others left to us by the same hand, we find in many of them points of contact and resemblance. Its doctrinal relations with the group of Epistles written about the years 57, 58, and especially its verbal coincidences with that to the Romans, have been already discussed (§ III., B, ii., iii.). In the same portion of our Epistle (iii. 2-iv. 1) to which these belong, we are reminded of that to the Galatians by the harsh terms he applies to his Jewish adversaries1; the summary of his own privileges as a Jew has its parallel in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians ;2 while the First exhibits the great prototype of the passage in which he rises from the protest against Antinomian abuses into the sublime thought of the Resurrection-Body, and returns from it to the practical duty of Christian stedfastness.3 In another point of view, the Second to the Corinthians, strongly as its outpouring of wounded feeling contrasts with the endearing language of love and confidence which mark this, is more closely than any of the rest akin to it, as being a revelation of the inner self of the writer. In its general outline, however, its irregular structure, its informality, its warmth of tenderness, the nearest likeness to our Epistle is to be found in the Epistle which of all is farthest from it in order of time, the First of the two addressed to the sister Macedonian Church of Thessalonica, only second to that of Philippi in his love. On the other hand its contemporaneous Epistles, those to the Ephesians and to the Colossians, resemble it not at all in general character, in inner detail only here and there. But in one of the subsequent Epistles (no doubt the last of them), the Second to Timothy, occurs a passage not merely parallel to certain sentences of this, but apparently written with express retrospective reference to them. With Timothy at his

side, in the days of his first imprisonment, he has written from Rome to the Philippians of his desire "to depart," his "fight," his willingness to be "poured out" (i. 23; ib. 30; ii. 17);1-of himself as one "pressing on" in a race, for a "prize" (iii. 14). To Timothy, after the lapse of years, he writes as his second and final imprisonment in Rome draws towards its close, reminding him (as it seems) of that early anticipation of the end now imminent, and reverts to the same words,2-"I am now being poured out, and the time of my departure is at hand. I have fought the good fight, I have finished the race... There is laid up for me the crown of righteousness."

E. As regards literary form, it is of all the Epistles of St. Paul, excepting only that to Philemon, the most epistolary in its style and substance. Though it does not vie with the dialectic force, or the sustained majesty of rhetoric, displayed in others of more formal construction, it has its own proper beauties, of the rarest order, a touching eloquence of the full heart, a delicacy of feeling and of expression, nowhere surpassed.3 Nor when it rises to the highest of divine themes, does it fall short of giving them worthy utterance. Our Church in Advent can find no more heart-stirring voice to herald the approach of the Nativity, than its "Rejoice in the Lord alway."

3 Baur speaks of it as "dull and uninteresting," ""without motif" (unmotivirt), "a feeble and lifeless copy" (Nachbild),—of its " tonous repetitions," and "poverty of thought " (Gedankenarmuth). (Paulus, Apost. J. C.'). — So complete is the power of arrogant preju

dice in an irreverent mind, to blunt the literary discernment of the critic! - A worthier

iii. 4-6; cp. 2 Cor. xi. 21, 22. iii. 17—iv. I; cp. 1 Cor. xv. 32-58. See Paley's comparison ('H.P.', VII., vi.) of i. 20-23, with 2 Cor. iv. 8-v. 8.

See § III., B, iii., n. 1-A few verbal parallels are given below, Suppl. Note, I. (2) b. See Bp. Wordsworth, Introd., IV.

heart (des Gemüthes), an outflow of the moment, from the inmost need of loving fellowship under outward abandonment and tribulation ;-a model of the union of tender love and the impress, at times almost elegiac, of resignation in view of death, with high apostolic dignity, unbroken holy joy, hope, and victory over the world!" (Introd., § 2.)

With its sublime exposition of "the mind that was in Christ Jesus," of the infinite Self-sacrifice and the supreme Exaltation, she opens the week that commemorates His Passion.1 In proclaiming over her dead the "sure and certain hope," she draws from it the words that testify of the glorious "change" and the almighty "working." And from it come, in the power of their calm beauty, the accents of solemn blessing in which, at the close of her most sacred Ordinance, she invokes "the peace of God" on the "hearts and minds" of her faithful children.

