sell, the other was yet more eager to buy; yet both of them afraid of one another, for a considerable time counterfeited all the Indifference imaginable; till at last Decio, fired with what he had heard, thought delays might prove dangerous, and throwing a Guinea upon the Table, struck the Bargain at Alcander's Price. The next Day they went to London; the News proved true, and Decio got Five Hundred Pounds by his Sugars. Alcander, whilst he had strove to overreach the other, was paid in his own Coin: yet all this is called fair dealing;1 but I am sure neither of them would have desired to be done by, as they did to each other."

Fable of the Bees [Remark B], 1725.

1 Lamb's italics.

N.B. I have put the year 1812 to the foregoing five essays because The Reflector, No. IV., was not published until that year. Crabb Robinson records reading Lamb on Shakespeare on May 15, 1812, and he would be sure to have read the article as soon as it was issued; but I have no doubt in my own mind that Lamb had written them in 1811 or earlier and that Leigh Hunt delayed publication. Hence their appearance here before the "Memoir of Robert Lloyd;" and also to keep The Reflector papers together.

Page 132. MEMOIR OF ROBERT LLOYD.

Gentleman's Magazine, November, 1811. Not reprinted by Lamb. This has not before been collected with Lamb's writings. It was first reprinted in Charles Lamb and the Lloyds, 1898.

Robert Lloyd (1778-1811) was a younger brother of Charles Lloyd, for a while Coleridge's pupil and Lamb's friend of the later nineties, with whom he collaborated in Blank Verse, 1798. They were sons of Charles Lloyd, of Birmingham (1748-1828), the Quaker banker, philanthropist, and, in a quiet private way, a writer of verse (see Charles Lamb and the Lloyds).

Robert Lloyd first met Lamb in 1797; he was then nineteen years old, an apprentice at Saffron Walden. He was inclined to morbidness, though not to the same extent as his brother Charles, and Lamb did what he could to get more health and contentment into him. In 1799 Robert Lloyd seems to have left his father's roof in a state of revolt, and to have settled with Lamb for a while. He returned home, however, and met Manning (who was then teaching Charles Lloyd mathematics at Cambridge), and, after drawing from Lamb several fine letters-notably upon Jeremy Taylor, and that upon Cooke from which I quoted in the notes on page 398-he passed out of his life until 1809, when, paying a short visit to London, he saw the Lambs again several times.

The autumn of 1811 was a sad one for the Lloyd family. Thomas Lloyd died on September 12, Caroline on October 15, and Robert

on October 26. The Gentleman's Magazine obituary just mentions Thomas and Caroline, and passes on to Robert. We know the article to be Lamb's from a letter from Charles Lloyd to Robert's widow, enclosing the memoir (which Lamb had sent to him), and adding, "If I loved him for nothing else, I should now love [Charles Lamb] for the affecting interest that he has taken in the memory of my dearest Brother and Friend."

In the original MS., which differs otherwise only in a word or two from the Gentleman's Magazine version, this was the last paragraph :— "To conclude:

Love, Sweetness, Goodness, in his countenance shin'd
So clear, as in no face with more delight.1

But now he is gone, he has left his earthly companions; yet his departure had this in it to make us less sorrowful, that it was but as a gentle removing of the veil, which, while he walked upon earth, seemed scarcely to separate his spirit from that world of heavenly and refined essences with which it is now indissolubly connected.”

1 See Milton's sonnet on his deceased wife.-ED.

Page 132, line 15. To violate the modest regard. In connection with the memorial to Thomas Clarkson which it was proposed to erect in his lifetime, Lamb (who disapproved of the scheme) wrote to Mrs. Basil Montagu fifteen years later: "We should be modest for a modest man as he is for himself.”

The Philanthropist, No. IX., 1813. Some Enquiries into the Effects of Fermented Liquors, 1814. London Magazine, August, 1822. Last Essays of Elia, second edition, 1835.

The first appearance of this paper was in a quarterly magazine entitled The Philanthropist; or, Repository for Hints and Suggestions calculated to promote the Comfort and Happiness of Man. Vol. III., No. IX., 1813. It was there unsigned and addressed "To the Editor of The Philanthropist." The editor of this magazine was William Allen (1770-1843), the Quaker, and his chief associate was James Mill, the father of John Stuart Mill. Lamb's friend, Basil Montagu (1770-1851), was among the contributors; and another prominent name was that of Benjamin Meggot Forster (1764-1829), who, like Montagu, opposed capital punishment, and was zealous in the cause of chimney

sweepers.

In its original Philanthropist form the essay differs from its later appearances. Concerning the differences I should like to quote from an interesting article by Mr. Thomas Hutchinson in The Athenæum of August 16, 1902:

The text of the "Confessions," as it stands in The Philanthropist, bears evident traces of Mill's editorial hand; the verbal changes smack of those precise and literal modes of thought and expression which Lamb found so uncongenial in the Scotsman. "They