4. Fourth Conjugation. Verbs of the fourth conjugation retain I throughout, except before another vowel. a. Several forms of the present stem have in addition the final vowels of the third conjugation. In the Imperfect the regular form (retained in ībam, from eo) is often found in early Latin. b. The Future does not take bo, but has ia and ie (from the third conjugation) before the personal endings. In early Latin the form in bo (retained in ībo) sometimes occurs. c. The Perfect stem adds vi to the present stem: as, finio, finīvi. A few verbs add it to the root, as aperio, aperui; several add si, as sentio, sensi; and in a few the perfect is the same as the present stem, with or without vowel-increase: as, repĕrio, repĕri; věnio, vēni. d. The Supine stem adds t- to the present: as, finio, finītus. A few add it to the root: as, salio, saltus; sepělio, sepultus. 5. Principal Parts. The principal parts of a verb, which determine its conjugation throughout, are the following: 1. Present Indicative (showing the present stem); 2. Present Infinitive (the conjugation); 3. Perfect (the perfect stem); 4. Supine (the supine stem). a. The regular forms of conjugation are seen in the following: 1. vŏco, vocāre, vocāvi, vocātum, call. 2. děleo, delēre, delēvi, delētum, destroy. 3. carpo, carpĕre, carpsi, carptum, gather. 4. audio, audire, audīvi, audītum, hear. In the second conjugation, however, the characteristic ē rarely appears in the perfect and supine: thus the type of this conjugation is moneo, monēre, monui, monitum, warn. b. What is called the Synopsis of a verb consists of the first person singular of each tense, with infinitive and participles, given in regular order: as, of ămo, I love INDIC. amo, amābam, amābo, amāvi, amavěram, amavĕro. SUBJ. amem, amārem, amavĕrim, amavissem. IMP. ama, amāto. INF. amāre, amavisse. PART. amans, amatūrus, amātus, amandus. Notice that in all verbs the Imperf. and Pluperfect Subjunctive may be formed by adding the personal-endings to the present and perfect infinitive; and the Imperative Passive (second person) is the same in form with the present infinitive active. c. In many verbs the principal parts take the form of two or more different conjugations: as, 1, 2. domo, domāre, domui, domĭtum, subdue. 2, 3. augeo, augēre, auxi, auctum, increase. 3, 4. pěto, petĕre, petivi, petītum, seek. 4,3. vincio, vincīre, vinxi, vinctum, bind. In these the conjugation is said to be denoted by the first or present stem. d. The compounds of many verbs vary from the forms of the primitive. This variation is seen especially (1) in the change of the vowel of the root, ǎ in open syllables becoming I and in close syllables ě, while ĕ becomes I: as, căpio, captum, concipio, conceptum; těneo, contineo; (2) in the loss of the reduplication: as, concido, concidi. (This is, however, retained in compounds of disco, do, posco, sto, and in some of those of curro). 6. Special Forms. The following special forms are found in the conjugation of many verbs: a. In tenses formed upon the Perfect stem, v between two vowels is often suppressed, and the second vowel merged in the first (unless a or e follows i or u): as, amasse=amavisse; flestis flevistis; audieram= audiveram ; nosse=novisse; noram= noveram. This is especially frequent in verbs of the fourth conjugation, and is regular in the compounds of eo: as, abiit for abivit. b. In many forms s with its vowel is suppressed in like manner when it would be repeated: as, dixti for dixisti. c. Four verbsdico, dūco, făcio, fĕro with several of their compounds, drop the vowel-termination of the Imperative, making dic, dūc, făc, fer (but effice, confice). The forms dice, duce, face (never fere) occur in early Latin. d. For the imperative of scio, the future form scito is always used in the singular, and scitote usually in the plural. e. The following are ancient forms, rarely found except in poetry: 1. In the fourth conjugation -ībam, -ībo for -iebam, -iam (fut.); 2. In the present subjunctive -im: as in duim, perduim (retained also in religious formulas); 3. In the perf. subj. and fut. perf. -so, -sim: as, faxo, faxim; 4. In the passive infinitive -ier: as, vocarier for vocari. 7. Parallel Forms. Many verbs have more than one set of forms, of which only one is generally found in classic use: as, lavo, lavāre or lavěre, to wash. scateo, scatĕre or scatĕre, to gush. ludifico, āre or ludifícor, āri, to mock. 31. FIRST CONJUGATION. PRESENT INFINITIVE PERFECT SUPINE Principal Parts: amo, amāre, amāvi, amātum. GERUNDIVE. amandus, a, um, to be loved (lovely). 1. There are about 360 simple verbs of this conjugation, most of them formed directly upon a noun or adjective-stem, to which they generally give the force and meaning of an active verb: as, armo, to arm (arma); caeco, to blind (caecus); exsulo, to be in exile (exsul). Their conjugation is usually regular, like amo; though of many only a few parts are found in use. 2. Those which form their Perfect and Supine stems differently are the following, those marked † having also regular forms; and those preceded by a hyphen being found only in compounds : crepo, crepui, crepit-, resound. plico, -plicui, -plicit-, fold. |