§ V. GENUINENESS AND INTEGRITY. A. Of the Genuineness of the Epistle, there is no room for doubt.

i. That St. Paul is the author, the internal evidence of its contents, diction, and general character, proves conclusively.

1. As regards its contents, it is to be observed that it enters more fully into personal particulars touching the writer and his readers, than any other of the Epistles that bear his name. Yet in these particulars there is to be traced (as shewn in detail above, § IV., C), a correspondence with the facts of the history, as we collect them from other sources, full and deep,—if not always obvious, all the more certainly, therefore, undesigned.2

2. As regards diction, the evidence yielded by it is abundant and valuable. It is full of words and expressions characteristically, many of them exclusively, Pauline-most of them serving to connect it with the unquestioned Epistles; all employed so naturally as to preclude all surmise that in them we have the workmanship of a forger, cunning in literary mosaic. That the relation thus established is not the artificially produced similarity of a counterfeit, appears again in the fact that it has, moreover,

Epp. for 4th Sunday in Advent, and for Sunday next before Easter. So in Sarum Offices.

Read Paley 'H.P.', VII. Some of the coincidences developed by him are noted above; but the whole chapter deserves careful study. Rom., 1 and 2 Cor., and Galat.

a vocabulary of its own, proper to its well-marked individual character. It contains many words nowhere found in his other writings, which an imitator would therefore have avoided.1

3. But greater far than these tokens of genuineness, is that which underlies them :-the solid and irrefragable evidence contained in the ideas, the feelings, the aspirations, of which our Epistle is the vehicle, and which no one who has in any degree entered into the mind of St. Paul, can doubt to be his. For a forger successfully to assume his language, and to imagine his circumstances, would be a difficult effort of historic and literary skill. But that such a one could so personate that unique individuality,think his thoughts, speak out of his heart, -is inconceivable.

4. The attempt to discredit it as spurious may be said to have originated with Baur;2 and has wellnigh ended with him. He regards it as a pious fraud of a later but early age, designed to reconcile the "Petrine" and "Pauline" factions. This view has found little acceptance even in his own school, and its futility is now generally admitted.3 A critic of the highest acumen and of the freest school (M. Renan), pronounces the genuineness to be "certain." 4 tions, as founded on its style and tone, have been touched on above (§ IV., E, note").-Its diction and contents, where they resemble those of the " 'unquestioned" Epistles, betray to him the work of the imitator;5 where they seem unlike,

Baur's objec

'See below, Suppl. Note, where the relation of the diction of this Ep. to that of the other Pauline documents, is shewn in detail.

2 'Paulus, Ap. J. C.' Bp. Lightfoot, Introd., P. 73, refers to Evanson ('Dissonance,' &c.) as the first to impugn its authorship.

3 Schwegler, Nachapost. Zeitalt.' (quoted by Wiesinger, Introd., § 4, 1) adopts Baur's view, pushing it so far as to regard Euodia and Syntyche (iv. 2) as the names not of persons but of parties, the Jewish-Christian and the Gentile-Christian, in the Church!-Hoisten ('Jahrbuch f. prot. Theol.,' 1875-6) has renewed the attack; to whom P. W. Schmidt has recently replied in his 'Neutest. Hyperkritik.'

Of it, and 1 and 2 Thess., he writes, "Ces trois épîtres ont un caractère d'authenticité qui l'emporte sur toute autre considération." ('St. Paul,' Introd., p. vi.)

' He represents iii, 2-21 as a mere cento of

they are set down as marks of an alien hand. He finds a trace of post-Pauline times in its opening salutation to the hierarchy (i. 1). By arbitrarily identifying St. Clement of Rome, whom (no doubt rightly) he holds to be the Clement mentioned in it (iv. 3),2 with a later Clement, the Flavius Clemens who was, a generation later, the kinsman and the victim of Domitian,3 he strives to force a definite anachronism on the writer. And in its chief doctrinal passage (ii. 6-11), he bewilders himself in the vain attempt to dissolve that clear and definite presentation of the Person and Work of the God-Man, into the cloudy phantasms of Gnosticism, the Sophia of Valentinus, Marcion's doctrine of the Descent into Hades, and the Docetism of the same school;-all of them indications, to his perverted eye, of the thoughts of the Second Century!

