů, by Hémă-Chăndră.-The Trikandu-Shéshů, by Poorooshottůmů.-The Vishwů-Průkashů, by Mühéshwǎrů.—The Umurů-Koshů, by Umuri-Singhi.-The Haravulee, by Poorooshottămŭ.—The Ŭmără-Mala, by Ŭjňyü.—The Ŭmără-tōtwů, by Vachuspütee.-The Vórnŭdéshůnů, by Ootpůlinee.—The Ŭnadee Koshŏ, by Roodrů.—The Bhagooree.—The Rubhusă.—The Ŭroonů-Dăttů, by Bopalitů.—The Huddă-Chăndrů, by Shoobhankǎ. -The Dwirōōpů-Koshŭ, by Vyaree.—The Shăbdă-Mala, by Júta-Dhură.--The Shubdă-Rătna-Vălee, by Ekakshŭree-Koshů.-The Bhōōree-Průyogů.—The Drivyabhidhanu.-The Shubdă-Chandrika.-The Mŏntrabhidhană.-The Shobdarnivů, by Soobhootee. The Shubdů-Mühodůdhee, by Dundee.-The Yadůvй.-The Dhurůnee.

* Umürü-Singhŭ is supposed to have lived in the reign of Vikrŭmadityŭ, about eight hundred and twentyfour years ago. He compiled his dictionary from several others. A very excellent edition of the UmărůKoshů, with an English Interpretation and Annotations, has been published by H. T. Colebrooke, Esq. and printed at the press of the Serampore Society of Missionaries. A written copy of the Umuru-Koshů sells for three roopees: it contains about one hundred leaves.

Uuu 2