PRONOUNS.

19. PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE.

1. The Personal Pronouns of the first person are ego, I, nos, we; of the second person, tu, thou, vos, ye or you.

These pronouns are also used reflexively: as, ipse te nimium laudas, you praise yourself too much.

2. The pronouns of the third person — he, she, it, they – are wanting in Latin, a demonstrative being sometimes used.

3. The Reflexive pronoun of the third person (referring to the subject of the sentence or clause, and hence used only in the oblique cases) is the same in the singular and plural: as, Gen. sui, of himself, herself, themselves. Dat. sibi, to Acc.

se, sese

Abl. se, with

NOTE.There is an old form of genitive in is: as, mis, tis, sis; also an accusative and ablative med, ted, sed.

a. From these pronouns are formed the Possessive Adjectives meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester (voster), declined as in § 16, 1.

b. The genitives nostrum, vestrum, are the contracted genitive plural of the possessives noster, vester. (So in early and late Latin we find una vestrarum.)

c. The genitives mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri, are the genitive singular of the neuter possessives, meum, &c., meaning my, your, our interest or concern.

d. The reciprocal (each other) is expressed by inter se or alter -alterum: as, inter se amant, they love each other.

e. The preposition cum, with, is joined enclitically with the ablative of the pronouns: as, tecum sedet, he sits with you.

f. To the personal (and sometimes to the adjective) pronouns enclitics are joined for emphasis:-met to all the pronouns; -te to tu; -pte to the abl. sing. of the adjectives, and in early Latin to the others: as, vosmetipsos prodītis, you betray your own very selves; suopte pondere, by its own weight.

20. DEMONSTRATIVE.

1. The Demonstrative Pronouns are hic, this; is, ille, iste, that; with the Intensive ipse, self, and idem, same. NOTE. These are combinations of o and i-stems, which are not clearly distinguishable. Hic is a compound of the stem ho- with the demonstrative ce, which appears in full in early Latin (hice), and when followed by the enclitic -ne (hicine). In most of the cases it is shortened to c, and in many lost; but it is appended for emphasis to those that do not regularly retain it (hujusce). In early Latin c alone is retained in some of these (horunc). Ille and iste are sometimes found with the same enclitic (illic, istuc).

a. Ille is a later form of ollus (olle), which is sometimes used by the poets; a gen. sing. in i, ae, i, occurs in ille and iste.

b. Iste is sometimes found in early writers in the form ste, &c., with the entire loss of the first syllable; and the i of ipse and ille is very often found shortened.

c. Ipse is compounded of is and -pse (for pte, from the same root as potis), meaning self. The first part was originally declined, as in reapse (for re eapse), in fact. An old form ipsus occurs. Idem is the demonstrative is with the affix -dem.

2. These demonstratives are used either with nouns as Adjectives, or alone as Pronouns; and, from their signification, cannot (except ipse) have a vocative.

a. Hic is used of what is near the speaker (in time, place, thought, or on the written page); hence called the demonstrative of the first person. It is sometimes used of the speaker himself; sometimes for "the latter" of two things mentioned.

b. Ille is used of what is remote (in time, &c.); hence called the demonstrative of the third person. It is sometimes used to mean "the former"; also (usually following its noun) of what is famous or well-known; often (especially the neuter illud) to mean "the following."

c. Iste is used of what is between the two others in remoteness often of the person addressed, hence called the demonstrative of the second person; especially of one's opponent, frequently implying contempt.

d. Is is a weaker demonstrative than the others, not denoting any special object, but referring to one just mentioned, or to be explained by a relative. It is used oftener than the others as a personal pronoun; and is often merely a correlative to the relative qui: as, eum quem, one whom; eum consulem qui non dubitet (Cic.), a consul who will not hesitate.

e. Ipse, may be used with a personal pronoun, as nos ipsi (nosmetipsi), we ourselves; or independently (the verb containing the pronoun), as, ipsi adestis, you are yourselves present; or with a noun, as ipsi fontes (Virg.), the very fountains.

NOTE.-In English, the pronouns himself, &c., are used both intensively (as, he will come himself), or reflexively (as, he will kill himself): in Latin the former would be translated ipse; the latter se, or sese.

21.

RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND INDEFinite.

1. The Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite pronouns are the same; viz., qui, quis (who, who? any), with their compounds and derivatives.

NOTE. The stem has two forms, quo- and qui-. From the latter are formed quis, quid, quem, quibus, qui (abl.), while qui, quæ, are probably lengthened forms of quò, qua, made by the addition of the demonstrative particle i.

Case Forms. a. The Relative has always qui and quod in the nom. sing. The Interrogative and Indefinite have quis, quid substantive, and qui, quod adjective. But quis and qui are sometimes used for each other. (For quis, indef., see 2, d.)

b. Old forms for the gen. and dat. are quoius, quoi. A locative cui occurs only in the form cuicuimŏdi, of whatever sort.

c. The form qui is used for the ablative of both numbers and all genders; but especially as an adverb (how, by which way, in any way), and in the combination quicum, as interrogative or indefinite relative.

d. A nom. plur. ques (stem qui-) is found in early Latin. The dat. and abl. quis (stem quŏ-) is old, but not infrequent. e. The preposition cum is joined enclitically to all forms of the ablative, as with the personal pronouns.

2. The stems quo and qui are variously compounded. a. The suffix -cunque (-cumque) added to the relative makes an Indefinite-relative, which is declined as the simple word: as, quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whoever, whatever.

NOTE. — This suffix, with the same meaning, may be used with any relative as, qualiscunque, of whatever sort; quandocunque (quandoque), whenever; ubicunque, wherever.

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RELATIVE, INTERROGATIVE, AND INDEFINITE. [21: 2.

b. The interrogative form doubled also makes an indefiniterelative: as, quisquis, whoever (so utut, however, ubiubi, wherever). Of quisquis both parts are declined, but the feminine is wanting: as,

This compound is rare, except in the forms quisquis, quicquid, The case-form quamquam is used as a conjunc

and quoquo.

tion, although (lit. however). Quiqui is an early form.

c. Indefinite Compounds are the following: quispiam, any; quisquam, any-at-all; quivis, quilibet, any-you-please; quidam, a, a certain. Of these the first part is inflected like quis, qui, with quid or quod in the neuter.

d. In aliquis, any, siquis, if any, nequis, lest any, ecquis, numquis, whether any, the second part is declined like quis, but having quă for quae, except in the nom. plur. feminine. Si quis, ne quis, num quis, are better written separately. The simple form quis is rare except in these combinations; and the compounds quispiam, aliquis (si quis, if any one; si aliquis, if some one), are often used in these, being rather more emphatic. The compounds of quis (indef.) are thus declined : --

NOTE. Aliquis is compounded with ali-, old stem of alius, but with weakened meaning. Ecquis is compounded with en.

e. The enclitic -que added to the indefinite gives a Universal: as, quisque, every one; ubique, everywhere (so uterque, either of two, or both). Of quisque the first part is declined. In the compound unusquisque, both parts are declined, and sometimes separated by other words.

f. The relative and interrogative have a possessive adjective cujus (stem cujo-), whose; and a patrial cujas (stem cujat-), of what country.

g. Quantus, how great, qualis, of what sort, are derivative adjectives from the same stem, and are used as interrogative or relative, corresponding to the demonstratives tantus, talis. Quam, how, is an accusative of the same stem, corresponding to the case-form tam, so.

h. Quisquam, with ullus, any, unquam, ever, usquam, anywhere, are chiefly used in negative, interrogative, or conditional sentences, or after quam, than; sine, without; vix, scarcely.