A criticism so fantastic is perhaps rather to be regarded as a display of misdirected ingenuity than a serious attack. The notoriety of its author has, however, drawn forth more than one thorough refutation.*

ii. The external testimonies to our Epistle are ample. Its language meets us repeatedly in the pages of the earliest Christian literature, of Clement of Rome, of Ignatius, of the Epistle to Diognetus, and of Polycarp.5 The

phrases from I and 2 Cor.; iii. 2-6, especially, as an echo of 2 Cor. xi. 18-22; iv. 10-15, as a mistake founded on 2 Cor. xi. 8, 9.

1 E.g., the expressions ἁρπαγμός, κύνες, κατατομή, δικαιοσύνη ἐν νόμῳ, σύζυγος (ii. 6; iii. 2; ib. 6; iv. 3).

2 Baur misconstrues this passage to mean that Clement was at Rome, not at Philippi. 3 Sueton., Domitian.,' 15.

Wiesinger as above; Lünemann, 'Pauli ad Philipp. Ep.'; Brückner, Ep. ad Philipp. Paulo auct. vind.'; also Neander, Planting and Tr.,' II., p. 148 n. (Ryland's Transl.). For other authorities on the same side, see Hilgenfeld, Einleit.,' pp. 333, 334.

See the passages collected by Bp. Lightfoot, Introd. (The Genuineness'), pp. 74, 75. To those from I Clem. R. add ;-πavadρáμwμev ènì τὸν. . . . σκοπόν, XIX.;—ἐπὶ τὸν. . . . σκοπὸν.... KATAVтhowμEV, LXIII.;-cp. Philipp. iii. 11, 14 (OKOTÓS occurring nowhere else in N. T.; nor, in this sense of "goal," anywhere in LXX, or in profane writers). Also, in a passage strongly recalling the tone of our Epistle, LXV. [LIX.], we have the 60ηTоs of iv. I (a very rare

last-named, in his Epistle to the Philip pians, reminds them that their Church was the honoured recipient of an Epistle from St. Paul.1 But the first distinct citation of it appears to be in the Epistle of the Churches of Lyons and Vienne, written A.D. 177, and preserved for us by Eusebius.2 Within the same century it is quoted expressly, and as St. Paul's, by Irenæus and by Clement of Alexandria; also by Tertullian, from whom we farther learn 3 that it was among the ten Epistles acknowledged as St. Paul's by the heresiarch Marcion (140). It also appears in the Muratorian Canon, and all the other early Canons,—as well as in all the Versions,-of the New Testament.

B. Its Integrity has been questioned by a few critics, who have mistaken the digression of the Third Chapter for an interpolated portion of another Epistle by the same hand. But a careful examination shews that chapter to be in close and strong (though not conspicuous) connection with the two preceding. Many of their topics recur in it; some of them-such as the Christian's gain, the Christian race,-in a developed form. The thoughts, the very words, of the great dogmatic passage of the Second chapter, reappear in a new aspect in the closing verses of the Third. Those verses, again, are linked with the beginning of the Fourth, by its opening "Therefore."-Thus the Epistle is one, -not indeed in the unity of an artificial structure, but rather that of an organic and living growth. The threads,frequently of suggestion rather than of

1

Polyc., 'Ad Philipp.,' III., XI. 2 Hist. Eccl.', V. 2.

Adv. Marcion.', V. 20.-See also Epiphan., 'Hæres.', XLII., 11, 12.

Heinrichs, Paulus, &c. (ap. Olshausen and Wiesinger, Introd., § 4, 2.)

Cp. iii. 3 with i. 26; 8-11 with i. 21; II-14 with ii. 16; 19 with i. 28; 20 with i. 27; 21 with ii. 6-11 again, 20 with iv. 5.

