Principal Parts: audio, audire, audīvi, audītum.

F. auditum iri (auditus fore)

SUP. auditum, audītu

1. There are besides a few deponents and regular derivatives in -ŭrio about 60 verbs of this conjugation, a large proportion of them being descriptive verbs: viz.,

barrio, roar (as an elephant); crocio, croak; cūcūrio, crow; dentio, teethe; ebullio, bubble; effutio, drivel; frigutio, stutter; fritinnio, twitter; gannio, yelp; glutio, gulp; grunnio, grunt ; hinnio, neigh; hirrio, snarl; ligūrio, lick; lipio, scream (as a hawk); lippio, blink; mugio, bellow; muttio, mutter; pavio, trample; scalptūrio, scratch; scatūrio, gush; singultio, hiccup ; tinnio, tinkle; tussio, cough; vagio, cry.

2. Those not conjugated regularly, like audio, are the following:

amicio, amixi (amicui), amict-,
clothe.

aperio, aperui, apert-, open.
comperio, peri, compert-, find.
farcio, farsi (farct-) (-tum), stuff.
fulcio, fulsi, fult-, prop.
haurio, hausi, haust-, drain.
operio, operui, opert-, cover.
raucio, rausi, raus-, be hoarse.

reperio, reperi, repert-, find.
salio, salui, salt-, leap.
sancio, sanxi, sanct-, sanction.
sarcio, sarsi, sart-, patch.
sentio, sensi, sens-, feel.
sepelio, sepelivi, sepult-, bury.
sepio, sepsi, sept-, hedge in.
venio, veni, vent-, come.
vincio, vinxi, vinct-, bind.

35. DEPONENT VERBS.

1. Deponent Verbs have the form of the Passive voice, with an active or reflexive signification: as,

1. miror, mirāri, mirātus, admire.
2. vereor, verēri, verītus, fear.
3. sequor, sequi, secūtus, follow.
4. potior, potīri, potītus, possess.

The synopsis of these verbs is given as follows:

a. These verbs have the participles of both voices: as, mirans, admiring; miraturus, about to admire; miratus, having admired; mirandus, to-be-admired (admirable).

b. The participle in dus (gerundive) has necessarily a passive meaning, and hence is found only in transitive verbs, or of neuter verbs used impersonally (§ 39, c): as, potienda est tellus, the land must be won; pugnandum est nobis, we must fight.

c. Most deponents are neuter or reflexive in their meaning, corresponding to what in Greek is called the middle voice.

d. More than half of all deponents are of the first conjugation, and all of these are regular.

e. About twenty verbs of active signification are found in both active and passive forms: as, mereo or mereor, deserve.

f. Some deponents are occasionally used in a passive signification: as, criminor, I accuse or I am accused.

g. The perfect participle of verbs otherwise deponent is often passive: as, mercatus, bought; adeptus, obtained.

h. The following list contains all the irregular deponents:

adipiscor, i, adeptus, obtain.
expergiscor, i, -perrectus, rouse.
experior, iri, expertus, try.
fateor, eri, fassus, confess.
fruor, i, fructus, enjoy.
fungor, i, functus, fulfil.
gradior, i, gressus, step.
irascor, i, iratus, be angry.
labor, i, lapsus, fall.
loquor, i, locutus, speak.

-miniscor, i, -mentus, think.
metior, iri, mensus, measure.
morior, i (iri), mortuus (mori-
turus, moribundus), die.
nanciscor, i, nactus (nanctus),
find.

nascor, i, natus, be born.
nitor, i, nisus (nixus), strive.
obliviscor, i, oblitus, forget.
opperior, iri, oppertus, await.

ordior, iri, orsus, begin.

[rise. queror, i, questus, complain. orior, i (iri), ortus (oriturus), reor, reri, ratus, think. paciscor, i, pactus, bargain. sequor, i, secutus, follow. patior, i, passus, suffer. -plector, i, plexus, clasp.

tueor, eri, tuitus (tutus), defend. ulciscor, i, ultus, avenge.

proficiscor, i, profectus, set-out. utor, i, usus, use, employ.

2. Semi-Deponents. A few verbs, having no perfect stem, form the tenses of completed action like the passive: these are called semi-deponents or neuter passives. They are the following:

audeo, audēre, ausus, dare.

fido, fidĕre, fisus, trust.

gaudeo, gaudēre, gavīsus, rejoice.

soleo, solēre, solitus, be wont.

a. From audeo there is an old subjunctive ausim. The form sōdes (for si audes), an thou wilt, is frequent in the dramatists.

b. The active forms vapulāre, to be flogged, and venire, to be sold (venum ire, go to sale), having a passive meaning, are sometimes called neutral passives. To these may be added fiĕri (fio), to be made, and exsulare, to be banished (live in exile).

36. DERIVATIVE VERBS.

Several classes of verbs have derivative meanings corresponding to their form. (For their formation, see § 44.)

a. INCEPTIVES or INCHOATIVES end in -sco, and denote the beginning of an action: as, calesco, I grow warm (caleo); vesperascit, it is getting late (vesper). They are of the third conjugation, and have only the Present stem, though often completed by forms of simple verbs.

b. INTENSIVES or ITERATIVES end in -to or -Ito, and denote a forcible or repeated action: as, jactat, he hurls (jacio); dictitabat, he kept saying (dico). They are of the first conjugation.

NOTE. - Iteratives (or Frequentatives), though distinct in meaning from Intensives, are not always distinguished from them in form.

c. Another form of Intensives (sometimes called MEDITATIVES, or verbs of practice) ends in -sso, denoting a certain energy or eagerness of action: as, facessit, he makes haste to do. They are of the third conjugation, with perfect and supine of the fourth as, lacesso, lacessīvi, lacessītum, to provoke.

d. DIMINUTIVES end in illo, and denote a feeble or petty action: as, cantillāre, to chirp or warble (cano, sing).

e. DESIDERATIVES end in ŭrio, expressing longing or wish, and are of the fourth conjugation. Only these three are in common use, emptŭrio (emo, buy), esŭrio (ĕdo, eat), parturio (pario, bring forth). Others occur for comic effect in the dramatists.

37. IRREGULAR VERBS.

[For esse and its compounds, see § 29.]

Several verbs retain older forms in the tenses of the present stem, or combine two roots in their inflection. These are called Irregular Verbs.

The most common verbs of this class are

1. Vŏlo, velle, volui, to wish (the supine stem appears in vultus, countenance).

2. Nōlo (non volo), nolle, nolui, to be unwilling.

3. Mālo (mage-volo), malle, malui, to prefer.

[For the inflection of volo, nolo, malo, see opposite page.]

4. Fĕro, ferre, tŭli, lātum, to bear.

NOTE. The perfect tuli is for tetuli (which sometimes occurs), from TUL in tollo; the Supine latum for tlatum (cf. TλŋTós).