:

IV., ii. 19-30. Personal matters :His purpose of sending Timothy to them; his hope of revisiting them; the return to them of Epaphroditus.

V., iii. 1. Final injunctions begun, [(but broken off by)

Digression into warning-against (a) iii. 2-16,-Judaic error (enforced by the facts of his own past, and example of his present); (b) iii. 17-21,-Antinomian error (enforced by same example, and by the hope of the heavenly future).]

VI., Resumption of final injunc

List I.-Words and expressions in Philippians which are, in N. T., exclusively Pauline.

(1) General List.-The following occur in the Pauline documents more or less generally :

10,

Philipp. i. 1, ἐπίσκοπος [official].—ib., διάκονος [official].i. 3, μνεία -1. 8, μάρτυς Θεός. ἀπρόσκοπος.—1. 15, ἔρις. —1. 16, 18, καταγγέλλειν [with a person as object].-i. 24, ii. 25, àvayκαλος [= necessary].—i. 26, ii. 16, καύχημα. 1. 30, ἀγών.—ii. 1, οἰκτιρμός.—ii. 10, κάμπτειν. ii. 12, φόβος καὶ τρόμος.—ii. 16 (bis), εἰς κενόν. —ii. 25, λειτουργός.—i. 80, ἀναπληροῦν [= to Fll up).—ii. 4, πεποίθησις.—ii. 20, ἀπεκδέχεσθαι [ 1 Pet. iii. 20].—iii. 21, ἐνέργεια.—iv. 3, γνήσιος.—iv. 9, ὁ Θεὸς τῆς εἰρήνης.—iv. 18, ὀσμή [metaph.].—ib., evwdía.—ib. evάpeσTOS.—(To these add) iv. 11, αὐτάρκης (cp. αὐτάρκεια, 2 Cor. ix. 8 ; I Tim. vi. 6).

(2) Particular Lists.-The following occur else only in some one group of them; viz.,

In (a) Rom., I and 2 Corinth., Galat. : Philipp. i. 6, ἐνάρχεσθαι.—ib., ἐπιτελεῖν [opp. to ἐνάρχ.] i. 7, συγκοινωνός [with gen. of thing]. 1. 10, τὰ διαφέροντα.—i. 15, εὐδοκία [human].

i. 20, àπокаpadoкla.—i. 22, Gîv èv oapkí.—i. 28, evdeikis.-ii. 2, iv. 2, Tò autò ppoveîv.-ii. 4, iii. 17, σkоTev [transit.].-i. 7, KEVOûV.-ii. 8, σχῆμα.—ii. 21, τὰ ἑαυτοῦ ζητεῖν.—i. 22, δοκιμή. —ii. 25, ἀπόστολος [= messenger].—i. 30, λειToupyla [of service to man].-i. 9, dinaiσún ek νόμου.—ib., δ. διὰ πίστεως.—iii. 14, βραβεῖον. iii. 16, φθάνειν εἰς.—ii. 19, κοιλία [= greed.].— iii. 21, μeraσxnuaríew.-ib., σúμμoppos.—iv. 7, vónμa.-iv. 15, Kowvwveiv [of giving].—(Add) ii. 1, παραμύθιον (παραμυθία, 1 Cor. xiv. 3).—ii. 8, κενοδοξία (κενόδοξος, Gal. v. 26).—iii. 6, δικαιοσύνη ἐν νόμῳ (ἐν νόμῳ δικαιοῦσθαι, Gal. iii. 11 ; v. 4).—iv. 8, eŭonμos (evonμía, 2 Cor. vi. 8).

In (6) Ephes., Coloss., Philem.

Philipp. i. 11, πλпpovσbai [with acc.]-i. 12, τὰ κατ' ἐμέ.i. 19, ἐπιχορηγία.ii. 25, συστο ρατιώτης.—iv. 18, ὀσμὴ εὐωδίας.— Add) iv. 7, εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ (εἰρ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ, Col. iii. 15).

In (c) 1 and 2 Timoth., Titus :

Philipp. i. 12, 25, τрокожη.-i. 21, iii. 7, κέρδος. — ii. 17, σπένδεσθαι.—iv. 8, σεμνός.—(Add) i. 23, àvaλúei [= to depart; else only Luc. xii. 36, to return], (àváλvois, 2 Tim. iv. 6).

=

In (d) Hebrews:

Philipp. i. 7, βεβαίωσις.-(Add) i. 9, αἴσθησις, (αἰσθητήρια, Hebr. v. 14).—i. 27, παραπλήσιον (παραπλησίως, Hebr. ii. 14).

Philipp. i. 7, 17, ἀπολογία.—i. 8, ii. 26, ἐπιποθεῖν.—i. 8, ii. 1, σπλάγχνα.—i. 9, ἐπίγνωσις (2 Pet., quater).—i. 14, EpiσσOTéρws (? Mark χν. 14). 1. 27, ἀξίως (3 John 6).—1. 27, iv. 1, στήκειν (Mark xi. 25).—i. 28, αντικείμενος (Luc., bis).—ii. 1, παράκλησις.—ii. 8, ταπεινοφροσύνη ( Pet. v. 5).—ii. 12, κατεργάζεσθαι.—i. 13, ἐνεργεῖν. —ii. 15, iii. 6, ἄμεμπτος (Luc. i. 6).ii. 25, iv. 3, συνεργός (3 John 8).—ii. 28, σπου daiws [?] (Luc. vii. 4).—ii. 30, voτépnμa (Luc. xxi. 4).-iii. 3, λarpeve [absolutely] (Luc. ii. 37).—ib., καυχᾶσθαι (James, bis).—iii. 5, φυλή Βενιαμίν (Rev. vii. 8).—iii. 10, πάθημα (1 Pet., quater).-iii. 14, KAños (2 Pet. i. 10).-iii. 17, TUTOS [of a person] (1 Pet. v. 3).—iv. 9, πараλaußáve [= traditum accipere] (Mark vii. 4). -iv. 13, évdvvauoûv (Acts ix. 22).—iv. 17, πλεονάζειν (2 Pet. i. 8).

(2) Particular List.

(In (a) Rom., 1 & 2 Cor., Gal.) :—

Philipp. i. 16, ii. 3, èpideía (James, bis).— ii. 7, duolaua (Rev. ix. 7).-iii. 16, σTOIXE (Acts xxi. 24).-iv. 7, ppovpeîv (1 Pet. i. 5).-(Add) i. 10, εἰλικρινής (2 Pet. iii. 1 ;-εἰλικρινεία, 1 & 2 Cor., ter).

List III. Peculiar to this Epistle. (1) Not elsewhere in N. T:

Philipp. i. 9, aloenois (but see I. (2), d).—i. 16, ἁγνῶς (ἁγνὸς is Pauline, but not exclusively).-i. 23, àvaλúew (see I. (2), c).—i. 27, iv. 3, σvvalλeiv.-i. 28, TTúpeσeal.ii. 1, παραμύθιον (see l. (2), a).—ii. 2, σύμψυχος.—ib., τὸ ἓν φρονεῖν.—ii. 3, κενοδοξία (see I. (2), a). ii. 6, uopon [in philosophic sense,-cp. Mark xvi. 12].—ib., ἁρπαγμός.—ib., ἴσα [adverb:ἴσos elsewhere in N. T., but not in Paul].-ii. 9, ὑπερυψοῦν.—ii. 10, καταχθόνιος.—ii. 12, ἀπουσία.

The references made, in this Introduction and in the following Notes, to St. Clement of Rome, are to the excellent edition published at Constantinople, 1875, by Philotheos Bryennios, Metropolitan of Serra; in which are printed for the first time, from a MS. discovered by him, the conclusion of chapter lvi. of the First Epistle,

The late Dean Jeremie, who had undertaken the Commentary on this Epistle, left in MS. at his death a large body of notes on it, the fruit of his varied research and mature learning. From these valuable but incomplete materials, such portions as seem suitable for the purposes

—i. 16, λόγος ζωής [ = Gospel].—ib., ἐπεχειν [transit.].—ii. 20, iobuxos.-ib., ynolws (see

Ι. (1), γνήσιος). — ii. 27, παραπλήσιον (see I. (2), 4). 28, άλυπος.. 30, παραβολεύεσα θαι.—iii. 1, ὀκνηρός [of a thing].iii. 2, κατατομή.—iii. 5, ὀκταήμερος.—iii. 6, δικαιοσύνη ἐν vóμg (see I. (2), a).—iii. 8, àrλà μèv obv [?] T TÍOTEL.—iii. 10, σvμμoppíseσbai (but σúμμop—ib., σκύβαλον. —iii. 9, δικ. ἐκ Θεοῦ.—ib., δ. ἐπὶ φος, Ι. (2), α).—iii. 11, ἐξανάστασις.—ii. 13, ἐπεκτείνεσθαι.—ii. 14, σκοπός. (see § V., Α, ii., n. 5).—iii. 15, ἑτέρως.—iii. 17, συμμιμητής. iii. 20, πολίτευμα (πολιτεία, Eph. ii. 12). iv. 1, ἐπιπόθητος (but ἐπιποθεῖν, ΙΙ., (1) ).—iv. 3, σύζυγος.—iv. 7, εἰρήνη τοῦ Θεοῦ (see I. (2), 6).—iv. 8, προσφιλής.—ib., εὔφημος (see I. (2), α). — iv. 10, μεγάλως. —ib., ἀναθάλλειν. — ib., ἀκαιρεῖν.—iv. 11, αὐτάρκης (see I. (r) ).—iv. 12, μυεῖσθαι. — iv. 15, λῆψις.

(2) Elsewhere in N. T., but not Pauline :

Philipp. i. 10, eiλinpins (see II. (2)).—i. 13, πραιτώριον.—i. 14, γογγυσμός.—ii. 15, ἀμώμητος (2 Pet. iii. 14 [?]).-ib. μéσov [advb.] (Matt. xiv. 24).—ib., σkoλiós.—ib., pwoтhp (Rev. xxi. 11).—ii. 28, ἐξαυτῆς.—i. 26, ἀδημονεῖν (Matt. xxvi. 37 ; || Mark).—ii. 29, ěvτμos.—iii. 2, núwv. —iv. 3, ovλλaμßáveolai [= to help] (Luc. v. 7). -ib., BiBλos (wns (Rev., passim; B. nowhere else in Paul).—iv. 6, αἴτημα. — iv. 8, ἀρέτη [human] (2 Pet. i. 5, bis:-cp. 1 Pet. ii. 9; 2 Pet. i. 3 [divine]).—iv. 11, voтépnois (Mark xii. 44).-iv. 15, dóσis (James i. 17).

Most of the coincidences shewn in Lists I. and II. relate to group a. Of these, the greater part are yielded by Romans.

No fewer than thirteen expressions, gathered out of so short an Epistle, serve to connect it with St. Paul's speeches in Acts ;-viz.,

avaykaĵos [= necessary] (Acts xiii. 46).— ἀπολογία (xxii. 1).—ἀπρόσκοπος (xxiv. 16). níoкOTOS [official], (xx. 28).—pyov, Tó [of the Gospel], xv. 38).—exei [= to esteem], (xx. 24). ζημία (xxvii. 10; 21).-καταγγέλλειν [with person as obj.], (xvii. 3; 23).—λaтρevew [absol.], (xxvi. 7).-olda [of strong belief], (xx. 25).—TOλITEVEσDas (xxiii. 1).—ταπεινοφροσύνη (xx. 19)φυλή Βενιαμív (xiii. 21).

(See Introd. to Acts, § 8, p. 342, note 2.)

and six following chapters, supplying the lacuna in Codex A.

Those to Theodore of Mopsuestia, are to the Latin Version of the Commentaries on St. Paul, lately identified as his by Professors Jacobi and Hort;-admirably edited (with the Greek fragments) by the Rev. H. B. Swete (Cambridge, 1880).

of this Commentary have been selected and placed among the following Notes,-distinguished by the subscribed initial J.-The rest of the Notes (without subscription), and the general arrangement of this part of the Commentary as a whole, are the work of Dean Gwynn.